1
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Gonzalez de Vega R, Plassmann M, Clases D, Zangger K, Müller V, Rosenberg E, Reimann A, Skedung L, Benskin JP, Feldmann J. A multi-platform approach for the comprehensive analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and fluorine mass balance in commercial ski wax products. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1314:342754. [PMID: 38876512 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The unique properties of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have led to their extensive use in consumer products, including ski wax. Based on the risks associated with PFAS, and to align with PFAS regulations, the international ski federation (FIS) implemented a ban on products containing "C8 fluorocarbons/perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)" at all FIS events from the 2021/2022 season, leading manufactures to shift their formulations towards short-chain PFAS chemistries. To date, most studies characterising PFAS in ski waxes have measured a suite of individual substances using targeted analytical approaches. However, the fraction of total fluorine (TF) in the wax accounted for by these substances remains unclear. In this study, we sought to address this question by applying a multi-platform, fluorine mass balance approach to a total of 10 commercially available ski wax products. Analysis of TF by combustion ion chromatography (CIC) revealed concentrations of 1040-51700 μg F g-1 for the different fluorinated waxes. In comparison, extractable organic fluorine (EOF) determined in methanol extracts by CIC (and later confirmed by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and 19F- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) ranged from 92 to 3160 μg g-1, accounting for only 3-8.8 % of total fluorine (TF). Further characterisation of extracts by cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS) revealed 15 individual PFAS with perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid concentrations up to 33 μg F g-1, and 3 products exceeding the regulatory limit for PFOA (0.025 μg g-1) by a factor of up to 100. The sum of all PFAS accounted for only 0.01-1.0 % of EOF, implying a high percentage of unidentified PFAS, thus, pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to provide evidence of the nature of the non-extractable fluorine present in the ski wax products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merle Plassmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Clases
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Müller
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Rosenberg
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Anders Reimann
- Department Materials and Surface Design, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Skedung
- Department Materials and Surface Design, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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2
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Eeso K, Gallan R, Goukeh MN, Tate K, Raja RKB, Popovic Z, Abichou T, Chen H, Locke BR, Tang Y. Degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in landfill leachate by a thin-water-film nonthermal plasma reactor. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 161:104-115. [PMID: 36878039 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are present in landfill leachate, posing potential challenges to leachate disposal and treatment. This work represents the first study of a thin-water-film nonthermal plasma reactor for PFAS degradation in landfill leachate. Of the 30 PFAS measured in three raw leachates, 21 were above the detection limits. The removal percentage depended on the category of PFAS. For example, perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA (C8) had the highest removal percentage (77% as an average of the three leachates) of the perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) category. The removal percentage decreased when the carbon number increased from 8 to 11 and decreased from 8 to 4. The effects of various landfill leachate components, including sodium chloride, acetate, humic acids, pH, and surfactants, had no or minor impacts (<30%) on PFOA mineralization in synthetic samples. This might be explained by the plasma-generation and PFAS-degradation mainly occurring at the gas/liquid interface. Shorter-chain PFCAs were produced as intermediates of PFOA degradation, and shorter-chain PFCAs and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) were produced as intermediates of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). The concentrations of the intermediates decreased with decreasing carbon number, suggesting a stepwise removal of difluoromethylene (CF2) in the degradation pathway. Potential PFAS species in the raw and treated leachates were identified at the molecular level through non-targeted Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The intermediates did not show accurate toxicity per Microtox bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Eeso
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
| | - Rachel Gallan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
| | - Mojtaba Nouri Goukeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
| | - Kerry Tate
- Chemistry Program, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2600 N Blair Stone Road, Tallahassee, FL 32399, United States
| | - Radha Krishna Bulusu Raja
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
| | - Zeljka Popovic
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
| | - Tarek Abichou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
| | - Bruce R Locke
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
| | - Youneng Tang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States.
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3
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Heterodimetallic Iridium-Rhenium System: Synthesis, Computational and Photocatalytic Aspects. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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4
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Thakuri A, Acharya R, Banerjee M, Chatterjee A. A polydiacetylene (PDA) impregnated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane for sensitive detection of fluoride ions. Analyst 2022; 147:3604-3611. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00848c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a polydiacetylene (PDA) grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane for sensitive solid-phase detection of fluoride. The method was successfully used for water and toothpaste analysis and validated by ion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Thakuri
- Department of Chemistry, BITS-Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale, Goa-403726, India
| | - Raghunath Acharya
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Mainak Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, BITS-Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale, Goa-403726, India
| | - Amrita Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, BITS-Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale, Goa-403726, India
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5
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Aro R, Eriksson U, Kärrman A, Reber I, Yeung LWY. Combustion ion chromatography for extractable organofluorine analysis. iScience 2021; 24:102968. [PMID: 34466791 PMCID: PMC8383001 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) has found a role in environmental analytical chemistry for fluorine content analysis. It is used for extractable organofluorine (EOF) analysis to evaluate perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and other organofluorine burden. The prevailing assumption has been that all PFASs are incinerated in CIC and matrix components have no impact on this process, but this has not been experimentally evaluated. In this work, the combustion efficiencies of 13 different PFASs were determined (66–110%). A notable difference was observed between calibrating the CIC with inorganic fluorine or organofluorine. Potential interferences from cations and coextracted matrix components from whole blood and surface water samples were evaluated. These observations should be acknowledged when performing EOF analysis using CIC, overlooking either non-100% combustion efficiencies or the differences in calibrating the CIC with inorganic fluorine or organofluorine could lead to underestimating EOF content and through that to misguide policy decisions. Combustion efficiencies of PFASs were in the range of 66–110% There was difference between calibration with inorganic fluorine and organofluorine Matrix had no discernable effect on combustion efficiency
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Aro
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Eriksson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Iris Reber
- Metrohm AG, Ionenstrasse, 9100 Herisau, Switzerland
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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6
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Kowalewska Z, Brzezińska K, Zieliński J, Pilarczyk J. Method development for determination of organic fluorine in gasoline and its components using high-resolution continuum source flame molecular absorption spectrometry with gallium fluoride as a target molecule. Talanta 2021; 227:122205. [PMID: 33714474 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS MAS) has been developing fast for fluorine determination, but neither flame nor graphite furnace technique have ever been applied for the analysis of petroleum or its products. Hydrogen fluoride can be applied in technologies of gasoline components production, unfortunately, arising organic fluorides can contaminate final product. The aim of this work was development of fast and simple HR-CS MAS method, with an ordinary air-acetylene flame, for determination of organic F in gasoline and its components. Gallium fluoride as a target molecule was the imposing choice, because Ga undergoes atomization at relatively low temperature, and the GaF molecule is known to provide good sensitivity in F determination. Severe difficulties have arisen to get higher concentration of gallium (as Ga(III)acetylacetonate) in the measured (xylene) solution. Furthermore, depending on the flame character, the spectrum of the GaF molecule at the most sensitive 211.248 nm rotational "line"could have been disturbed by intensive noise (a case of too rich flame) or overlapped by the OH molecule spectrum (a case of too lean flame). The effects, as well as sensitivity of F determination, depended on the sample volatility and its dilution ratio. The difficulties have been overcome by adjusting the solution aspiration rate and the additional air flow rate to get not-disturbed baseline. The least square background correction (LSBC) with the OH molecule spectrum as the correction spectrum (the OH molecule spectrum intentionally generated for the first time) and the standard addition calibration have been also applied. Huge difference in sensitivity, up to one order of magnitude, depending on the F compound volatility and its chemical character was stated. A standard giving the best sensitivity (heptafluorobutanol) turned out to be the most suitable for calibration in analysis of real samples (satisfactory agreement with results of combustion ion chromatography). It was found that HF introduced into the solution of the investigated sample does not contribute to the increase of F signal. Using 5000 mg L-1 of Ga in a solution, the best characteristic concentration and detection limit are 3.2 mg L-1 and 0.93 mg L-1, respectively. The developed method enabled to identify high contamination of some gasoline components with organic F species, which constituted significant corrosion and environmental threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Kowalewska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Łukasiewicza 17, 09-400, Płock, Poland.
| | - Karolina Brzezińska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Łukasiewicza 17, 09-400, Płock, Poland
| | - Janusz Zieliński
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Łukasiewicza 17, 09-400, Płock, Poland
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7
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De Silva AO, Armitage JM, Bruton TA, Dassuncao C, Heiger-Bernays W, Hu XC, Kärrman A, Kelly B, Ng C, Robuck A, Sun M, Webster TF, Sunderland EM. PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:631-657. [PMID: 33201517 PMCID: PMC7906948 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human and wildlife exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Most human exposure assessments have focused on 2 to 5 legacy PFAS, and wildlife assessments are typically limited to targeted PFAS (up to ~30 substances). However, shifts in chemical production are occurring rapidly, and targeted methods for detecting PFAS have not kept pace with these changes. Total fluorine measurements complemented by suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry are thus emerging as essential tools for PFAS exposure assessment. Such methods enable researchers to better understand contributions from precursor compounds that degrade into terminal perfluoroalkyl acids. Available data suggest that diet is the major human exposure pathway for some PFAS, but there is large variability across populations and PFAS compounds. Additional data on total fluorine in exposure media and the fraction of unidentified organofluorine are needed. Drinking water has been established as the major exposure source in contaminated communities. As water supplies are remediated, for the general population, exposures from dust, personal care products, indoor environments, and other sources may be more important. A major challenge for exposure assessments is the lack of statistically representative population surveys. For wildlife, bioaccumulation processes differ substantially between PFAS and neutral lipophilic organic compounds, prompting a reevaluation of traditional bioaccumulation metrics. There is evidence that both phospholipids and proteins are important for the tissue partitioning and accumulation of PFAS. New mechanistic models for PFAS bioaccumulation are being developed that will assist in wildlife risk evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:631-657. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Ng
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna Robuck
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI USA
| | - Mei Sun
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC USA
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8
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Resano M, Aramendía M, Nakadi FV, García-Ruiz E, Alvarez-Llamas C, Bordel N, Pisonero J, Bolea-Fernández E, Liu T, Vanhaecke F. Breaking the boundaries in spectrometry. Molecular analysis with atomic spectrometric techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Zheng K, Lesniewski JE, Dolan MJ, Li W, Metallo TT, Jorabchi K. Elemental Fluorine Detection by Dielectric Barrier Discharge Coupled to Nanoelectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Nontargeted Analysis of Fluorinated Compounds. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10129-10137. [PMID: 32578420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The growing use of fluorochemicals has elevated the need for nontargeted detection of unknown fluorinated compounds and transformation products. Elemental mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to chromatography offers a facile approach for such analyses by using fluorine as an elemental tag. However, efficient ionization of fluorine has been an ongoing challenge. Here, we demonstrate a novel atmospheric-pressure elemental ionization method where fluorinated compounds separated by gas chromatography (GC) are converted to Na2F+ for nontargeted detection. The compounds are first introduced into a helium dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) for breakdown. The plasma products are subsequently ionized by interaction with a nanoelectrospray ionization (nano-ESI) plume of sodium-containing aqueous electrolytes. Our studies point to HF as the main plasma product contributing to Na2F+ formation. Moreover, the results reveal that Na2F+ is largely formed by the ion-neutral reaction between HF and Na2A(NaA)n+, gas-phase reagent ions produced by nano-ESI where A represents the anion of the electrolyte. Near-uniform fluorine response factors are obtained for a wide range of compounds, highlighting good efficiency of HF formation by DBD regardless of the chemical structure of the compounds. Detection limits of 3.5-19.4 pg of fluorine on-column are obtained using the reported GC-DBD-nano-ESI-MS. As an example of nontargeted screening, extractions from oil-and-water-repellent fabrics are analyzed via monitoring Na2F+, resulting in detection of a fluorinated compound on a clothing item. Notably, facile switching of the ion source to atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization with the exact same chromatographic method allows identification of the detected compound at the flagged retention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Joseph E Lesniewski
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Michael J Dolan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Wanqing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Tyler T Metallo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Kaveh Jorabchi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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10
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An unusual metal-bound 4-fluorothreonine transaldolase from Streptomyces sp. MA37 catalyses promiscuous transaldol reactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3885-3896. [PMID: 32140842 PMCID: PMC7162832 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-α-amino acids (βH-AAs) are key components of many bioactive molecules as well as exist as specialised metabolites. Among these βH-AAs, 4-fluorothreonine (4-FT) is the only naturally occurring fluorinated AA discovered thus far. Here we report overexpression and biochemical characterisation of 4-fluorothreonine transaldolase from Streptomyces sp. MA37 (FTaseMA), a homologue of FTase previously identified in the biosynthesis of 4-FT in S. cattleya. FTaseMA displays considerable substrate plasticity to generate 4-FT as well as other β-hydroxy-α-amino acids with various functionalities at C4 position, giving the prospect of new chemo-enzymatic applications. The enzyme has a hybrid of two catalytic domains, serine hydroxymethyltransferase (S) and aldolase (A). Site-directed mutagenesis allowed the identification of the key residues of FTases, suggesting that the active site of A domain has a historical reminiscent feature in metal-dependent aldolases. Elemental analysis demonstrated that FTaseMA is indeed a Zn2+-dependent enzyme, the first example of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) enzyme family fused with a metal-binding domain carrying out a distinct catalytic role. Finally, FTaseMA showed divergent evolutionary origin with other PLP dependent enzymes.
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11
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Koch A, Aro R, Wang T, Yeung LW. Towards a comprehensive analytical workflow for the chemical characterisation of organofluorine in consumer products and environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods for nontarget discovery and characterization of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in environmental and human samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Akhdhar A, Schneider M, Orme A, Schultes L, Raab A, Krupp EM, Benskin JP, Welz B, Feldmann J. The use of high resolution graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR -MAS) for total fluorine determination in extractable organofluorines (EOF). Talanta 2019; 209:120466. [PMID: 31892068 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The determination of total fluorine content using high-resolution graphite furnace continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR- MAS) has been employed in a variety of samples for over 10 years. However, most of the samples analysed by HR- MAS are rich in fluoride, with negligible levels of organic fluorinated species. With an increase in concern surrounding per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), new methods to measure total fluorine of organofluorine using different techniques have been developed. However, no studies focused on PFASs behaviour in HR-MAS have been performed. As these compounds encompass a wide range of different structures, boiling points, decomposition temperatures and matrix interactions, a loss of accuracy can occur when an aqueous external calibration is performed using only one compound. To overcome this issue, an investigation into permanent modifiers for the graphite furnace was performed. After optimisation similar sensitivity for different PFCA was achieved when 400 μg of W was used as a permanent modifier together with an optimised temperature program. The relative deviation between the different PFCA standard slopes relative to the PFOA slope was lower than 15%. The instrumental limit of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ, respectively) of total fluorine as total PFCA was 0.1 mg L-1 and 0.3 mg L-1, respectively, while the method LOD and LOQ (using solid phase extraction) was 0.3 μg L-1 and 1.0 μg L-1, respectively. The developed method gave satisfactory recoveries for the spiked PFCA into seawater, river water and effluent using PFOA calibration standards. The optimised method is useful for measuring extractable organofluorines (EOF) when only ionic PFASs such as PFCA are expected. When other organofluorines are expected, the results using HR GF-MAS should be taken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Akhdhar
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory Aberdeen (TESLA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mauana Schneider
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory Aberdeen (TESLA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alice Orme
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory Aberdeen (TESLA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Lara Schultes
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Raab
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory Aberdeen (TESLA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Eva M Krupp
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory Aberdeen (TESLA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Welz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory Aberdeen (TESLA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
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14
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Lesniewski JE, Zheng K, Lecchi P, Dain D, Jorabchi K. High-Sensitivity Elemental Mass Spectrometry of Fluorine by Ionization in Plasma Afterglow. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3773-3777. [PMID: 30801181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine elemental analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) is challenging because of low F ionization efficiency in the plasma and severe isobaric interferences. Notably, there is an increasing demand for ppb level fluorine measurements due to the rising importance of fluorinated compounds in pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analyses. Here, we report a new elemental ionization method where fluorinated analytes are introduced into an ICP to produce NaF followed by Na2F+ formation in the atmospheric-pressure plasma afterglow. The new method offers over 2 orders of magnitude improved sensitivities (180-500 cps/ppb versus 1.6-3.2 cps/ppb) for F detection. This approach also yields compound-independent F response for quantitation without compound-specific standards. Detection limits of ∼50 ppb F are attained using a single-quadrupole instrument without discrimination against isobaric interferences. Similar LODs are achievable only by isobaric interference reduction in ICPMS/MS. Importantly, the new approach offers facile interfacing to molecular MS instruments where LODs can be further improved via MS/MS and high-resolution MS techniques. The tolerance to matrix is demonstrated by quantitation of fluoride in infant formula, yielding recoveries of 86%-98% with repeatabilities of 3.5-6.3 RSD%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Lesniewski
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , Washington , District of Columbia 20057 , United States
| | - Kunyu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , Washington , District of Columbia 20057 , United States
| | - Paolo Lecchi
- DSM Nutritional Products , Columbia , Maryland 21045 , United States
| | - David Dain
- DSM Nutritional Products , Columbia , Maryland 21045 , United States
| | - Kaveh Jorabchi
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , Washington , District of Columbia 20057 , United States
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Metzger M, Ley P, Sturm M, Meermann B. Screening method for extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) in river water samples by means of high-resolution-continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF MAS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4647-4660. [PMID: 30848316 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine into organic molecules leads to new chemical/physical properties. Especially in the field of pharmaceutical as well as technical applications, fluorinated organic substances gain in importance. The OECD identified and categorized 4730 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances-related CAS numbers. Thus, an increasing release of fluorinated compounds into the environment is expected. In particular, perfluorinated compounds often show higher environmental stability leading to the risk of bioaccumulation. Polyfluorinated compounds undergo decomposition; thus, further possible fluorine species occur, which may exhibit different toxic/chemical properties. However, current target methods based on, e.g., HPLC/MS-MS, are not applicable for a comprehensive screening of fluorinated substances as well as assessment of pollution. Thus, within this work, a sum parameter method for quantitative determination of extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) in surface waters was developed. The method is based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) for extraction of fluorinated compounds as well as separation of interfering inorganic fluoride in combination with high-resolution-continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF MAS) for organic fluorine quantification. Upon optimization of the SPE procedure (maximum concentration of extractable organic fluorine), enrichment factors of about 1000 were achieved, allowing for highly sensitive fluorine detection. HR-CS GF MAS allows for selective fluorine detection upon in situ formation of a diatomic molecule ("GaF"). Next to a species-unspecific response, limits of detection in the low nanogram per liter range (upon enrichment) were achieved. Upon successful method development, surface water samples (rivers Moselle and Rhine) were analyzed. Furthermore, a sampling campaign along the river Rhine (from the south-close to the French border; to the north-close to The Netherlands border) was conducted. EOF values in the range of about 50-300 ng/L were detected. The developed method allows for a fast and sensitive as well as selective/screening detection of organically bound fluorine (EOF) in surface water samples, helping to elucidate pollution hotspots as well as discharge routes. Graphical abstract A solid phase extraction (SPE) HR-CS GF MAS screening method was developed for the quantitative analysis/screening of extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) in river water samples. Highly sensitive EOF analysis (low ppq range) was obtained upon SPE and HR-CS GF MAS analysis. Sampling campaign along the river Rhine was conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Metzger
- Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Philip Ley
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20 A, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manfred Sturm
- Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Björn Meermann
- Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
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Gouvêa LFC, Moreira AJ, Freschi CD, Freschi GPG. Speciation of nitrite, nitrate and p-nitrophenol by photochemical vapor generation of NO using High-Resolution Continuum Source Molecular Absorption Spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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A survey of analytical methods employed for monitoring of Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes for decomposition of selected perfluorinated environmental pollutants. Talanta 2018; 177:122-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ley P, Sturm M, Ternes TA, Meermann B. High-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry compared with ion chromatography for quantitative determination of dissolved fluoride in river water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6949-6958. [PMID: 28975375 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In addition to beneficial health effects, fluoride can also have adverse effects on humans, animals, and plants if the daily intake is strongly elevated. One main source of fluoride uptake is water, and thus several ordinances exist in Germany that declare permissible concentrations of fluoride in, for example, drinking water, mineral water, and landfill seepage water. Controlling the fluoride concentrations in aqueous matrices necessitate valid and fast analytical methods. In this work an alternative method for the determination of fluoride in surface waters based on high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) was applied. Fluoride detection was made possible by the formation of a diatomic molecule, GaF, and detection of characteristic molecular absorption. On HR-CS-GFMAS parameter optimization, the method was adapted to surface water sample analysis. The influence of potential main matrix constituents such as Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl- as well as surface water sampling/storage conditions on the molecular absorption signal of GaF was investigated. Method validation demonstrated a low limit of detection (8.1 μg L-1) and a low limit of quantification (26.9 μg L-1), both sufficient for direct river water sample analysis after 0.45-μm filtration. The optimized HR-CS-GFMAS method was applied for the analysis of real water samples from the rivers Rhine and Moselle. For method validation, samples were also analyzed by an ion chromatography (IC) method. IC and HR-CS-GFMAS results both agreed well. In comparison with IC, HR-CS-GFMAS has higher sample throughput, a lower limit of detection and a lower limit of quantification, and higher selectivity, and is a very suitable method for the analysis of dissolved fluoride in river water. Graphical abstract High-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) was applied for the quantitative analysis of dissolved fluoride in river water samples from the Rhine and the Moselle. Fluoride detection was made possible by the addition of Ga for GaF formation and analysis of characteristic molecular absorption at 211.248 nm. Good agreement between HR-CS-GFMAS and ion chromatography (IC) results was obtained. In comparison with IC, HR-CS-GFMAS had a faster sample throughput and lower limit of detection and limit of quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ley
- Department G2-Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Manfred Sturm
- Department G2-Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Department G2-Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Björn Meermann
- Department G2-Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
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19
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Krawczyk-Coda M, Stanisz E. Determination of fluorine in herbs and water samples by molecular absorption spectrometry after preconcentration on nano-TiO 2 using ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6439-6449. [PMID: 28852811 PMCID: PMC5641271 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction (USA DMSPE) for preconcentration of fluorine (F) in water and herb samples. TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were used as an adsorbent. The determination with slurry sampling was performed via molecular absorption of calcium monofluoride (CaF) at 606.440 nm using a high-resolution continuum source electrothermal absorption spectrometry (HR-CS ET MAS). Several factors influencing the efficiency of the preconcentration technique, such as the amount of TiO2, pH of sample solution, ultrasonication and centrifugation time and TiO2 slurry solution preparation before injection to HR-CS ET MAS, were investigated in detail. The conditions of detection step (wavelength, calcium amount, pyrolysis and molecule-forming temperatures) were also studied. After extraction, adsorbent with the analyte was mixed with 200 μL of H2O to prepare a slurry solution. The concentration limit of detection was 0.13 ng mL−1. The achieved preconcentration factor was 7. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, %) for F in real samples were 3–15%. The accuracy of this method was evaluated by analyses of certified reference materials after spiking: INCT-MPH-2 (Mixed Polish Herbs), INCT-SBF-4 (Soya Bean Flour), ERM-CAO11b (Hard Drinking Water) and TMDA-54.5 (Lake Ontario Water). The measured F contents in reference materials were in satisfactory agreement with the added amounts, and the recoveries were found to be 97–109%. Under the developed extraction conditions, the proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of F in real water samples (lake, sea, tap water) and herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krawczyk-Coda
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Stanisz
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland.
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Microbial degradation of fluorinated drugs: biochemical pathways, impacts on the environment and potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2617-27. [PMID: 26830103 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery over 60 years ago of fluorocortisone's biological properties (9-α-Fluoro derivatives of cortisone and hydrocortisone; Fried J and Sabo EF, J Am Chem Soc 76: 1455-1456, 1954), the number of fluorinated drugs has steadily increased. With the improvement in synthetic methodologies, this trend is likely to continue and will lead to the introduction of new fluorinated substituents into pharmaceutical compounds. Although the biotransformation of organofluorine compounds by microorganisms has been well studied, specific investigations on fluorinated drugs are relatively few, despite the increase in the number and variety of fluorinated drugs that are available. The strength of the carbon-fluorine bond conveys stability to fluorinated drugs; thus, they are likely to be recalcitrant in the environment or may be partially metabolized to a more toxic metabolite. This review examines the research done on microbial biotransformation and biodegradation of fluorinated drugs and highlights the importance of understanding how microorganisms interact with this class of compound from environmental, clinical and biotechnological perspectives.
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Borges AR, Duarte ÁT, Potes MDL, Silva MM, Vale MGR, Welz B. Fluorine in eye shadow: Development of method using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry via calcium mono-fluoride with direct solid sample introduction. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Zhu XM, Hackl S, Thaker MN, Kalan L, Weber C, Urgast DS, Krupp EM, Brewer A, Vanner S, Szawiola A, Yim G, Feldmann J, Bechthold A, Wright GD, Zechel DL. Biosynthesis of the Fluorinated Natural Product Nucleocidin inStreptomyces calvusIs Dependent on thebldA-Specified Leu-tRNAUUAMolecule. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2498-506. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ming Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Chernoff Hall 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Stefanie Hackl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Maulik N. Thaker
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; 1200 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Lindsay Kalan
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; 1200 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Claudia Weber
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen AB24 3UE UK
| | - Dagmar S. Urgast
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen AB24 3UE UK
| | - Eva M. Krupp
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen AB24 3UE UK
| | - Alyssa Brewer
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Chernoff Hall 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Stephanie Vanner
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Chernoff Hall 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Anjuli Szawiola
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Chernoff Hall 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Grace Yim
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; 1200 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen AB24 3UE UK
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research; McMaster University; 1200 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - David L. Zechel
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Chernoff Hall 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
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23
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Liu Y, Pereira ADS, Martin JW. Discovery of C5–C17 Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Water by In-Line SPE-HPLC-Orbitrap with In-Source Fragmentation Flagging. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4260-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Liu
- Division of Analytical and
Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Alberto Dos Santos Pereira
- Division of Analytical and
Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Division of Analytical and
Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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24
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A highly sensitive method for in vitro testing of fluorinated drug candidates using high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS MAS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3431-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2813-48. [PMID: 24502364 DOI: 10.1021/ac500508t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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26
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Regalado EL, Zhuang P, Chen Y, Makarov AA, Schafer WA, McGachy N, Welch CJ. Chromatographic Resolution of Closely Related Species in Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Dehalogenation Impurities and Mixtures of Halogen Isomers. Anal Chem 2013; 86:805-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik L. Regalado
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ping Zhuang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yadan Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexey A. Makarov
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wes A. Schafer
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil McGachy
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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27
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Resano M, Flórez MR, García-Ruiz E. Progress in the determination of metalloids and non-metals by means of high-resolution continuum source atomic or molecular absorption spectrometry. A critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:2239-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Molecular absorption spectrometry in flames and furnaces: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 804:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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