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Cabello MC, Chen G, Melville MJ, Osman R, Kumar GD, Domaille DW, Lippert AR. Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39137397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Michael J Melville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rokia Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - G Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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2
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Tian T, Zhang H, Yang FQ. Ascorbate oxidase enabling glucometer readout for portable detection of hydrogen peroxide. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 160:110096. [PMID: 35839591 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, portable, and cost-effective method using personal glucose meter (PGM) for quantitative analysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was established based on ascorbate oxidase (AAO)-catalyzed reaction for the first time. Ascorbic acid (AA) can rapidly reduce ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]) to ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]) in the glucose test strip and transfer electron to the electrode to generating a PGM detectable signal. Thus, the concentration of AA can be directly determined by the PGM as simple as measuring the blood glucose. On the other hand, AAO can catalyze the reduction of H2O2 and produce an enzyme-peroxide complex, which decreases the yields of dehydroascorbic acid formed by the oxidation of AA, resulting in the increase in PGM detectable signal of residual ascorbic acid (re-AA). Therefore, the concentration of H2O2 is proportional to the concentration of re-AA. After optimization of the experimental conditions, the developed method can be used to detect H2O2 at linear range of 2.5-5 × 103 μM with the quantification limit of 2.5 μM. In addition, the satisfactory spiked recoveries (95.3-108.9 %) of real samples (i.e., tap water, contact lens solution, medical hydrogen peroxide, and normal human serum) confirm its feasibility for practical applications. In short, this study provides a feasible PGM-based method for H2O2 detection with simple operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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3
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Mouchel Dit Leguerrier D, Barré R, Molloy J, Thomas F. Lanthanide complexes as redox and ROS/RNS probes: A new paradigm that makes use of redox-reactive and redox non-innocent ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Zhang R, Yuan J. Responsive Metal Complex Probes for Time-Gated Luminescence Biosensing and Imaging. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1316-1329. [PMID: 32574043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of reliable bioanalytical probes for selective and sensitive detection of particular analytes in biological systems is essential for better understanding the roles of the analytes in their native contexts. In the last two decades, luminescent metal complexes have greatly contributed to the development of such probes for biosensing and imaging due to their unique spectral and temporal properties, controllable cell membrane permeability, and cytotoxicity. Conjugating an analyte-activatable moiety to the metal complex luminophores allows the production of responsive metal complex probes for this analyte detection. Owing to their long-lifetime emissions, the responsive metal complex probes are accessible to the technique of time-gated luminescence (TGL) detection and imaging. With a delay time after pulsed excitation, the TGL technique allows for collection of only long-lived luminescence from responsive metal complex probes, while filtering out short-lived background autofluorescence, providing a background-free approach for the detection and imaging of the analyte at subcellular and/or molecular levels. Responsive metal complex probes, therefore, have emerged as complementary sensing and imaging tools of organic dye-based fluorescent probes for the in situ detection of analytes in complicated biological environments.In this Account, we describe the advances in the development of metal complex probes and their applications for TGL bioassays with particular focus on our efforts made in this field. We first introduce the photophysical/-chemical properties of luminescent metal complexes, including lanthanide (europium and terbium) and transition metal (ruthenium and iridium) complexes. The luminescence lifetimes (τ) of lanthanide and transition metal complexes are at micro/millisecond (μs/ms) and hundreds/thousands nanosecond (ns) levels, respectively. The emission lifetimes are significantly longer than the autofluorescence lifetime (τ < 10 ns) of biological samples. Such long-lived luminescence of these metal complexes enables our research on demonstrating responsive probes for background-free TGL detection of some reactive biomolecules, such as reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and biothiols.We conclude this Account by outlining the future directions to further develop new generation responsive TGL probes for promoting their practical applications. The responsive TGL probes are expected to be translated for biomedical and/or (pre)clinical investigations of biomolecules in situ. Reversibility, lower toxicity, ability of excitation at longer wavelength, and potential to be translated are key criteria for the development of next-generation probes. We also anticipate that further development of responsive TGL probes will contribute to the bioassay in more challenging biological systems, such as plants that have significant higher background autofluorescence than animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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5
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Zhou Q, Dong X, Yuan J, Zhang B, Lu S, Wang Q, Liao Y, Yang Y, Wang H. Reversible Redox Switching of Concurrent Luminescence and Visual Color Change Based on Lanthanide Metallogel. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:15344-15351. [PMID: 31663753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of reversible redox supramolecular gels capable of concurrent luminescence switch and visible color change with the facile redox process has always been an intriguing challenge. A redox-responsive supramolecular lanthanide metallogel with strong luminescence and yellow color is obtained via coordination interaction between 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) and europium (Eu3+). Upon the addition of TiO2 to the prepared gel (DNSA/Eu3+ gel), the oxidation process of the gel (DNSA/Eu3+/TiO2 gel) can be easily achieved by UV irradiation. The DNSA/Eu3+/TiO2 gel exhibits a concurrent reversible "on-off" luminescence and color change in response to redox stimuli. The DNSA/Eu3+/TiO2 gel shows a concurrent quench of luminescence and a color change from yellow to red when the gel was stimulated by the reductant. Upon UV irradiation, the luminescence and color of the reduced DNSA/Eu3+/TiO2 gel restored to its initial state due to the strong oxidation ability of hydroxyl radicals derived from photocatalytic oxidation of TiO2. The results of UV-vis and mass spectroscopy indicated that the reversible redox responsiveness of DNSA/Eu3+/TiO2 gel depends on the reversible oxidation-reduction reactions of DNSA. Moreover, DNSA/Eu3+/TiO2 gel remains stable because the morphology of the gel had no change during the redox process. Exemplarily, the application of DNSA/Eu3+/TiO2 gels to achieve luminescent patterning was investigated. The results demonstrated that the prepared metallogel has potential applications in the fields of writable materials, anticounterfeiting, sensors, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Xuelin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Mineral Exploration and Utilization, Ministry of Land and Resources , Geological Experimental Testing Center of Hubei Province , Wuhan 430034 , China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Shan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yonggui Liao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yajiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
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6
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Zheng DJ, Yang YS, Zhu HL. Recent progress in the development of small-molecule fluorescent probes for the detection of hydrogen peroxide. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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7
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Wu S, Yang N, Zhong L, Luo Y, Wang H, Gong W, Zhou S, Li Y, He J, Cao H, Huang Y, Zhao Y. A novel label-free terbium(iii)-aptamer based aptasensor for ultrasensitive and highly specific detection of acute lymphoma leukemia cells. Analyst 2019; 144:3843-3852. [PMID: 31098604 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02342e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute leukemia is a malignant clonal disease of hematopoietic stem cells with a high prevalence and mortality rate. However, there are no efficient tools to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of leukemia. Therefore, development of new methods for the early diagnosis and prevention of leukemia, especially non-invasive diagnosis at the cellular level, is imperative. Here, a label-free signal-on fluorescence aptasensor based on terbium(iii)-aptamer (Tb3+-apt) was applied for the detection of leukemia. The aptamer sensitizes the fluorescence of Tb3+ and forms the strong fluorescent Tb3+-apt probe. The target cells, the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (CCRF-CEM) combined with the Tb3+-apt probe to form the Tb3+-apt-CEM complex, were removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant containing a small amount of the Tb3+-apt probe was detected using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The logarithm of cell concentration showed a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9881) with the fluorescence signal. The linear range for CCRF-CEM detection was 5-5 × 106 cells per ml, while the detection limit was 5 cells per ml of the binding buffer. Clinical samples were collected from 100 cases, and the specificity and positive rates detected by this method were up to 94% and 90%, respectively. Therefore, a single-stranded DNA-sensitized terbium(iii) luminescence method diagnostic was developed which is rapid, sensitive, and economical and can be used for diagnosis of various types of leukemia at the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Wu
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Nuo Yang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Yiqun Luo
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Huiling Wang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Wenlin Gong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Sufang Zhou
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Yanmei Li
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Jian He
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Haopei Cao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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8
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Xiao R, Huang W, Xiao X, Liu Y, Guo D. Novel salicyloylhydrazone derivatives and corresponding terbium(III) complexes: Synthesis and properties research. LUMINESCENCE 2018; 34:90-97. [PMID: 30575272 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Four novel salicyloylhydrazone derivatives and their terbium(III) complexes were synthesized and characterized. The thermal analysis results showed that the terbium(III) complexes possessed good thermal stability. The fluorescence research results showed that the terbium(III) complex substituted by phenyl possessed the best fluorescence intensity among them, and its fluorescence quantum yield was also the highest. The exploration of the electrochemical properties indicated that the introduction of electron-donating groups to the ligand can increase the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels and decrease the oxidation potential of the corresponding terbium(III) complexes. The introduction of electron-withdrawing groups to the ligand can reduce their HOMO energy levels and increase their oxidation potential. The results showed that the terbium(III) complexes are good candidates for luminescent material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiao
- College of Educational science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoming Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongcai Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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9
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Zhang KY, Yu Q, Wei H, Liu S, Zhao Q, Huang W. Long-Lived Emissive Probes for Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Bioimaging and Biosensing. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1770-1839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Huanjie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- Shaanxi
Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced
Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for
Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
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Wang L, Li B, Li L, Xu F, Xu Z, Wei D, Feng Y, Wang Y, Jia D, Zhou Y. Ultrahigh-yield synthesis of N-doped carbon nanodots that down-regulate ROS in zebrafish. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7848-7860. [PMID: 32264386 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01114h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage induced by accumulation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) could result in increased chronic inflammation and thus ageing and age-related diseases. Carbonaceous nanodrugs hold great promise for ameliorating age-related diseases, and it is necessary to develop ultrahigh-yield synthesis of such nanodrugs. To improve the synthetic yield (less than 50%) of carbon nanodots (CNDs), the general choice is to screen precursors. However, no reliable concept for improving the yield has been explored over the past few decades. We are the first to propose the concept of using carbon-carbon double bonds to boost the synthetic yield and demonstrate record breaking ultrahigh-yield (85.9%) synthesis of N-doped CNDs. When the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C content increased from 14 to 56 mmol, the synthetic yield exhibited a 3.3-fold increase. Nitrogen elements are doped as pyridinic-like N and NH2, where conjugated π-systems as electron donors and pyridinic-like structures would benefit the potential down-regulated effect for ROS. N-doped CNDs exhibit an outstanding protective effect against oxidative stress via inhibiting exogenous and endogenous ROS generation, where the ROS in zebrafish are significantly reduced by 68%. Hence the concept of carbon-carbon double bond-boosted ultrahigh-yield synthesis of N-doped CNDs provides a promising strategy to be employed for carbonaceous nanodrugs aiming at preventing and curing ageing and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Institute for Advanced Ceramics, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
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Peng J, Hou X, Zeng F, Wu S. Fluorescent nanoprobe for in-vivo ratiometric imaging of endogenous hydrogen peroxide resulted from drug-induced organ damages. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:278-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Liu X, Guo L, Song B, Tang Z, Yuan J. Development of a novel europium complex-based luminescent probe for time-gated luminescence imaging of hypochlorous acid in living samples. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2017; 5:014009. [PMID: 28276345 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa61af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent lanthanide complexes are key reagents used in the time-gated luminescence bioassay technique, but functional lanthanide complexes that can act as luminescent probes for specifically responding to analytes are very limited. In this work, we designed and synthesized a novel Eu3+ complex-based luminescence probe for hypochlorous acid (HOCl), NPPTTA-Eu3+, by using terpyridine polyacid-Eu3+, dinitrophenyl, and hydrazine as luminophore, quencher and HOCl-recognizer moieties, respectively. In the absence of HOCl, the probe is non-luminescent due to the strong luminescence quenching of the dinitrophenyl group in the complex. However, upon reaction with HOCl, the dinitrophenyl moiety is rapidly cleaved from the probe, which affords a strongly luminescent Eu3+ complex CPTTA-Eu3+, accompanied by a ∼900-fold luminescence enhancement with a long luminescence lifetime of 1.41 ms. This unique luminescence response of NPPTTA-Eu3+ to HOCl allowed NPPTTA-Eu3+ to be conveniently used as a probe for highly selective and sensitive detection of HOCl under the time-gated luminescence mode. In addition, by loading NPPTTA-Eu3+ into RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and Daphnia magna, the generation of endogenous HOCl in RAW 264.7 cells and the uptake of exogenous HOCl by Daphnia magna were successfully imaged on a true-color time-gated luminescence microscope. The results demonstrated the practical applicability of NPPTTA-Eu3+ as an efficient probe for time-gated luminescence imaging of HOCl in living cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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Wu J, Xing Y, Wang H, Liu H, Yang M, Yuan J. Design of a β-diketonate–Eu3+ complex-based time-gated luminescence probe for visualizing mitochondrial singlet oxygen. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03696e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A β-diketonate–Eu3+ complex-based time-gated luminescence probe was developed for highly sensitive monitoring of mitochondrial singlet oxygen during the photodynamic therapy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian 116029
- China
| | - Yue Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian 116029
- China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian 116029
- China
| | - Hongjing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian 116029
- China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian 116029
- China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
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14
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Liu X, Tang Z, Song B, Ma H, Yuan J. A mitochondria-targeting time-gated luminescence probe for hypochlorous acid based on a europium complex. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2849-2855. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02991d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A europium complex-based mitochondria-targeting probe has been developed for the time-gated luminescence imaging of hypochlorous acid in living samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
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15
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Zhu Z, Song B, Yuan J, Yang C. Enabling the Triplet of Tetraphenylethene to Sensitize the Excited State of Europium(III) for Protein Detection and Time-Resolved Luminescence Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1600146. [PMID: 27981006 PMCID: PMC5157173 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A tetraphenylethene (TPE) group that exhibits aggregation-induced emission is incorporated into the ligand of a Eu(III) complex (TPEEu) to sensitize the excited state of Eu(III). In steady-state measurements, TPEEu exhibits weak luminescence when dissolved in aqueous solutions even at a high concentration level, but emits strong fluorescence of TPE and phosphorescence of Eu(III) upon binding with bovine serum albumin. With a delay time of 0.05 ms and a gate time of 1.0 ms in time-resolved measurements, only phosphorescent emission of Eu(III) is observed with a high on/off ratio. Moreover, this probe is successfully used in time-resolved luminescence imaging to eliminate the background signal from biological autofluorescence without a washing process. This work provides a general strategy in designing Ln(III) complexes for detecting a broad range of biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zece Zhu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical MaterialsHubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of ChemistryDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of ChemistryDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical MaterialsHubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
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16
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Liu C, Chen W, Qing Z, Zheng J, Xiao Y, Yang S, Wang L, Li Y, Yang R. In Vivo Lighted Fluorescence via Fenton Reaction: Approach for Imaging of Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Systems. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3998-4003. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410004, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiju Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihe Qing
- School
of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Xiao
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yang
- School
of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinhui Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- School
of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410004, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Mahapatra AK, Ali SS, Maiti K, Mondal S, Maji R, Manna S, Manna SK, Uddin MR, Mandal S. Highly sensitive ratiometric fluorescence probes for nitric oxide based on dihydropyridine and potentially useful in bioimaging. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantzsch dihydropyridine-based ratiometric fluorescent NO probes, viz.PyNO and TPANO, were synthesized and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah-711103
- India
| | - Syed Samim Ali
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah-711103
- India
| | - Kalipada Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah-711103
- India
| | - Sanchita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah-711103
- India
| | - Rajkishor Maji
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah-711103
- India
| | - Srimanta Manna
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah-711103
- India
| | - Saikat Kumar Manna
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah-711103
- India
| | - Md. Raihan Uddin
- Department of Microbiology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700019
- India
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- Department of Microbiology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700019
- India
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18
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Zheng X, Zhang F, Liu E, Shi W, Yan Y. A lanthanide complex-based molecularly imprinted luminescence probe for rapid and selective determination of λ-cyhalothrin in the environment. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03191e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers cladded lanthanide complexes were synthesized via precipitation polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zheng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Fusheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Enli Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Weidong Shi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
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19
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van Duijnhoven SMJ, Robillard MS, Langereis S, Grüll H. Bioresponsive probes for molecular imaging: concepts and in vivo applications. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:282-308. [PMID: 25873263 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a powerful tool to visualize and characterize biological processes at the cellular and molecular level in vivo. In most molecular imaging approaches, probes are used to bind to disease-specific biomarkers highlighting disease target sites. In recent years, a new subset of molecular imaging probes, known as bioresponsive molecular probes, has been developed. These probes generally benefit from signal enhancement at the site of interaction with its target. There are mainly two classes of bioresponsive imaging probes. The first class consists of probes that show direct activation of the imaging label (from "off" to "on" state) and have been applied in optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The other class consists of probes that show specific retention of the imaging label at the site of target interaction and these probes have found application in all different imaging modalities, including photoacoustic imaging and nuclear imaging. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of bioresponsive imaging probes in order to discuss the various molecular imaging strategies. The focus of the present article is the rationale behind the design of bioresponsive molecular imaging probes and their potential in vivo application for the detection of endogenous molecular targets in pathologies such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M J van Duijnhoven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc S Robillard
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Langereis
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Grüll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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20
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Żamojć K, Zdrowowicz M, Jacewicz D, Wyrzykowski D, Chmurzyński L. Fluorescent Probes Used for Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide under Biological Conditions. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 46:171-200. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1014085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Yin J, Liu Z, Zhao T, Jin Y, Zhou X, Wu X. Determination of nitrite in real food and water samples by a novel terbium-macrocycle complex. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10889f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel terbium-macrocycle complex (Tb-Ac) was designed and synthesized for selective and sensitive sensing towards NO2− in real food and water samples, as well as living cells, in terms of reliable accuracy and practicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Yin
- Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- P. R. China
| | - Zhixue Liu
- Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- P. R. China
| | - Yingjin Jin
- Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- P. R. China
| | - Xue Wu
- Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- P. R. China
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22
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Guyon C, Métay E, Popowycz F, Lemaire M. Synthetic applications of hypophosphite derivatives in reduction. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7879-906. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to collect the applications in fine synthesis of hypophosphite derivatives as reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Guyon
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
| | - Estelle Métay
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Equipe Chimie Organique et Bioorganique
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA Lyon)
- F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex
| | - Marc Lemaire
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
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23
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Xiao Y, Yang Y, Zhao G, Fang X, Zhao Y, Guo P, Yang W, Xu J. A terbium-based time-resolved luminescent probe for sulfide ions mediated by copper in aqueous solution. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Li C, Wang S, Huang Y, Wen Q, Wang L, Kan Y. Photoluminescence properties of a novel cyclometalated iridium(III) complex with coumarin-boronate and its recognition of hydrogen peroxide. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:5595-602. [PMID: 24549180 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53498g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel neutral iridium(III) complex-based phosphorescent probe (Ir-2) for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been designed and synthesized by incorporating a benzeneboronic acid pinacol ester (bpe) moiety into 3-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-7-hydroxy-coumarin (Bthc) as a cyclometalated ligand (Bthc-bpe). The photophysical behavior of Ir-2 was investigated by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and quantum mechanical calculations. The absorption spectra of the complex Ir-2 are dominated by the cyclometalated ligand; thus it shows an intense absorption band in the visible region at 460 nm with a molar extinction coefficient (ε) of about 3 × 10(4) M(-1) cm(-1), which is rarely found for typical polypyridine iridium(III) complexes. The complex Ir-2 displays efficient phosphorescent emission at 560 nm at room temperature originating from a mixed triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer ((3)MLCT, dπ(Ir) → π* (Bthc-bpe)) and triplet intraligand ((3)ILCT, π-π* (Bthc-bpe)) excited states as suggested by the DFT computational studies. Upon reaction with H2O2, the complex displays an emission decrease induced by an intense intermolecular aggregation due to the cleavage of the bulky benzeneboronic acid pinacol ester substituent, indicating that Ir-2 could act as an ON-OFF-type phosphorescent probe for H2O2. Additionally, selectivity studies reveal that the complex Ir-2 possesses high selectivity toward H2O2 over other reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
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25
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Wu G, Zeng F, Yu C, Wu S, Li W. A ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe for H2O2sensing and in vivo detection of drug-induced oxidative damage to the digestive system. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8528-8537. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01432d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Designing reactivity-based responsive lanthanide probes for multicolor detection in biological systems. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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27
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28
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Peterson KL, Dang JV, Weitz EA, Lewandowski C, Pierre VC. Effect of lanthanide complex structure on cell viability and association. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:6013-21. [PMID: 24901440 PMCID: PMC4060611 DOI: 10.1021/ic500282n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study of the effect of hydrophobicity and charge on the cell viability and cell association of lanthanide metal complexes is presented. The terbium luminescent probes feature a macrocyclic polyaminocarboxylate ligand (DOTA) in which the hydrophobicity of the antenna and that of the carboxyamide pendant arms are independently varied. Three sensitizing antennas were investigated in terms of their function in vitro: 2-methoxyisophthalamide (IAM(OMe)), 2-hydroxyisophthalamide (IAM), and 6-methylphenanthridine (Phen). Of these complexes, Tb-DOTA-IAM exhibited the highest quantum yield, although the higher cell viability and more facile synthesis of the structurally related Tb-DOTA-IAM(OMe) platform renders it more attractive. Further modification of this latter core structure with carboxyamide arms featuring hydrophobic benzyl, hexyl, and trifluoro groups as well as hydrophilic amino acid based moieties generated a family of complexes that exhibit high cell viability (ED50 > 300 μM) regardless of the lipophilicity or the overall complex charge. Only the hexyl-substituted complex reduced cell viability to 60% in the presence of 100 μM complex. Additionally, cellular association was investigated by ICP-MS and fluorescence microscopy. Surprisingly, the hydrophobic moieties did not increase cell association in comparison to the hydrophilic amino acid derivatives. It is thus postulated that the hydrophilic nature of the 2-methoxyisophthalamide antenna (IAM(OMe)) disfavors the cellular association of these complexes. As such, responsive luminescent probes based on this scaffold would be appropriate for the detection of extracellular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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29
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Zscharnack K, Kreisig T, Prasse AA, Zuchner T. A luminescence-based probe for sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide in seconds. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 834:51-7. [PMID: 24928245 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a fast and simple hydrogen peroxide assay that is based on time-resolved fluorescence. The emission intensity of a complex consisting of terbium ions (Tb(3+)) and phthalic acid (PA) in HEPES buffer is quenched in the presence of H2O2 and this quenching is concentration-dependent. The novel PATb assay detects hydrogen peroxide at a pH range from 7.5 to 8.5 and with a detection limit of 150 nmol L(-1) at pH 8.5. The total assay time is less than 1 min. The linear range of the assay can be adapted by a pH adjustment of the aqueous buffer and covers a concentration range from 310 nmol L(-1) to 2.56 mmol L(-1) in total which encompasses four orders of magnitude. The assay is compatible with high concentrations of all 47 tested inorganic and organic compounds. The PATb assay was applied to quantify H2O2 in polluted river water samples. In conclusion, this fast and easy-to-use assay detects H2O2 with high sensitivity and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Zscharnack
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Thomas Kreisig
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Agneta A Prasse
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Thole Zuchner
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C. Heffern
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Lauren M. Matosziuk
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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31
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Liu C, Shao C, Wu H, Guo B, Zhu B, Zhang X. A fast-response, highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for the ratiometric imaging of hydrogen peroxide with a 100 nm red-shifted emission. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Halcrow MA. Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of 2,6-dipyrazolylpyridine derivatives and their complexes. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00835e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Dai Z, Tian L, Ye Z, Song B, Zhang R, Yuan J. A Lanthanide Complex-Based Ratiometric Luminescence Probe for Time-Gated Luminescence Detection of Intracellular Thiols. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11658-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403370g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Run Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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34
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Li X, Gao X, Shi W, Ma H. Design strategies for water-soluble small molecular chromogenic and fluorogenic probes. Chem Rev 2013; 114:590-659. [PMID: 24024656 DOI: 10.1021/cr300508p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1188] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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35
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Zhang R, Ye Z, Song B, Dai Z, An X, Yuan J. Development of a ruthenium(II) complex-based luminescent probe for hypochlorous acid in living cells. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:10325-31. [PMID: 24003990 DOI: 10.1021/ic400767u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel Ru(II) complex, [Ru(bpy)2(DNPS-bpy)](PF6)2 (bpy: 2,2'-bipyridine, DNPS-bpy: 4-(2,4-dinitrophenylthio)methylene-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine), has been designed and synthesized as a highly sensitive and selective luminescence probe for the recognition and detection of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in living cells by exploiting a "signaling moiety-recognition linker-quencher" sandwich approach. The complex possesses large stokes shift (170 nm), long emission wavelength (626 nm), and low cytotoxicity. Owing to the effective photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from Ru(II) center to the electron acceptor, 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP), the red-emission of bipyridine-Ru(II) complex was completely withheld. In aqueous media, HOCl can trigger an oxidation reaction to cleave the DNP moiety from the Ru(II) complex, which results in the formation of a highly luminescent bipyridine-Ru(II) complex derivative, [Ru(bpy)2(COOH-bpy)](PF6)2 (COOH-bpy: 4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl-4-carboxylic acid), accompanied by a 190-fold luminescence enhancement. Cell imaging experimental results demonstrated that [Ru(bpy)2(DNPS-bpy)](PF6)2 is membrane permeable, and can be applied for capturing and visualizing the exogenous/endogenous HOCl molecules in living cell samples. The development of this Ru(II) complex probe not only provides a useful tool for monitoring HOCl in living systems, but also strengthens the application of transition metal complex-based luminescent probes for bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, Liaoning116012, People's Republic of China
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36
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Peterson KL, Margherio MJ, Doan P, Wilke KT, Pierre VC. Basis for sensitive and selective time-delayed luminescence detection of hydroxyl radical by lanthanide complexes. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9390-8. [PMID: 23889495 DOI: 10.1021/ic4009569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular probes for the detection of hydroxyl radical (HO•) by time-delayed luminescence spectroscopy directly in water at neutral pH with high sensitivity and selectivity are presented. The bimolecular probes consist of a lanthanide complex with open coordination sites and a reactive pre-antenna composed of an aromatic acid or amide; the latter binds to and sensitizes terbium emission upon hydroxylation by HO•. These probes exhibit long luminescence lifetimes compatible with time-delayed measurements that remove interfering background fluorescence from the sample. Six different reactive pre-antenna (benzoate, benzamide, isophthalate, isophthalamide, trimesate, and trimesamide) and two different terbium complexes [Tb-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-tris(acetic acid)) (Tb-DO3A) and Tb-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-bis(acetic acid)) (Tb-DO2A)] were evaluated. Of these the trimesamide/Tb-DO3A system enables the most sensitive detection of HO• with an about 1000-fold increase in metal-centered time-delayed emission upon hydroxylation of the pre-antenna to 2-hydroxytrimesamide. Excellent selectivity for both the trimesamide/Tb-DO3A and trimesate/Tb-DO3A systems over other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are observed. Notably, the increase in metal-centered luminescence intensity is not associated with a decrease in the hydration number (q) of Tb-DO3A, suggesting that the antenna is interacting with the lanthanide via a second sphere coordination environment or that coordination by the antenna occurs by displacement of one or more of the carboxylate arms of DO3A. Formation of a weak ternary complex Tb-DO3A•hydroxytrimesamide was confirmed by temperature-dependent titration and a decrease in K(app) with increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Selivanova N, Vasilieva K, Galyametdinov Y. Luminescent complexes of terbium ion for molecular recognition of ibuprofen. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 29:202-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Selivanova
- Kazan National Research Technological University; Department Physical and Colloid Chemistry; K. Marks 68 Kazan 420015 Russia
| | - Kristina Vasilieva
- Kazan National Research Technological University; Department Physical and Colloid Chemistry; K. Marks 68 Kazan 420015 Russia
| | - Yury Galyametdinov
- Kazan National Research Technological University; Department Physical and Colloid Chemistry; K. Marks 68 Kazan 420015 Russia
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Zhang L, Tian L, Ye Z, Song B, Yuan J. Preparation of visible-light-excited europium biolabels for time-resolved luminescence cell imaging application. Talanta 2013; 108:143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Weitz EA, Chang JY, Rosenfield AH, Morrow EA, Pierre VC. The basis for the molecular recognition and the selective time-gated luminescence detection of ATP and GTP by a lanthanide complex. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51583d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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40
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Development of a ratiometric time-resolved luminescence sensor for pH based on lanthanide complexes. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 761:149-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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41
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Xu HB, Deng JG, Kang B. Designed synthesis and photophysical properties of multifunctional hybrid lanthanide complexes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40513c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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42
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Xiao Y, Zhang R, Ye Z, Dai Z, An H, Yuan J. Lanthanide complex-based luminescent probes for highly sensitive time-gated luminescence detection of hypochlorous acid. Anal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23190019 DOI: 10.1021/ac3028189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two novel lanthanide complex-based luminescent probes, ANMTTA-Eu(3+) and ANMTTA-Tb(3+) {ANMTTA, [4'-(4-amino-3-nitrophenoxy)methylene-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine-6,6"-diyl] bis(methylenenitrilo) tetrakis(acetic acid)}, have been designed and synthesized for the highly sensitive and selective time-gated luminescence detection of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in aqueous media. The probes are almost nonluminescent due to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process from the 4-amino-3-nitrophenyl moiety to the terpyridine-Ln(3+) moiety, which quenches the lanthanide luminescence effectively. Upon reaction with HOCl, the 4-amino-3-nitrophenyl moiety is rapidly cleaved from the probe complexes, which affords strongly luminescent lanthanide complexes HTTA-Eu(3+) and HTTA-Tb(3+) {HTTA, (4'-hydroxymethyl-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine-6,6"-diyl) bis(methylenenitrilo) tetrakis(acetic acid)}, accompanied by the remarkable luminescence enhancements. The dose-dependent luminescence enhancements show good linearity with detection limits of 1.3 nM and 0.64 nM for HOCl with ANMTTA-Eu(3+) and ANMTTA-Tb(3+), respectively. In addition, the luminescence responses of ANMTTA-Eu(3+) and ANMTTA-Tb(3+) to HOCl are pH-independent with excellent selectivity to distinguish HOCl from other reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). The ANMTTA-Ln(3+)-loaded HeLa and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were prepared, and then the exogenous HOCl in HeLa cells and endogenous HOCl in macrophage cells were successfully imaged with time-gated luminescence mode. The results demonstrated the practical applicability of the probes for the cell imaging application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunna Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Yang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institutes of Biomedical
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics
and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials
(IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing
210046, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institutes of Biomedical
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institutes of Biomedical
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Shiue TW, Chen YH, Wu CM, Singh G, Chen HY, Hung CH, Liaw WF, Wang YM. Nitric oxide turn-on fluorescent probe based on deamination of aromatic primary monoamines. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:5400-8. [PMID: 22486484 DOI: 10.1021/ic300379u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stable, water-soluble, and nonfluorescent FA-OMe can sense nitric oxide (NO) and form the intensely fluorescent product dA-FA-OMe via reductive deamination of the aromatic primary amine. The reaction is accompanied by a notable increase of the fluorescent quantum yield from 1.5 to 88.8%. The deamination mechanism of FA-OMe with NO was proposed in this study. The turn-on fluorescence signals were performed by suppression of photoinduced electron transfer (PeT), which was demonstrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the components forming FA-OMe and dA-FA-OMe. Furthermore, FA-OMe showed water solubility and good stability at physiological pHs. Moreover, the selectivity study indicated that FA-OMe had high specificity for NO over other reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. In an endogenously generated NO detection study, increasing the incubation time of FA-OMe with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pretreated Raw 264.7 murine macrophages could cause an enhanced fluorescence intensity image. In addition, a diffusion/localization cell imaging study showed that FA-OMe could be trapped in Raw 264.7 cells. These cell imaging results demonstrated that FA-OMe could be used as a turn-on fluorescent sensor for the detection of endogenously generated NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Wei Shiue
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Synthesis and time-gated fluorometric application of a europium(III) complex with a borono-substituted terpyridine polyacid ligand. Talanta 2012; 91:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Hua KT, Xu J, Quiroz EE, Lopez S, Ingram AJ, Johnson VA, Tisch AR, de Bettencourt-Dias A, Straus DA, Muller G. Structural and photophysical properties of visible- and near-IR-emitting tris lanthanide(III) complexes formed with the enantiomers of N,N'-bis(1-phenylethyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide. Inorg Chem 2011; 51:647-60. [PMID: 22148725 DOI: 10.1021/ic202094p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The enantiomers of N,N'-bis(1-phenylethyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide (L), namely, (R,R)-1, and (S,S)-1, react with Ln(III) ions to give stable [LnL(3)](3+) complexes in an anhydrous acetonitrile solution and in the solid state, as evidenced by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, NMR, luminescence titrations, and their X-ray crystal structures, respectively. All [LnL(3)](3+) complexes [Ln(III) = Eu, Gd, Tb, and Yb; L = (R,R)-1 and (S,S)-1] are isostructural and crystallize in the cubic space group I23. Although the small quantum yields of the Ln(III)-centered luminescence clearly point to the poor efficiency of the luminescence sensitization by the ligand and the intersystem crossing and ligand-to-metal energy transfers, the ligand triplet-excited-state energy seems relatively well suited to sensitize many Ln(III) ion's emission for instance, in the visible (Eu and Tb), near-IR (Nd and Yb), or both regions (Pr, Sm, Dy, Er, and Tm).
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Affiliation(s)
- KimNgan T Hua
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, 1 Washington Square, San José, California 95192-0101, USA
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Design and synthesis of a terbium(III) complex-based luminescence probe for time-gated luminescence detection of mercury(II) ions. J Fluoresc 2011; 22:261-7. [PMID: 21853255 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Time-gated luminescence detection technique using lanthanide complexes as luminescent probes is a useful and highly sensitive method. However, the effective application of this technique is limited by the lack of the target-responsive luminescent lanthanide complexes that can specifically recognize various analytes in aqueous solutions. In this work, a dual-functional ligand that can form a stable complex with Tb(3+) and specifically recognize Hg(2+) ions in aqueous solutions, N,N,N(1),N(1)-{[2,6-bis(3'-aminomethyl-1'-pyrazolyl)-4-[N,N-bis(3″,6″-dithiaoctyl)-aminomethyl]- pyridine]} tetrakis(acetic acid) (BBAPTA), has been designed and synthesized. The luminescence of its Tb(3+) complex is weak, but can be effectively enhanced upon reaction with Hg(2+) ions in aqueous solutions. The luminescence response investigations of BBAPTA-Tb(3+) to various metal ions indicate that the complex has a good luminescence sensing selectivity for Hg(2+) ions, but not for other metal ions. Thus a highly sensitive time-gated luminescence detection method for Hg(2+) ions was developed by using BBAPTA-Tb(3+) as a luminescent probe. The dose-dependent luminescence enhancement of the probe shows a good linearity with a detection limit of 17 nM for Hg(2+) ions. These results demonstrated the efficacy and advantages of the new Tb(3+) complex-based luminescence probe for the sensitive and selective detection of Hg(2+) ions.
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