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Sjövall P, Gregoire S, Wargniez W, Skedung L, Detroyer A, Luengo GS. Spatial distribution of active compounds in stratum corneum-partitioning between corneocytes and lipid matrix. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18681. [PMID: 39134579 PMCID: PMC11319811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction of active substances with molecular structures in stratum corneum (SC) is crucial for the efficacy and safety of cosmetic formulations and topical drugs. However, the molecular architecture of SC is highly complex and methods to unambiguously localize exogenous molecules within SC are lacking. Consequently, little is known about the distribution of actives within SC, and proposed penetration mechanisms through SC are typically limited to simple diffusion via a tortuous (lipid only) or transverse (across corneocytes and lipid matrix) pathway. In this work, 3D mass spectrometry imaging is used to determine the spatial distributions of four active substances at subcellular resolution in SC, including partitioning between the corneocytes and the intercellular lipid matrix. The results indicate that caffeine, 2-methyl resorcinol and oxybenzone are homogeneously distributed in the corneocytes but largely absent in the lipid matrix, despite considerable differences in lipophilicity. In contrast, the distribution- of jasmonic acid derivative is more inhomogeneous and indicates considerable localization to both the lipid phase and the corneocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa Skedung
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Detroyer
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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2
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Trindade GF, Sul S, Kim J, Havelund R, Eyres A, Park S, Shin Y, Bae HJ, Sung YM, Matjacic L, Jung Y, Won J, Jeon WS, Choi H, Lee HS, Lee JC, Kim JH, Gilmore IS. Direct identification of interfacial degradation in blue OLEDs using nanoscale chemical depth profiling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8066. [PMID: 38052834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the degradation mechanism of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) is essential to improve device performance and stability. OLED failure, if not process-related, arises mostly from chemical instability. However, the challenges of sampling from nanoscale organic layers and interfaces with enough analytical information has hampered identification of degradation products and mechanisms. Here, we present a high-resolution diagnostic method of OLED degradation using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with a gas cluster ion beam to gently desorb nanometre levels of materials, providing unambiguous molecular information with 7-nm depth resolution. We chemically depth profile and analyse blue phosphorescent and thermally-activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) OLED devices at different degradation levels. For OLED devices with short operational lifetimes, dominant chemical degradation mainly relate to oxygen loss of molecules that occur at the interface between emission and electron transport layers (EML/ETL) where exciton distribution is maximised, confirmed by emission zone measurements. We also show approximately one order of magnitude increase in lifetime of devices with slightly modified host materials, which present minimal EML/ETL interfacial degradation and show the method can provide insight for future material and device architecture development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soohwan Sul
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonghyuk Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Anya Eyres
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Sungjun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Bae
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Lidija Matjacic
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Yongsik Jung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyeon Won
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Jeon
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonho Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Sug Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
- Korea Research Institute of Material Property Analysis (KRIMPA), 712, Nongseo-dong 455, Yongin, 17111, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK.
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3
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3D Molecular Imaging of Stratum Corneum by Mass Spectrometry Suggests Distinct Distribution of Cholesteryl Esters Compared to Other Skin Lipids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213799. [PMID: 36430276 PMCID: PMC9694581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial barrier properties of the stratum corneum (SC) depend critically on the design and integrity of its layered molecular structure. However, analysis methods capable of spatially resolved molecular characterization of the SC are scarce and fraught with severe limitations, e.g., regarding molecular specificity or spatial resolution. Here, we used 3D time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to characterize the spatial distribution of skin lipids in corneocyte multilayer squams obtained by tape stripping. Depth profiles of specific skin lipids display an oscillatory behavior that is consistent with successive monitoring of individual lipid and corneocyte layers of the SC structure. Whereas the most common skin lipids, i.e., ceramides, C24:0 and C26:0 fatty acids and cholesteryl sulfate, are similarly organized, a distinct 3D distribution was observed for cholesteryl oleate, suggesting a different localization of cholesteryl esters compared to the lipid matrix separating the corneocyte layers. The possibility to monitor the composition and spatial distribution of endogenous lipids as well as active drug and cosmetic substances in individual lipid and corneocyte layers has the potential to provide important contributions to the basic understanding of barrier function and penetration in the SC.
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4
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Spampinato V, Franquet A, De Simone D, Pollentier I, Pirkl A, Oka H, van der Heide P. SIMS Analysis of Thin EUV Photoresist Films. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2408-2415. [PMID: 35076209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the application of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for examining thin (20-50 nm) chemically amplified resist films on silicon. SIMS depth profiling was carried out using a gas cluster ion beam to ensure minimal sputter-induced damage to the organic constituents of interest. Specific attention concerned the distribution of the photo acid generator (PAG) molecule within these films, along with the photo-induced fragmentation occurring on extreme ultra-violet photo exposure. Positive secondary ion spectra were collected using a traditional time of flight (ToF)-SIMS and the latest generation IONTOF Hybrid SIMS instrumentation equipped with an OrbitrapTM mass analyzer. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) capability within the OrbitrapTM secondary ion column was utilized to verify that the C19H17S+ secondary ion did indeed have the molecular structure consistent with the PAG structure. The superior mass resolving power of the OrbitrapTM mass analyzer (∼20× of the ToF mass analyzer) along with improved mass accuracy (a few ppm) proved pivotal in the mass spectral and depth profile analysis of these films. This was not the case for the ToF-SIMS experiments, as the mass spectra, as well as the associated depth profiles, exhibited severe molecular (isobaric) interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hironori Oka
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Corporation, 421-0396 Shizuoka, Japan
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5
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Matjacic L, Seah MP, Trindade GF, Pirkl A, Havelund R, Vorng J, Niehuis E, Gilmore IS. OrbiSIMS metrology Part I: Optimisation of the target potential and collision cell pressure. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Matjacic
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE‐MSI, Teddington Middlesex UK
| | - Martin P. Seah
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE‐MSI, Teddington Middlesex UK
| | | | | | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE‐MSI, Teddington Middlesex UK
| | - Jean‐Luc Vorng
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE‐MSI, Teddington Middlesex UK
| | | | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE‐MSI, Teddington Middlesex UK
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6
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Shard AG, Miisho A, Vorng J, Havelund R, Gilmore IS, Aoyagi S. A two‐point calibration method for quantifying organic binary mixtures using secondary ion mass spectrometry in the presence of matrix effects. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ako Miisho
- Kobelco Research Institute, Inc. Kobe Japan
| | | | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory Teddington UK
- Department of Medical Physics Vejle Hospital Vejle Denmark
| | | | - Satoka Aoyagi
- Department of Materials and Life Science Seikei University Tokyo Japan
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7
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Jalilov AS. Photoluminescent Carbon Nanodots Integrated Polymeric Materials in One Step from Molecular Precursors. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Almaz S. Jalilov
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia 31261
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8
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Baer DR. Four vignettes on interactions with Martin Seah: The impact of his work. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Baer
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
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9
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Mei H, Laws TS, Terlier T, Verduzco R, Stein GE. Characterization of polymeric surfaces and interfaces using
time‐of‐flight
secondary ion mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Mei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Travis S. Laws
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- Shared Equipment Authority Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston Texas USA
- Shared Equipment Authority Rice University Houston Texas USA
- Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Gila E. Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
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10
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Analyzing 3D hyperspectral TOF-SIMS depth profile data using self-organizing map-relational perspective mapping. Biointerphases 2020; 15:061004. [PMID: 33198474 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of applying multivariate analysis to mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) data have been thoroughly demonstrated in recent decades. The identification and visualization of complex relationships between pixels in a hyperspectral data set can provide unique insights into the underlying surface chemistry. It is now recognized that most MSI data contain nonlinear relationships, which has led to increased application of machine learning approaches. Previously, we exemplified the use of the self-organizing map (SOM), a type of artificial neural network, for analyzing time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) hyperspectral images. Recently, we developed a novel methodology, SOM-relational perspective mapping (RPM), which incorporates the algorithm RPM to improve visualization of the SOM for 2D TOF-SIMS images. Here, we use SOM-RPM to characterize and interpret 3D TOF-SIMS depth profile data, voxel-by-voxel. An organic Irganox™ multilayer standard sample was depth profiled using TOF-SIMS, and SOM-RPM was used to create 3D similarity maps of the depth-profiled sample, in which the mass spectral similarity of individual voxels is modeled with color similarity. We used this similarity map to segment the data into spatial features, demonstrating that the unsupervised method meaningfully differentiated between Irganox-3114 and Irganox-1010 nanometer-thin multilayer films. The method also identified unique clusters at the surface associated with environmental exposure and sample degradation. Key fragment ions characteristic of each cluster were identified, tying clusters to their underlying chemistries. SOM-RPM has the demonstrable ability to reduce vast data sets to simple 3D visualizations that can be used for clustering data and visualizing the complex relationships within.
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11
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Delcorte A, Delmez V, Dupont-Gillain C, Lauzin C, Jefford H, Chundak M, Poleunis C, Moshkunov K. Large cluster ions: soft local probes and tools for organic and bio surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:17427-17447. [PMID: 32568320 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02398a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionised cluster beams have been produced and employed for thin film deposition and surface processing for half a century. In the last two decades, kiloelectronvolt cluster ions have also proved to be outstanding for surface characterisation by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), because their sputter and ion yields are enhanced in a non-linear fashion with respect to monoatomic projectiles, with a resulting step change of sensitivity for analysis and imaging. In particular, large gas cluster ion beams, or GCIB, have now become a reference in organic surface and thin film analysis using SIMS and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The reason is that they induce soft molecular desorption and offer the opportunity to conduct damageless depth-profiling and 3D molecular imaging of the most sensitive organic electronics and biological samples, with a nanoscale depth resolution. In line with these recent developments, the present review focuses on rather weakly-bound, light-element cluster ions, such as noble or other gas clusters, and water or alcohol nanodroplets (excluding clusters made of metals, inorganic salts or ionic liquids) and their interaction with surfaces (essentially, but not exclusively, organic). The scope of this article encompasses three aspects. The first one is the fundamentals of large cluster impacts with surfaces, using the wealth of information provided by molecular dynamics simulations and experimental observations. The second focus is on recent applications of large cluster ion beams in surface characterisation, including mass spectrometric analysis and 2D localisation of large molecules, molecular depth-profiling and 3D molecular imaging. Finally, the perspective explores cutting edge developments, involving (i) new types of clusters with a chemistry designed to enhance performance for mass spectrometry imaging, (ii) the use of cluster fragment ion backscattering to locally retrieve physical surface properties and (iii) the fabrication of new biosurface and thin film architectures, where large cluster ion beams are used as tools to transfer biomolecules in vacuo from a target reservoir to any collector substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delcorte
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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12
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Spampinato V, Dialameh M, Franquet A, Fleischmann C, Conard T, van der Heide P, Vandervorst W. A Correlative ToF-SIMS/SPM Methodology for Probing 3D Devices. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11413-11419. [PMID: 32664722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous miniaturization and increasing complexity of the devices used in nanotechnology, there is a pressing need for characterization techniques with nm-scale 3D-spatial resolution. Unfortunately, techniques like Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) fail to reach the required lateral resolution. For this reason, new concepts and approaches, including the combination of different complementary techniques, have been developed in over the past years to try to overcome some of the challenges. Beyond the problem of spatial resolution in a 3D SIMS experiment, one is also faced with the impact of changes in topography during the analysis. These are quite difficult to identify because they originate from the different sputter rates of the various materials and or phases in a heterogeneous system and are notorious at the interfaces between organic and inorganic layers. As each of these materials will erode at a different velocity, accurate 3D-analysis will require means to establish a spatially resolved relation between ion bombardment time and depth. Inevitably such a nonhomogeneous erosion will lead to the development of surface topography. The impact of these effects can be overcome provided one can capture the time and spatially dependent surface erosion (velocity) with high spatial resolution during the course of a profiling experiment. Incorporating a Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM) unit which provides topography measurements with high spatial resolution, into a SIMS tool (e.g., Time of Flight (ToF) SIMS) with means to alternate between SPM and SIMS measurements, is one approach to meet that demand for complementary topographical information allowing accurate 3D chemical imaging. In this paper, the result of integrating a SPM module into a ToF-SIMS system is presented illustrating the improvements in 3D data accuracy which can be obtained when analyzing complex 3D-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wilfried Vandervorst
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Hou CH, Hung SH, Jhang LJ, Chou KJ, Hu YK, Chou PT, Su WF, Tsai FY, Shieh J, Shyue JJ. Validated Analysis of Component Distribution Inside Perovskite Solar Cells and Its Utility in Unveiling Factors of Device Performance and Degradation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22730-22740. [PMID: 32357293 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been used for gaining insights into perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the importance of selecting ion beam parameters to eliminate artifacts in the resulting depth profile is often overlooked. In this work, significant artifacts were identified with commonly applied sputter sources, i.e., an O2+ beam and an Ar-gas cluster ion beam (Ar-GCIB), which could lead to misinterpretation of the PSC structure. On the other hand, polyatomic C60+ and Ar+ ion beams were found to be able to produce depth profiles that properly reflect the distribution of the components. On the basis of this validated method, differences in component distribution, depending on the fabrication processes, were identified and discussed. The solvent-engineering process yielded a homogeneous film with higher device performance, but sequential deposition led to a perovskite layer sandwiched by methylammonium-deficient layers that impeded the performance. For device degradation, it was found that most components remained intact at their original position except for iodide. This result unambiguously indicated that iodide diffusion was one of the key factors governing the device lifetime. With the validated parameters provided, ToF-SIMS was demonstrated as a powerful tool to unveil the structure variation amid device performance and during degradation, which are crucial for the future development of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Hou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Hung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ji Jhang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Jiunh Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Hu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fang Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yu Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jay Shieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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14
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De Bruycker K, Welle A, Hirth S, Blanksby SJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry as a tool to advance polymer science. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:257-268. [PMID: 37127980 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to natural polymers, which have existed for billions of years, the first well-understood synthetic polymers date back to just over one century ago. Nevertheless, this relatively short period has seen vast progress in synthetic polymer chemistry, which can now afford diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities. To keep pace with this synthetic progress, there have been commensurate developments in analytical chemistry, where mass spectrometry has emerged as the pre-eminent technique for polymer analysis. This Perspective describes present challenges associated with the mass-spectrometric analysis of synthetic polymers, in particular the desorption, ionization and structural interrogation of high-molar-mass macromolecules, as well as strategies to lower spectral complexity. We critically evaluate recent advances in technology in the context of these challenges and suggest how to push the field beyond its current limitations. In this context, the increasingly important role of high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized because of its unrivalled ability to describe unique species within polymer ensembles, rather than to report the average properties of the ensemble.
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15
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Ar-gas cluster ion beam in ToF-SIMS for peptide and protein analysis. Biointerphases 2020; 15:021011. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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16
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Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: ISO 22415—Surface chemical analysis—Secondary ion mass spectrometry—Method for determining yield volume in argon cluster sputter depth profiling of organic materials. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Fu T, Della-Negra S, Touboul D, Brunelle A. Internal Energy Distribution of Secondary Ions Under Argon and Bismuth Cluster Bombardments: "Soft" Versus "Hard" Desorption-Ionization Process. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:321-328. [PMID: 30421360 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The emission/ionization process under massive argon cluster bombardment was investigated by measuring the internal energy distributions of a series of benzylpyridinium ions. Argon clusters with kinetic energies between 10 and 20 keV and cluster sizes ranging from 500 to 10,000 were used to establish the influence of their size, energy, and velocity on the internal energy distribution of the secondary ions. It is shown that the internal energy distribution of secondary ions principally depends on the energy per atom or the velocity of the cluster ion beam (E/n ∝ v2). Under low energy per atom (E/n ˂ 10 eV), the mean internal energy and fragmentation yield increase rapidly with the incident energy of individual constituents. Beyond 10 eV/atom impact (up to 40 eV/atom), the internal energy reaches a plateau and remains constant. Results were compared with those generated from bismuth cluster impacts for which the mean internal energies correspond well to the plateau values for argon clusters. However, a significant difference was found between argon and bismuth clusters concerning the damage or disappearance cross section. A 20 times smaller disappearance cross section was measured under 20 keV Ar2000+ impact compared to 25 keV Bi5+ bombardment, thus quantitatively showing the low damage effect of large argon clusters for almost the same molecular ion yield. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, UMR 8608, IN2P3-CNRS, Université University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91406, Orsay, France
| | - Serge Della-Negra
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, UMR 8608, IN2P3-CNRS, Université University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91406, Orsay, France
| | - David Touboul
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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18
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Goodwin CM, Voras ZE, Beebe TP. Gas-cluster ion sputtering: Effect on organic layer morphology. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. A, VACUUM, SURFACES, AND FILMS : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VACUUM SOCIETY 2018; 36:051507. [PMID: 30078936 PMCID: PMC6063752 DOI: 10.1116/1.5044643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the surface of thin Irganox 1010 films before and after sputtering with an argon gas-cluster ion beam was performed with AFM and XPS to determine the effect that Zalar rotation has on the chemistry and morphology of the surface. The analysis is based on the change in roughness of the surface by comparing the same location on the surface before and after sputtering. The ion beam used was an Ar n + of size n = 1000 and energy 4 keV. The XPS analysis agreed with previous results in which the ion beam did not cause measurable accumulation of damaged material. Based on the AFM results, the Irganox 1010 surface became rougher as a result of ion sputtering, and the degree of roughening was quantified, as was the sputter rate. Furthermore, Zalar rotation during ion sputtering did not have a significant effect on surface roughening, surprisingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Zachary E Voras
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Thomas P Beebe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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19
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Harvey SP, Li Z, Christians JA, Zhu K, Luther JM, Berry JJ. Probing Perovskite Inhomogeneity beyond the Surface: TOF-SIMS Analysis of Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28541-28552. [PMID: 30024148 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the origins and evolution of inhomogeneity in halide perovskite solar cells appears to be a key to advancing the technology. Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is one of the few techniques that can obtain chemical information from all components of halide organic-inorganic perovskite photovoltaics in one-dimension (standard depth profiling), two-dimensions (high-resolution 100 nm imaging), as well as three-dimensions (tomography combining high-resolution imaging with depth profiling). TOF-SIMS has been used to analyze perovskite photovoltaics made by a variety of methods, and the breadth of insight that can be gained from this technique is illustrated here including: cation uniformity (depth and lateral), changes in chemistry upon alternate processing, changes in chemistry upon degradation (including at interfaces), and lateral distribution of passivating additives. Using TOF-SIMS on multiple perovskite compositions, we show that the information regarding halide perovskite formation as well as inhomogeneity critical to device performance can be extracted providing one of the best proxies for understanding compositional changes resulting from degradation. We also describe in detail the measurement artifacts and recommend the best practices that enable unique insight regarding halide perovskite solar cell materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Harvey
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Zhen Li
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | | | - Kai Zhu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Joseph M Luther
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Joseph J Berry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
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20
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Winograd N. Gas Cluster Ion Beams for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:29-48. [PMID: 29490191 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gas cluster ion beams (GCIBs) provide new opportunities for bioimaging and molecular depth profiling with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). These beams, consisting of clusters containing thousands of particles, initiate desorption of target molecules with high yield and minimal fragmentation. This review emphasizes the unique opportunities for implementing these sources, especially for bioimaging applications. Theoretical aspects of the cluster ion/solid interaction are developed to maximize conditions for successful mass spectrometry. In addition, the history of how GCIBs have become practical laboratory tools is reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the versatility of these sources, as size, kinetic energy, and chemical composition can be varied easily to maximize lateral resolution, hopefully to less than 1 micron, and to maximize ionization efficiency. Recent examples of bioimaging applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
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21
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Havelund R, Seah MP, Tiddia M, Gilmore IS. SIMS of Organic Materials-Interface Location in Argon Gas Cluster Depth Profiles Using Negative Secondary Ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:774-785. [PMID: 29468500 PMCID: PMC5889422 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A procedure has been established to define the interface position in depth profiles accurately when using secondary ion mass spectrometry and the negative secondary ions. The interface position varies strongly with the extent of the matrix effect and so depends on the secondary ion measured. Intensity profiles have been measured at both fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-L-pentafluorophenylalanine (FMOC) to Irganox 1010 and Irganox 1010 to FMOC interfaces for many secondary ions. These profiles show separations of the two interfaces that vary over some 10 nm depending on the secondary ion selected. The shapes of these profiles are strongly governed by matrix effects, slightly weakened by a long wavelength roughening. The matrix effects are separately measured using homogeneous, known mixtures of these two materials. Removal of the matrix and roughening effects give consistent compositional profiles for all ions that are described by an integrated exponentially modified Gaussian (EMG) profile. Use of a simple integrated Gaussian may lead to significant errors. The average interface positions in the compositional profiles are determined to standard uncertainties of 0.19 and 0.14 nm, respectively, using the integrated EMG function. Alternatively, and more simply, it is shown that interface positions and profiles may be deduced from data for several secondary ions with measured matrix factors by simply extrapolating the result to Ξ = 0. Care must be taken in quoting interface resolutions since those measured for predominantly Gaussian interfaces with Ξ above or below zero, without correction, appear significantly better than the true resolution. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - M P Seah
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - M Tiddia
- Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Fisica S. P. Monserrato, Sestu Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - I S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
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22
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Chemical imaging of aggressive basal cell carcinoma using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Biointerphases 2018; 13:03B402. [PMID: 29329503 DOI: 10.1116/1.5016254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of basal cell carcinoma samples, removed by Mohs micrographic surgery and pathologically identified as having an aggressive subtype, have been analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The SIMS analysis employed a gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) to increase the sensitivity of the technique for the detection of intact lipid species. The GCIB also allowed these intact molecular signals to be maintained while surface contamination and delocalized chemicals were removed from the upper tissue surface. Distinct mass spectral signals were detected from different regions of the tissue (epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, scar tissue, and cancerous tissue) allowing mass spectral pathology to be performed. The cancerous regions of the tissue showed a particular increase in sphingomyelin signals that were detected in both positive and negative ion mode along with increased specific phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol signals observed in negative ion mode. Samples containing mixed more and less aggressive tumor regions showed increased phosphatidylcholine lipid content in the less aggressive areas similar to a punch biopsy sample of a nonaggressive nodular lesion.
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23
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Shard AG, Spencer SJ. A simple approach to measuring thick organic films using the XPS inelastic background. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Péresse T, Elie N, Touboul D, Pham VC, Dumontet V, Roussi F, Litaudon M, Brunelle A. Dual Beam Depth Profiling and Imaging with Argon and Bismuth Clusters of Prenylated Stilbenes on Glandular Trichomes of Macaranga vedeliana. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9247-9252. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Péresse
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Elie
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Touboul
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Van-Cuong Pham
- Advanced
Center for Bioorganic Chemistry of the Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 8404, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vincent Dumontet
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fanny Roussi
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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25
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Smith EF, Counsell JDP, Bailey J, Sharp JS, Alexander MR, Shard AG, Scurr DJ. Sample rotation improves gas cluster sputter depth profiling of polymers. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Smith
- NMRC, School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | | | - James Bailey
- School of Physics and Astronomy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, E C Stoner Building; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - James S. Sharp
- School of Physics and Astronomy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | | | | | - David J. Scurr
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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26
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Castner DG. Biomedical surface analysis: Evolution and future directions (Review). Biointerphases 2017; 12:02C301. [PMID: 28438024 PMCID: PMC5403738 DOI: 10.1116/1.4982169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes some of the major advances made in biomedical surface analysis over the past 30-40 years. Starting from a single technique analysis of homogeneous surfaces, it has been developed into a complementary, multitechnique approach for obtaining detailed, comprehensive information about a wide range of surfaces and interfaces of interest to the biomedical community. Significant advances have been made in each surface analysis technique, as well as how the techniques are combined to provide detailed information about biological surfaces and interfaces. The driving force for these advances has been that the surface of a biomaterial is the interface between the biological environment and the biomaterial, and so, the state-of-the-art in instrumentation, experimental protocols, and data analysis methods need to be developed so that the detailed surface structure and composition of biomedical devices can be determined and related to their biological performance. Examples of these advances, as well as areas for future developments, are described for immobilized proteins, complex biomedical surfaces, nanoparticles, and 2D/3D imaging of biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
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27
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Carbone MEE, Castle JE, Ciriello R, Salvi AM, Treacy J, Zhdan P. In Situ Electrochemical-AFM and Cluster-Ion-Profiled XPS Characterization of an Insulating Polymeric Membrane as a Substrate for Immobilizing Biomolecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2504-2513. [PMID: 28192989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of ortho-aminophenol (oAP) by cyclic voltammetry (CV), on platinum substrates in neutral solution, produces a polymeric film (PoAP) that grows to a limiting thickness of about 10 nm. The insulating film has potential use as a bioimmobilizing substrate, with its specificity depending on the orientation of its molecular chains. Prior investigations suggest that the film consists of alternating quinoneimine and oAP units, progressively filling all the platinum sites during the electrosynthesis. This work concerns the evaluation of the growth orientation of PoAP chains, which until now was deduced only from indirect evidence. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used in situ with an electrochemical cell so that PoAP deposition on a specific area can be observed, thus avoiding any surface reorganization during ex situ transport. In parallel with microscopy, XPS experiments have been performed using cluster ion beams to profile this film, which is exceptionally thin, without damage while retaining molecular information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E E Carbone
- Science Department, University of Basilicata , Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-Potenza, Italy
| | - James E Castle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Rosanna Ciriello
- Science Department, University of Basilicata , Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-Potenza, Italy
| | - Anna M Salvi
- Science Department, University of Basilicata , Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-Potenza, Italy
| | - Jon Treacy
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, The Birches Industrial Estate, Imberhorne Lane, East Grinstead, West Sussex RH19 1UB, U.K
| | - Peter Zhdan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, U.K
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28
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Tian H, Maciążek D, Postawa Z, Garrison BJ, Winograd N. CO2 Cluster Ion Beam, an Alternative Projectile for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1476-82. [PMID: 27324648 PMCID: PMC5199235 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of argon-based gas cluster ion beams for SIMS experiments opens new possibilities for molecular depth profiling and 3D chemical imaging. These beams generally leave less surface chemical damage and yield mass spectra with reduced fragmentation compared with smaller cluster projectiles. For nanoscale bioimaging applications, however, limited sensitivity due to low ionization probability and technical challenges of beam focusing remain problematic. The use of gas cluster ion beams based upon systems other than argon offer an opportunity to resolve these difficulties. Here we report on the prospects of employing CO2 as a simple alternative to argon. Ionization efficiency, chemical damage, sputter rate, and beam focus are investigated on model compounds using a series of CO2 and Ar cluster projectiles (cluster size 1000-5000) with the same mass. The results show that the two projectiles are very similar in each of these aspects. Computer simulations comparing the impact of Ar2000 and (CO2)2000 on an organic target also confirm that the CO2 molecules in the cluster projectile remain intact, acting as a single particle of m/z 44. The imaging resolution employing CO2 cluster projectiles is improved by more than a factor of two. The advantage of CO2 versus Ar is also related to the increased stability which, in addition, facilitates the operation of the gas cluster ion beams (GCIB) system at lower backing pressure. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Chemistry Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Dawid Maciążek
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ulica Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ulica Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara J Garrison
- Chemistry Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Chemistry Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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29
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Rakowska PD, Seah MP, Vorng JL, Havelund R, Gilmore IS. Determination of the sputtering yield of cholesterol using Arn(+) and C60(+(+)) cluster ions. Analyst 2016; 141:4893-901. [PMID: 27299934 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00791k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sputtering yield of cholesterol films on silicon wafers is measured using Arn(+) and C60(+(+)) ions in popular energy (E) and cluster size (n) ranges. It is shown that the C60(+(+)) ions form a surface layer that stabilizes the film so that a well-behaved profile is obtained. On the other hand, the Arn(+) gas clusters leave the material very clean but, at room temperature, the layer readily restructures into molecular bilayers, so that, although a useful measure may be made of the sputtering yield, the profiles become much more complex. This restructuring does not occur at room temperature normally but results from the actions of the beams in the sputtering process for profiling in secondary ion mass spectrometry. Better profiles may be made by reducing the sample temperature to -100 °C. This is likely to be necessary for many lower molecular weight materials (below 1000 Da) to avoid the movement of molecules. Measurements for cholesterol films on 37 nm of amiodarone on silicon are even better behaved and show the same sputtering yields at room temperature as those films directly on silicon at -100 °C. The yields for both C60(+(+)) and Arn(+) fit the Universal Equation to a standard deviation of 11%.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Rakowska
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - M P Seah
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - J-L Vorng
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - R Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - I S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
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30
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Seah MP, Havelund R, Gilmore IS. Systematic Temperature Effects in the Argon Cluster Ion Sputter Depth Profiling of Organic Materials Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1411-1418. [PMID: 27106601 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A study is presented of the effects of sample temperature on the sputter depth profiling of two organic materials, NPB (N,N'-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine) and Irganox 1010, using a 5 keV Ar2000 (+) cluster ion beam and analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry. It is shown that at low temperatures, the yields increase slowly with temperature in accordance with the Universal Sputtering Yield equation where the energy term is now modified by Trouton's rule. This occurs up to a transition temperature, T T, which is, in turn, approximately 0.8T M, where T M is the sample melting temperature in Kelvin. For NPB and Irganox 1010, these transition temperatures are close to 15 °C and 0 °C, respectively. Above this temperature, the rate of increase of the sputtering yield rises by an order of magnitude. During sputtering, the depth resolution also changes with temperature with a very small change occurring below T T. At higher temperatures, the depth resolution improves but then rapidly degrades, possibly as a result first of local crater surface diffusion and then of bulk inter-diffusion. The secondary ion spectra also change with temperature with the intensities of the molecular entities increasing least. This agrees with a model in which the molecular entities arise near the crater rim. It is recommended that for consistent results, measurements for organic materials are always made at temperatures significantly below T T or 0.8 T M, and this is generally below room temperature. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Seah
- Surface and Nanoanalysis, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, England, UK.
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- Surface and Nanoanalysis, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, England, UK
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- Surface and Nanoanalysis, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, England, UK
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31
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Mass spectrometric profiling of lipids in intestinal tissue from rats fed cereals processed for medical conditions. Biointerphases 2016; 11:02A310. [PMID: 26753787 DOI: 10.1116/1.4939599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used for lipid profiling of intestine tissue sections from rats fed specially processed cereals and rats fed ordinary feed as a control. This cereal is known to increase the activity of antisecretory factor in plasma and the exact mechanism for the activation process at the cellular level is unclear. ToF-SIMS has been used to track food induced changes in lipid content in intestinal tissue sections to gain insight into the possible mechanisms involved. Data from 20 intestine sections belonging to four different rats from each group of control and specially processed cereals-fed rats were obtained using the stage scan macroraster with a lateral resolution of 5 μm. Data were subsequently subjected to orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. The data clearly show that changes of certain lipids are induced by the specially processed cereal feed. Scores plots show a well-defined separation between the two groups. The corresponding loading plots reveal that the groups separate mainly due to changes of vitamin E, phosphocholine, and phosphosphingolipid fragments, and that for the c18:2 fatty acid. The observed changes in lipids might give insight into the working mechanisms of antisecretory factor in the body, and this has been successfully used to understand the working mechanism of specially processed cereal-induced antisecretory factor activation in intestine.
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32
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Improved mass resolution and mass accuracy in TOF-SIMS spectra and images using argon gas cluster ion beams. Biointerphases 2016; 11:02A321. [PMID: 26861497 DOI: 10.1116/1.4941447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity of argon gas cluster ion beams (Ar-GCIB) as primary ion beams in time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) has increased because the molecular ions of large organic- and biomolecules can be detected with less damage to the sample surfaces. However, Ar-GCIB is limited by poor mass resolution as well as poor mass accuracy. The inferior quality of the mass resolution in a TOF-SIMS spectrum obtained by using Ar-GCIB compared to the one obtained by a bismuth liquid metal cluster ion beam and others makes it difficult to identify unknown peaks because of the mass interference from the neighboring peaks. However, in this study, the authors demonstrate improved mass resolution in TOF-SIMS using Ar-GCIB through the delayed extraction of secondary ions, a method typically used in TOF mass spectrometry to increase mass resolution. As for poor mass accuracy, although mass calibration using internal peaks with low mass such as hydrogen and carbon is a common approach in TOF-SIMS, it is unsuited to the present study because of the disappearance of the low-mass peaks in the delayed extraction mode. To resolve this issue, external mass calibration, another regularly used method in TOF-MS, was adapted to enhance mass accuracy in the spectrum and image generated by TOF-SIMS using Ar-GCIB in the delayed extraction mode. By producing spectra analyses of a peptide mixture and bovine serum albumin protein digested with trypsin, along with image analyses of rat brain samples, the authors demonstrate for the first time the enhancement of mass resolution and mass accuracy for the purpose of analyzing large biomolecules in TOF-SIMS using Ar-GCIB through the use of delayed extraction and external mass calibration.
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33
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3D chemical characterization of frozen hydrated hydrogels using ToF-SIMS with argon cluster sputter depth profiling. Biointerphases 2016; 11:02A301. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4928209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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34
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Havelund R, Seah MP, Gilmore IS. Sampling Depths, Depth Shifts, and Depth Resolutions for Bin+ Ion Analysis in Argon Gas Cluster Depth Profiles. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:2604-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Havelund
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - M. P. Seah
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - I. S. Gilmore
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
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35
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Shen K, Tarolli JG, Winograd N. Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of interfacial reactions of TiO2 microspheres embedded in ionic liquids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:379-385. [PMID: 26754130 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Our goal is to develop protocols for the elucidation of the identity and structure of reaction products embedded in a reaction medium. Results should find significance in a variety of disciplines ranging from the study of biological cells and tissues, to the steps associated with the functionalization of nanoparticles. METHODS We utilize cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (cluster-SIMS) to acquire three-dimensional (3D) information about 5-30 µm TiO2 microspheres imbedded into an ionic liquid. The method allows molecular depth profiling with submicron spatial resolution and depth profiling with a resolution of several tens of nanometers. The ionic liquid matrix enshrouds the spheres, allowing them to be introduced into the vacuum environment of the mass spectrometer. RESULTS The results provide 3D chemical information about these microspheres as they are synthesized by interfacial sol-gel reactions. We show that with 40 keV C60 (+) , it is possible to erode through the reaction medium and map the distribution of those embedded TiO2 microspheres. Moreover, we demonstrate that it is possible to monitor surface modification of the particles and, via ion beam drilling, elucidate their internal structure. CONCLUSIONS Using cluster-SIMS imaging, we are able to elucidate the identity and structure of reaction products embedded in a reaction medium, a problem of long-standing interest for materials characterization. With this strategy, we have provided a new approach that may be especially useful for the characterization of biological tissue and cells within the vacuum confines of the mass spectrometer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Jay G Tarolli
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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36
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Tian H, Wucher A, Winograd N. Dynamic Reactive Ionization with Cluster Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:285-292. [PMID: 26463238 PMCID: PMC4833699 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gas cluster ion beams (GCIB) have been tuned to enhance secondary ion yields by doping small gas molecules such as CH4, CO2, and O2 into an Ar cluster projectile, Arn + (n = 1000–10,000) to form a mixed cluster. The ‘tailored beam’ has the potential to expand the application of secondary ion mass spectrometry for two- and three-dimensional molecular specific imaging. Here, we examine the possibility of further enhancing the ionization by doping HCl into the Ar cluster. Water deposited on the target surface facilitates the dissociation of HCl. This concerted effect, occurring only at the impact site of the cluster, arises since the HCl is chemically induced to ionize to H+ and Cl– , allowing improved protonation of neutral molecular species. This hypothesis is confirmed by depth profiling through a trehalose thin film exposed to D2O vapor, resulting in ~20-fold increase in protonated molecules. The results show that it is possible to dynamically maintain optimum ionization conditions during depth profiling by proper adjustment of the water vapor pressure. H–D exchange in the trehalose molecule M was monitored upon deposition of D2O on the target surface, leading to the observation of [Mn* + H]+ or [Mn* + D]+ ions, where n = 1–8 hydrogen atoms in the trehalose molecule M have been replaced by deuterium. In general, we discuss the role of surface chemistry and dynamic reactive ionization of organic molecules in increasing the secondary ion yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Chemistry Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andreas Wucher
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg–Essen, 47048, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Chemistry Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Seah MP, Havelund R, Shard AG, Gilmore IS. Sputtering Yields for Mixtures of Organic Materials Using Argon Gas Cluster Ions. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:13433-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Seah
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - R. Havelund
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A. G. Shard
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - I. S. Gilmore
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Imaging MS can provide unique information about the distribution of native and non-native compounds in biological specimen. MALDI MS and secondary ion MS are the two most commonly applied imaging MS techniques and can provide complementary information about a sample. MALDI offers access to high mass species such as proteins while secondary ion MS can operate at higher spatial resolution and provide information about lower mass species including elemental signals. Imaging MS is not limited to two dimensions and different approaches have been developed that allow 3D molecular images to be generated of chemicals in whole organs down to single cells. Resolution in the z-dimension is often higher than in x and y, so such analysis offers the potential for probing the distribution of drug molecules and studying drug action by MS with a much higher precision – possibly even organelle level.
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39
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Paruch RJ, Postawa Z, Garrison BJ. Seduction of Finding Universality in Sputtering Yields Due to Cluster Bombardment of Solids. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2529-36. [PMID: 26248727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Universal descriptions are appealing because they simplify the description of different (but similar) physical systems, allow the determination of general properties, and have practical applications. Recently, the concept of universality has been applied to the dependence of the sputtering (ejection) yield due to energetic cluster bombardment versus the energy of the incident cluster. It was observed that the spread in data points can be reduced if the yield Y and initial projectile cluster kinetic energy E are expressed in quantities scaled by the number of cluster atoms n, that is, Y/n versus E/n. The convergence of the data points is, however, not perfect, especially when the results for molecular and atomic solids are compared. In addition, the physics underlying the apparent universal dependence in not fully understood. For the study presented in this Account, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of Arn cluster bombardment of molecular (benzene, octane, and β-carotene) and atomic (Ag) solids in order to address the physical basis of the apparent universal dependence. We have demonstrated that the convergence of the data points between molecular and atomic solids can be improved if the binding energy of the solid U0 is included and the dependence is presented as Y/(E/U0) versus (E/U0)/n. As a material property, the quantity U0 is defined per the basic unit of material, which is an atom for atomic solids and a molecule for molecular solids. Analogously, the quantity Y is given in atoms and molecules, respectively. The simulations show that, for almost 3 orders of magnitude variation of (E/U0)/n, there are obvious similarities in the ejection mechanisms between the molecular and atomic solids, thus supporting the concept of universality. For large (E/U0)/n values, the mechanism of ejection is the fluid flow from a cone-shaped volume. This regime of (E/U0)/n is generally accessed experimentally by clusters with hundreds of atoms and results in the largest yields. For molecular systems, a large fraction of the total energy E is consumed by internal excitation and molecular fragmentation, which are energy loss channels not present in atomic solids. For small (E/U0)/n values, the cluster deforms the surface and the ejection occurs from a ring-shaped ridge of the forming crater rim. This regime of (E/U0)/n is generally accessed experimentally by clusters with thousands of atoms and results in the smallest yields. For the molecular systems, there is little or no molecular fragmentation. The simulations indicate, however, that the representation which includes U0 as the only material property cannot be completely universal, because there are other material properties which influence the sputtering efficiency. Furthermore, neither the Y/n nor Y/(E/U0) representation includes the energy loss physics associated with molecular fragmentation in the high (E/U0)/n regime. The analysis of the universal concept implies for practical applications that if the objective of the experiment is large material removal, then the high energy per cluster atom regime is applicable. If the objective is little or no molecular fragmentation in organic materials, then the low energy per atom regime is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Paruch
- Department
of Chemistry, Penn State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Smoluchowski
Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ulica Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara J. Garrison
- Department
of Chemistry, Penn State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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40
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Taylor AJ, Graham DJ, Castner DG. Reconstructing accurate ToF-SIMS depth profiles for organic materials with differential sputter rates. Analyst 2015; 140:6005-14. [PMID: 26185799 PMCID: PMC4532557 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00860c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To properly process and reconstruct 3D ToF-SIMS data from systems such as multi-component polymers, drug delivery scaffolds, cells and tissues, it is important to understand the sputtering behavior of the sample. Modern cluster sources enable efficient and stable sputtering of many organics materials. However, not all materials sputter at the same rate and few studies have explored how different sputter rates may distort reconstructed depth profiles of multicomponent materials. In this study spun-cast bilayer polymer films of polystyrene and PMMA are used as model systems to optimize methods for the reconstruction of depth profiles in systems exhibiting different sputter rates between components. Transforming the bilayer depth profile from sputter time to depth using a single sputter rate fails to account for sputter rate variations during the profile. This leads to inaccurate apparent layer thicknesses and interfacial positions, as well as the appearance of continued sputtering into the substrate. Applying measured single component sputter rates to the bilayer films with a step change in sputter rate at the interfaces yields more accurate film thickness and interface positions. The transformation can be further improved by applying a linear sputter rate transition across the interface, thus modeling the sputter rate changes seen in polymer blends. This more closely reflects the expected sputtering behavior. This study highlights the need for both accurate evaluation of component sputter rates and the careful conversion of sputter time to depth, if accurate 3D reconstructions of complex multi-component organic and biological samples are to be achieved. The effects of errors in sputter rate determination are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Taylor
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems (NESAC/BIO), Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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41
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Shard AG, Havelund R, Spencer SJ, Gilmore IS, Alexander MR, Angerer TB, Aoyagi S, Barnes JP, Benayad A, Bernasik A, Ceccone G, Counsell JDP, Deeks C, Fletcher JS, Graham DJ, Heuser C, Lee TG, Marie C, Marzec MM, Mishra G, Rading D, Renault O, Scurr DJ, Shon HK, Spampinato V, Tian H, Wang F, Winograd N, Wu K, Wucher A, Zhou Y, Zhu Z. Measuring Compositions in Organic Depth Profiling: Results from a VAMAS Interlaboratory Study. J Phys Chem B 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Steve J. Spencer
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan R. Alexander
- Laboratory
of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Tina B. Angerer
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Satoka Aoyagi
- Department
of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Barnes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Anass Benayad
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA-LITEN/DTNM, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Giacomo Ceccone
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via E. Fermi 2749, TP125, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | | | - Christopher Deeks
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, East
Grinstead, West Sussex RH19 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Fletcher
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Graham
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christian Heuser
- Faculty
of Physics, University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Camille Marie
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Mateusz M. Marzec
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gautam Mishra
- Corporate
Research Analytical Laboratory (CRAL), 3M Deutschland GmbH, Carl-Schurz-Straße
1, Neuss 41460, Germany
| | - Derk Rading
- ION-TOF GmbH, Heisenberg Straße
15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Olivier Renault
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - David J. Scurr
- Laboratory
of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hyun Kyong Shon
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Valentina Spampinato
- Istituto di Fisica dei Plasmi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Hua Tian
- Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Fuyi Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kui Wu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Andreas Wucher
- Faculty
of Physics, University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Yufan Zhou
- EMSL, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zihua Zhu
- EMSL, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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42
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Wang Z, Liu B, Zhao EW, Jin K, Du Y, Neeway JJ, Ryan JV, Hu D, Zhang KHL, Hong M, Le Guernic S, Thevuthasan S, Wang F, Zhu Z. Argon Cluster Sputtering Source for ToF-SIMS Depth Profiling of Insulating Materials: High Sputter Rate and Accurate Interfacial Information. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1283-1290. [PMID: 25953490 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of an argon cluster ion sputtering source has been demonstrated to perform superiorly relative to traditional oxygen and cesium ion sputtering sources for ToF-SIMS depth profiling of insulating materials. The superior performance has been attributed to effective alleviation of surface charging. A simulated nuclear waste glass (SON68) and layered hole-perovskite oxide thin films were selected as model systems because of their fundamental and practical significance. Our results show that high sputter rates and accurate interfacial information can be achieved simultaneously for argon cluster sputtering, whereas this is not the case for cesium and oxygen sputtering. Therefore, the implementation of an argon cluster sputtering source can significantly improve the analysis efficiency of insulating materials and, thus, can expand its applications to the study of glass corrosion, perovskite oxide thin film characterization, and many other systems of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
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43
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Bailey J, Havelund R, Shard AG, Gilmore IS, Alexander MR, Sharp JS, Scurr DJ. 3D ToF-SIMS imaging of polymer multilayer films using argon cluster sputter depth profiling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2654-2659. [PMID: 25562665 DOI: 10.1021/am507663v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ToF-SIMS imaging with argon cluster sputter depth profiling has provided detailed insight into the three-dimensional (3D) chemical composition of a series of polymer multilayer structures. Depths of more than 15 μm were profiled in these samples while maintaining uniform sputter rates. The 3D chemical images provide information regarding the structure of the multilayer systems that could be used to inform future systems manufacturing and development. This also includes measuring the layer homogeneity, thickness, and interface widths. The systems analyzed were spin-cast multilayers comprising alternating polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) layers. These included samples where the PVP and PS layer thickness values were kept constant throughout and samples where the layer thickness was varied as a function of depth in the multilayer. The depth profile data obtained was observed to be superior to that obtained for the same materials using alternative ion sources such as C60(n+). The data closely reflected the "as manufactured" sample specification, exhibiting good agreement with ellipsometry measurements of layer thickness, while also maintaining secondary ion intensities throughout the profiling regime. The unprecedented quality of the data allowed a detailed analysis of the chemical structure of these systems, revealing some minor imperfections within the polymer layers and demonstrating the enhanced capabilities of the argon cluster depth profiling technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bailey
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, England
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44
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Seah MP, Spencer SJ, Shard AG. Angle Dependence of Argon Gas Cluster Sputtering Yields for Organic Materials. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3297-303. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512379k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Seah
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - S. J. Spencer
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A. G. Shard
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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45
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Knauer KM, Greenhoe BM, Wiggins JS, Morgan SE. Surface composition control via chain end segregation in polyethersulfone solution cast films. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Willingham D, Naes BE, Fahey AJ. Validating mass spectrometry measurements of nuclear materials via a non-contact volume analysis method of ion sputter craters. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Seah MP, Spencer SJ, Havelund R, Gilmore IS, Shard AG. Depth resolution at organic interfaces sputtered by argon gas cluster ions: the effect of energy, angle and cluster size. Analyst 2015; 140:6508-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01473e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents, for the first time, the different operating parameters defining the best depth resolution in SIMS organic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Seah
- Analytical Science Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- Teddington
- UK
| | - S. J. Spencer
- Analytical Science Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- Teddington
- UK
| | - R. Havelund
- Analytical Science Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- Teddington
- UK
| | - I. S. Gilmore
- Analytical Science Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- Teddington
- UK
| | - A. G. Shard
- Analytical Science Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- Teddington
- UK
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48
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Solution-processed multilayer small-molecule light-emitting devices with high-efficiency white-light emission. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5756. [PMID: 25519692 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of π-conjugated polymers have led to considerable improvements in the performance of solution-processed organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). However, further improving efficiency is still required to compete with other traditional light sources. Here we demonstrate efficient solution-processed multilayer OLEDs using small molecules. On the basis of estimates from a solvent resistance test of small host molecules, we demonstrate that covalent dimerization or trimerization instead of polymerization can afford conventional small host molecules sufficient resistance to alcohols used for processing upper layers. This allows us to construct multilayer OLEDs through subsequent solution-processing steps, achieving record-high power efficiencies of 36, 52 and 34 lm W(-1) at 100 cd m(-2) for solution-processed blue, green and white OLEDs, respectively, with stable electroluminescence spectra under varying current density. We also show that the composition at the resulting interface of solution-processed layers is a critical factor in determining device performance.
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49
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Niehuis E, Moellers R, Rading D, Bruener P. Dual beam depth profiling of organic materials: assessment of capabilities and limitations. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Niehuis
- ION-TOF GmbH; Heisenbergstr. 15 48149 Muenster Germany
| | | | - Derk Rading
- ION-TOF GmbH; Heisenbergstr. 15 48149 Muenster Germany
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50
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Bich C, Touboul D, Brunelle A. Cluster TOF-SIMS imaging as a tool for micrometric histology of lipids in tissue. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:442-51. [PMID: 24265115 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in instrumentation, ion beams or analyzers, for cluster time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging are described here. The methods which are employed to increase the sensitivity or to perform three-dimensional analyses in the organic materials are also illustrated. This review shows the improvements made for lipid imaging by cluster TOF-SIMS in various types of material and applications, and gives reasons for the expansion of its utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bich
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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