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Calmo R, Chiadò A, Fiorilli S, Ricciardi C. Advanced ELISA-like Biosensing Based on Ultralarge-Pore Silica Microbeads. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5787-5795. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Calmo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Clean Water Center, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Chiadò
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Sonia Fiorilli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Ricciardi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
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Christodoulides N, McRae MP, Simmons GW, Modak SS, McDevitt JT. Sensors that Learn: The Evolution from Taste Fingerprints to Patterns of Early Disease Detection. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E251. [PMID: 30995728 PMCID: PMC6523560 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The McDevitt group has sustained efforts to develop a programmable sensing platform that offers advanced, multiplexed/multiclass chem-/bio-detection capabilities. This scalable chip-based platform has been optimized to service real-world biological specimens and validated for analytical performance. Fashioned as a sensor that learns, the platform can host new content for the application at hand. Identification of biomarker-based fingerprints from complex mixtures has a direct linkage to e-nose and e-tongue research. Recently, we have moved to the point of big data acquisition alongside the linkage to machine learning and artificial intelligence. Here, exciting opportunities are afforded by multiparameter sensing that mimics the sense of taste, overcoming the limitations of salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and glutamate sensing and moving into fingerprints of health and wellness. This article summarizes developments related to the electronic taste chip system evolving into a platform that digitizes biology and affords clinical decision support tools. A dynamic body of literature and key review articles that have contributed to the shaping of these activities are also highlighted. This fully integrated sensor promises more rapid transition of biomarker panels into wide-spread clinical practice yielding valuable new insights into health diagnostics, benefiting early disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Michael P McRae
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Glennon W Simmons
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Sayli S Modak
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - John T McDevitt
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Palit S, Khajehpour Tadavani S, Yethiraj A. Realization of a stable, monodisperse water-in-oil droplet system with micro-scale and nano-scale confinement for tandem microscopy and diffusion NMR studies. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:448-459. [PMID: 29261208 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work we generate stable and monodisperse water-in-oil emulsions using a co-flowing geometry that produced droplet sizes between 13 μm and 250 μm. The drops survived transfer to NMR tubes and were stable for at least 26 hours, enabling the performance of pulsed-field-gradient NMR experiments in addition to microscopy. The drops sizes achieved as a function of flow rate agree well with a simple model for droplet generation: this yields a precise measure of the interfacial tension. The design of a cell mimetic environment with nano-scale confinement has also been demonstrated with diffusion measurements on macromolecules (PEG and Ficoll70) within droplets that are further structured internally using agarose gel networks. Containing the agarose gel in droplets appears to provide very reproducible and homogeneous network environments, enabling quantitative agreement of Ficoll70 dynamics with a theoretical model, with no fit parameters, and, with PEG, yielding a systematic polymer-size dependent slowing down in the network. This is in contrast with bulk agarose, where identical macromolecular diffusion measurements indicate the presence of heterogeneities with water pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swomitra Palit
- Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X7, Canada.
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Pinto I, Caneira C, Soares R, Madaboosi N, Aires-Barros M, Conde J, Azevedo A, Chu V. The application of microbeads to microfluidic systems for enhanced detection and purification of biomolecules. Methods 2017; 116:112-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Yeast Biosensors for Detection of Environmental Pollutants: Current State and Limitations. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:408-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Liang T, Robinson R, Houghtaling J, Fridley G, Ramsey SA, Fu E. Investigation of Reagent Delivery Formats in a Multivalent Malaria Sandwich Immunoassay and Implications for Assay Performance. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2311-20. [PMID: 26835721 PMCID: PMC6387624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Conventional lateral flow tests (LFTs), the current standard bioassay format used in low-resource point-of-care (POC) settings, have limitations that have held back their application in the testing of low concentration analytes requiring high sensitivity and low limits of detection. LFTs use a premix format for a rapid one-step delivery of premixed sample and labeled antibody to the detection region. We have compared the signal characteristics of two types of reagent delivery formats in a model system of a sandwich immunoassay for malarial protein detection. The premix format produced a uniform binding profile within the detection region. In contrast, decoupling the delivery of sample and labeled antibody to the detection region in a sequential format produced a nonuniform binding profile in which the majority of the signal was localized to the upstream edge of the detection region. The assay response was characterized in both the sequential and premix formats. The sequential format had a 4- to 10-fold lower limit of detection than the premix format, depending on assay conjugate concentration. A mathematical model of the assay quantitatively reproduced the experimental binding profiles for a set of rate constants that were consistent with surface plasmon resonance measurements and absorbance measurements of the experimental multivalent malaria system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinny Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , N107 Foege Building, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Robert Robinson
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University , 102 Gleeson Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jared Houghtaling
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , N107 Foege Building, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Gina Fridley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , N107 Foege Building, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Stephen A Ramsey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University , 106 Dryden Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Elain Fu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , N107 Foege Building, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University , 102 Gleeson Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University , 106 Dryden Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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McRae MP, Simmons GW, Wong J, Shadfan B, Gopalkrishnan S, Christodoulides N, McDevitt JT. Programmable bio-nano-chip system: a flexible point-of-care platform for bioscience and clinical measurements. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4020-31. [PMID: 26308851 PMCID: PMC4589532 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00636h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of integrated instrumentation for universal bioassay systems serves as a key goal for the lab-on-a-chip community. The programmable bio-nano-chip (p-BNC) system is a versatile multiplexed and multiclass chemical- and bio-sensing system for bioscience and clinical measurements. The system is comprised of two main components, a disposable cartridge and a portable analyzer. The customizable single-use plastic cartridges, which now can be manufactured in high volumes using injection molding, are designed for analytical performance, ease of use, reproducibility, and low cost. These labcard devices implement high surface area nano-structured biomarker capture elements that enable high performance signaling and are index-matched to real-world biological specimens. This detection modality, along with the convenience of on-chip fluid storage in blisters and self-contained waste, represents a standard process to digitize biological signatures at the point-of-care. A companion portable analyzer prototype has been developed to integrate fluid motivation, optical detection, and automated data analysis, and it serves as the human interface for complete assay automation. In this report, we provide a systems-level perspective of the p-BNC universal biosensing platform with an emphasis on flow control, device integration, and automation. To demonstrate the flexibility of the p-BNC, we distinguish diseased and non-case patients across three significant disease applications: prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and acute myocardial infarction. Progress towards developing a rapid 7 minute myoglobin assay is presented using the fully automated p-BNC system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glennon. W. Simmons
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Jorge Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Basil Shadfan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | | | - Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - John T. McDevitt
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, U.S.A
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Kulla E, Chou J, Simmons G, Wong J, McRae MP, Patel R, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Leach RJ, Thompson IM, McDevitt JT. Enhancement of performance in porous bead-based microchip sensors: Effects of chip geometry on bio-agent capture. RSC Adv 2015; 5:48194-48206. [PMID: 26097696 PMCID: PMC4470495 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring low concentrations of clinically-important biomarkers using porous bead-based lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platforms is critical for the successful implementation of point-of-care (POC) devices. One way to meet this objective is to optimize the geometry of the bead holder, referred to here as a micro-container. In this work, two geometric micro-containers were explored, the inverted pyramid frustum (PF) and the inverted clipped pyramid frustum (CPF). Finite element models of this bead array assay system were developed to optimize the micro-container and bead geometries for increased pressure, to increase analyte capture in porous bead-based fluorescence immunoassays. Custom micro-milled micro-container structures containing an inverted CPF geometry resulted in a 28% reduction in flow-through regions from traditional anisotropically-etched pyramidal geometry derived from Si-111 termination layers. This novel "reduced flow-through" design resulted in a 33% increase in analyte penetration into the bead and twofold increase in fluorescence signal intensity as demonstrated with C-Reactive Protein (CRP) antigen, an important biomarker of inflammation. A consequent twofold decrease in the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of a proof-of-concept assay for the free isoform of Prostate-Specific Antigen (free PSA), an important biomarker for prostate cancer detection, is also presented. Furthermore, a 53% decrease in the bead diameter is shown to result in a 160% increase in pressure and 2.5-fold increase in signal, as estimated by COMSOL models and confirmed experimentally by epi-fluorescence microscopy. Such optimizations of the bead micro-container and bead geometries have the potential to significantly reduce the LODs and reagent costs for spatially programmed bead-based assay systems of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliona Kulla
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Jie Chou
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Glennon Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Jorge Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Michael P. McRae
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Rushi Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | | | - Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Robin J. Leach
- Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Ian M. Thompson
- Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - John T. McDevitt
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
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Leary TF, Manafirasi S, Maldarelli C. Mass transfer in the biomolecular binding of a target against probe molecules on the surface of microbeads sequestered in wells in a microfluidic cell. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:459-77. [PMID: 25408192 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01185f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic tools which screen the binding interactions of a protein target against a display of biomolecular probes to identify molecules which bind the target are central to cell proteomic studies, and to diagnostic assays. Here, we study a microfluidic design for screening interactions in which the probe molecules are hosted on microbeads sequestered in wells arranged at the bottom of a microfluidic flow channel. Assays are undertaken by streaming an analyte solution with a fluorescently labelled target through the cell, and identifying the fluorescing beads. Numerical simulations are first constructed for the analyte flow over the microbeads in the well array, and the increase in the target concentration on the microbead surface. The binding profile is expressed as a function of the ratio of the convective to the diffusive transport rates (Peclet number or Pe), and the ratio of the kinetic to the diffusive rates (Damkohler number, Da). For any Pe, as Da becomes small enough, the transport is determined by the intrinsic kinetic binding rate. As Pe increases, a thin concentration boundary layer develops over the top surface of the microbead because of the convective flow, and target binds more rapidly. However, the relatively stagnant layers of liquid in the well provide a diffusion barrier which slows the target transport, and for any Da and Pe the transport is slower than equivalent patches of probes arranged on the channel wall. Experiments are also undertaken at high Pe, using the binding of fluorescently labelled NeutrAvidin as a target to probes of its binding partner, biotin, on the microbead surface. The binding profile is compared to the simulations to measure the kinetic rate constant, and this comparison shows that the transport in the cell is not kinetically limited because of the diffusion barriers created by the stagnant liquid layer in the well. Simulations and experiments on microbeads which are only partially recessed in the well demonstrate an increase in the mass transfer rate as more of the microbead surface intersects the flow and the diffusion limitation due to the stagnant layer of liquid surrounding the bottom part of the microbead is minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Leary
- Levich Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA.
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Schindler AR, Bleher O, Thaler MA, Kocot CJ, Steigerwald U, Proll G, Gauglitz G, Luppa PB. Diagnostic performance study of an antigen microarray for the detection of antiphospholipid antibodies in human serum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 53:801-8. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe parallelization of clinically relevant antigens in a microarray format is of growing importance due to the ability to measure multiple antigen-antibody interactions. With the development of a microarray for the detection of antiphospholipid antibodies we focussed on one important autoimmune disease that is still diagnostically challenging. Reasons are the heterogeneity of the autoantibodies and the unspecific clinical symptoms.For the covalent immobilization of antigenic structures, glass transducers were coated with 11-aminoundecyltrimethoxysilane (11-AUTMS). In total 35 antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients, six patients with lupus erythematosus and 24 healthy controls were investigated on a microarray format using polarized imaging reflectometric interference spectroscopy.The novel surface modification based on the short derivative 11-AUTMS resulted in a selective biosensor allowing a clear differentiation of patient and control samples. It combined proteinogenic as well as phospholipid-derived antigens, namely βMultiplexed determination of serological parameters has a great potential. We have shown that our biosensor is capable of detecting four different APS relevant antibodies in parallel exhibiting a sensitivity and specificity comparable to existing ELISA methods.
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Chou J, Li LE, Kulla E, Christodoulides N, Floriano PN, McDevitt JT. Effects of sample delivery on analyte capture in porous bead sensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:5249-56. [PMID: 23117481 PMCID: PMC3541674 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40752c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sample delivery is a crucial aspect of point-of-care applications where sample volumes need to be low and assay times short, while providing high analytical and clinical sensitivity. In this paper, we explore the influence of the factors surrounding sample delivery on analyte capture in an immunoassay-based sensor array manifold of porous beads resting in individual wells. We model using computational fluid dynamics and a flow-through device containing beads sensitized specifically to C-reactive protein (CRP) to explore the effects of volume of sample, rate of sample delivery, and use of recirculation vs. unilateral delivery on the effectiveness of the capture of CRP on and within the porous bead sensor. Rate of sample delivery lends to the development of a time-dependent, shrinking depletion region around the bead exterior. Our findings reveal that at significantly high rates of delivery, unique to porous bead substrates, capture at the rim of the bead is reaction-limited, while capture in the interior of the bead is transport-limited. While the fluorescence signal results from the aggregate of captured material throughout the bead, multiple kinetic regimes exist within the bead. Further, under constant pressure conditions dictated by the array architecture, we reveal the existence of an optimal flow rate that generates the highest signal, under point-of-care constraints of limited-volume and limited-time. When high sensitivity is needed, recirculation can be implemented to overcome the analyte capture limitations due to volume and time constraints. Computational simulations agree with experimental results performed under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chou
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas77005, USA
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Chou J, Wong J, Christodoulides N, Floriano PN, Sanchez X, McDevitt J. Porous bead-based diagnostic platforms: bridging the gaps in healthcare. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:15467-99. [PMID: 23202219 PMCID: PMC3522972 DOI: 10.3390/s121115467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in lab-on-a-chip systems have strong potential for multiplexed detection of a wide range of analytes with reduced sample and reagent volume; lower costs and shorter analysis times. The completion of high-fidelity multiplexed and multiclass assays remains a challenge for the medical microdevice field; as it struggles to achieve and expand upon at the point-of-care the quality of results that are achieved now routinely in remote laboratory settings. This review article serves to explore for the first time the key intersection of multiplexed bead-based detection systems with integrated microfluidic structures alongside porous capture elements together with biomarker validation studies. These strategically important elements are evaluated here in the context of platform generation as suitable for near-patient testing. Essential issues related to the scalability of these modular sensor ensembles are explored as are attempts to move such multiplexed and multiclass platforms into large-scale clinical trials. Recent efforts in these bead sensors have shown advantages over planar microarrays in terms of their capacity to generate multiplexed test results with shorter analysis times. Through high surface-to-volume ratios and encoding capabilities; porous bead-based ensembles; when combined with microfluidic elements; allow for high-throughput testing for enzymatic assays; general chemistries; protein; antibody and oligonucleotide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chou
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS-142, Houston, TX 77005, USA; E-Mails: (J.C.); (N.C.); (P.N.F.); (X.S.)
| | - Jorge Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS-142, Houston, TX 77005, USA; E-Mails: (J.C.); (N.C.); (P.N.F.); (X.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS-142, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Pierre N. Floriano
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS-142, Houston, TX 77005, USA; E-Mails: (J.C.); (N.C.); (P.N.F.); (X.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS-142, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Ximena Sanchez
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS-142, Houston, TX 77005, USA; E-Mails: (J.C.); (N.C.); (P.N.F.); (X.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS-142, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - John McDevitt
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS-142, Houston, TX 77005, USA; E-Mails: (J.C.); (N.C.); (P.N.F.); (X.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS-142, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Jiang K, Sposito A, Liu J, Raghavan SR, DeVoe DL. Microfluidic synthesis of macroporous polymer immunobeads. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a growth of interest in the translation of microfluidic systems into real-world clinical practice, especially for use in point-of-care or near patient settings. While initial fabrication advances in microfluidics involved mainly the etching of silicon and glass, the economics of scaling of these materials is not amendable for point-of-care usage where single-test applications force cost considerations to be kept low and throughput high. As such, materials base more consistent with point-of-care needs is required. In this manuscript, the fabrication of a hot embossed, through-hole low-density polyethylene ensembles derived from an anisotropically etched silicon wafer is discussed. This semi-opaque polymer that can be easily sterilized and recycled provides low background noise for fluorescence measurements and yields more affordable cost than other thermoplastics commonly used for microfluidic applications such as cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). To fabrication through-hole microchips from this alternative material for microfluidics, a fabrication technique that uses a high-temperature, high-pressure resistant mold is described. This aluminum-based epoxy mold, serving as the positive master mold for embossing, is casted over etched arrays of pyramidal pits in a silicon wafer. Methods of surface treatment of the wafer prior to casting and PDMS casting of the epoxy are discussed to preserve the silicon wafer for future use. Changes in the thickness of polyethylene are observed for varying embossing temperatures. The methodology described herein can quickly fabricate 20 disposable, single use chips in less than 30 min with the ability to scale up 4 times by using multiple molds simultaneously. When coupled as a platform supporting porous bead sensors, as in the recently developed Programmable Bio-Nano-Chip, this bead chip system can achieve limits of detection, for the cardiac biomarker C-reactive protein, of 0.3 ng/mL, thereby demonstrating that the approach is compatible with high performance, real-world clinical measurements in the context of point-of-care testing.
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