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Koch D, Clark KL, Owen J, Chickering CD, Plastridge R, Hendley P, Xu T. Automated Solid-Phase Microextraction and Negative Chemical Ionization GC-MS for the Measurement of Synthetic Pyrethroids. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2045-2053. [PMID: 34436867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic pyrethroids are frequently detected as trace contaminants in sediment and natural waters. Because of the importance of measuring both total and freely available concentrations for ecotoxicity evaluations, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using negative chemical ionization (NCI-GC-MS) was investigated as an analytical technique. Automated SPME-NCI-GC-MS quantification of freely dissolved (and thus potentially bioavailable) pyrethroids in aqueous samples containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) was successfully applied. The introduction of stable isotope-labeled pyrethroid calibration standards into the water sample allows for the simultaneous determination of total concentrations. Because pyrethroids adsorb rapidly to container walls (especially in calibration standard solutions without DOM) it was necessary to develop a technique to minimize the resulting time-dependent losses from calibration standard solutions in autosampler vials as they await analysis. A staggered preparation of these analytical calibration standards immediately prior to analysis was shown to ameliorate this problem. The developed method provides accurate and reproducible results for aqueous samples containing a range of dissolved organic matter concentrations (e.g., sediment pore water or sediment/water mixtures) and yields practical benefits in comparison to conventional analysis methods, such as reduced sample volume requirements, reduced solvent consumption, and fewer sample manipulations, and makes simultaneous measurements of freely dissolved/bioavailable pyrethroids and total pyrethroids possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Del Koch
- Inovatia Laboratories, Limited Liability Corporation, 120 East Davis Street, Fayette, Missouri 65248, United States
| | - Kevin L Clark
- ABC Laboratories, 7200 East ABC Lane, Columbia, Missouri 65202, United States
| | - John Owen
- ABC Laboratories, 7200 East ABC Lane, Columbia, Missouri 65202, United States
| | - Clark D Chickering
- ABC Laboratories, 7200 East ABC Lane, Columbia, Missouri 65202, United States
| | - Robert Plastridge
- ABC Laboratories, 7200 East ABC Lane, Columbia, Missouri 65202, United States
| | - Paul Hendley
- Phasera Limited, 7 Kenilworth Avenue, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Bayer CropScience US, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
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Lu Z, Gan J, Cui X, Delgado-Moreno L, Lin K. Understanding the bioavailability of pyrethroids in the aquatic environment using chemical approaches. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:194-207. [PMID: 31129496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of commonly used insecticides and are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment in various regions. Aquatic toxicity of pyrethroids was often overestimated when using conventional bulk chemical concentrations because of their strong hydrophobicity. Over the last two decades, bioavailability has been recognized and applied to refine the assessment of ecotoxicological effects of pyrethroids. This review focuses on recent advances in the bioavailability of pyrethroids, specifically in the aquatic environment. We summarize the development of passive sampling and Tenax extraction methods for assessing the bioavailability of pyrethroids. Factors affecting the bioavailability of pyrethroids, including physicochemical properties of pyrethroids, and quality and quantity of organic matter, were overviewed. Various applications of bioavailability on the assessment of bioaccumulation and acute toxicity of pyrethroids were also discussed. The final section of this review highlights future directions of research, including development of standardized protocols for measurement of bioavailability, establishment of bioavailability-based toxicity benchmarks and water/sediment quality criteria, and incorporation of bioavailability into future risk assessment and management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiang Lu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Laura Delgado-Moreno
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Kunde Lin
- The Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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3
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Lao W, Maruya KA, Tsukada D. An exponential model based new approach for correcting aqueous concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals measured by polyethylene passive samplers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:11-18. [PMID: 30041043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although low density polyethylene (PE) passive samplers show promise for the measurement of aqueous phase hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs), the lack of a practical and unsophisticated approach to account for non-equilibrium exposure conditions has impeded widespread acceptance and thus application in situ. The goal of this study was to develop a streamlined approach based on an exponential model and a convection mass transfer principle for correcting aqueous concentrations for HOCs deduced by PE samplers under non-equilibrium conditions. First, uptake rate constants (k1), elimination rate constants (k2), and seawater-PE equilibrium partition coefficients (KPEWs) were determined in laboratory experiments for a diverse suite of HOCs with logKow range of 3.4-8.3. Linear relationships between log k2 and logKow, and between log KPEW and logKow were established. Second, PE samplers pre-loaded with 13C-labeled performance reference compounds (PRCs) were deployed in the ocean to determine their k2in situ. By applying boundary layer and convection mass transfer theories, ratio (C) of k2 values in field and laboratory exposures was estimated. This C value was demonstrated a constant that was only determined by water velocities and widths of PE strips. A generic equation with C and logKow as parameters was eventually established for extrapolation of non-equilibrium correction factors for the water boundary layer-controlled HOCs. Characterizing the hydrodynamic conditions indicated the sampler configuration and mooring mode should aim at sustaining laminar flow on the PE surface for optimal mass transfer. The PE estimates corrected using this novel approach possessed high accuracy and acceptable precision, and can be suited for a broad spectrum of HOCs. The presented method should facilitate routine utilization of the PE samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - David Tsukada
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
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Zhang J, You J, Li H, Tyler Mehler W, Zeng EY. Particle-scale understanding of cypermethrin in sediment: Desorption, bioavailability, and bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrate Lumbriculus variegatus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:638-645. [PMID: 29909331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Influence of sediment particle size on the desorption, bioavailability, and bioaccumulation potential of cypermethrin was investigated in the present study using two biomimetic techniques (Tenax extraction and solid-phase microextraction (SPME)) and bioaccumulation testing with Lumbriculus variegatus. A field-collected sediment was wet sieved to obtain five particle-size fractions (<20, 20-63, 63-180, 180-500, and >500 μm) and used for cypermethrin spiking. The finest sediment (<20 μm) had the highest rapid desorption fraction (Fr) and rate (kr) when compared to coarser sediments. Elimination rate constants of cypermethrin determined by SPME (ke-SPME) and L. variegatus (ke-L.v.) for various fractions of sediments followed the same trend, suggesting SPME fiber acts as a good surrogate for benthic organisms considering passive partitioning. Finally, biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of cypermethrin in worms were almost the same among the sediments with different particle sizes (0.425 ± 0.07-0.445 ± 0.07 g OC g-1 lipid), suggesting that the differences in desorption and freely dissolved concentrations of cypermethrin did not significantly influence its bioaccumulation potential in worms. Selective ingestion of fine sediment particles may be one of the contributing reasons for no differences in BSAFs observed in the treatments as would have been expected. The different desorption and freely dissolved concentrations of cypermethrin in sediments with different particle sizes observed in this study highlights the need for further work to better understand the influence of particle size on the toxicity of highly toxic insecticides, such as cypermethrin, to sensitive benthic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - W Tyler Mehler
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; School of Biosciences, Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Wang Y, Wang J, Cheng R, Sun L, Dai X, Yan Y. Synthesis of molecularly imprinted dye-silica nanocomposites with high selectivity and sensitivity: Fluorescent imprinted sensor for rapid and efficient detection of τ-fluvalinate in vodka. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1880-1887. [PMID: 29389060 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An imprinted fluorescent sensor was fabricated based on SiO2 nanoparticles encapsulated with a molecularly imprinted polymer containing allyl fluorescein. High fluorine cypermethirin as template molecules, methyl methacrylate as functional monomer, and allyl fluorescein as optical materials synthesized a core-shell fluorescent molecular imprinted sensor, which showed a high and rapid sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of τ-fluvalinate. The sensor presented appreciable sensitivity with a limit of 13.251 nM, rapid detection that reached to equilibrium within 3 min, great linear relationship in the relevant concentration range from 0 to 150 nM, and excellent selectivity over structural analogues. In addition, the fluorescent sensor demonstrated desirable regeneration ability (eight cycling operations). The molecularly imprinted polymers ensured specificity, while the fluorescent dyes provided the stabile sensitivity. Finally, an effective application of the sensor was implemented by the detection of τ-fluvalinate in real samples from vodka. The molecularly imprinted fluorescent sensor showed a promising potential in environmental monitoring and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jixiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Rujia Cheng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
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6
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Lao W, Hong Y, Tsukada D, Maruya KA, Gan J. A New Film-Based Passive Sampler for Moderately Hydrophobic Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13470-13476. [PMID: 27993079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Passive samplers for moderately hydrophobic organic compounds (MHOCs) (i.e., log Kow ranging from 2 to 5) are under-developed compared to those that target polar or strongly hydrophobic compounds. The goal of this study was to identify a suitable polymer and develop a robust and sensitive film-based passive sampler for MHOCs in aquatic systems. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) exhibited the highest affinity for fipronil and its three metabolites (i.e., fipronils) (log Kow 2.4-4.8) as model MHOCs compared with polyethylene and nylon films. In addition, a 30-60 min treatment of PMMA in ethyl ether was found to increase its sorption capacity by a factor of 10. Fipronils and 108 additional compounds (log Kow 2.4-8.5) reached equilibrium on solvent-treated PMMA within 120 h under mixing conditions and their uptake closely followed first-order kinetics. PMMA-water partition coefficients and Kow revealed an inverse parabolic relationship, with vertex at log Kow of 4.21 ± 0.19, suggesting that PMMA was ideal for MHOCs. The PMMA sampler was tested in an urban surface stream, and in spiked sediment. The results demonstrated that PMMA film, after a simple solvent swelling treatment, may be used as an effective passive sampler for determining Cfree of MHOCs in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coast Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, 92626, California, United States
| | - Youwei Hong
- Southern California Coast Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, 92626, California, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, 92521, California, United States
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - David Tsukada
- Southern California Coast Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, 92626, California, United States
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coast Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, 92626, California, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, 92521, California, United States
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Chen X, Li H, Zhang J, Ding Y, You J. Does cadmium affect the toxicokinetics of permethrin in Chironomus dilutus at sublethal level? Evidence of enzymatic activity and gene expression. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1005-1013. [PMID: 27567170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids and metals were simultaneously detected in aquatic environment and showed antagonistic lethality to the benthic invertebrate, Chironomus dilutus. Accelerated biotransformation of pyrethroids in organism by the presence of metals was proposed as the likely reason for the antagonism. Mechanistic explanation for the role of toxicokinetics of pyrethroids in the antagonistic interaction would help better understanding the reasons for the joint toxicity. The goal was achieved in the current study by evaluating the impact of cadmium on toxicokinetic parameters of permethrin in C. dilutus, and by explaining the interaction through quantifying the activity and gene expression of biotransformation-related enzymes. Toxicokinetic parameters were simulated using a first-order kinetic model. Bioconcentration factors and uptake and elimination rate constants for permethrin were not significantly changed with the addition of cadmium at sublethal level, neither did the activity of enzymes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), catalase and lipid peroxidation. Yet, the activities of metabolism-related enzymes (GST and CarE) showed an elevating tendency with adding cadmium. Furthermore, the expression of metabolism-related genes, including cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase genes were significantly up-regulated in C. dilutus exposed to a mixture of permethrin and cadmium compared with permethrin only. Although co-exposure to cadmium did not induce toxicokinetic changes of permethrin in C. dilutus, it did enhance the activity of metabolic enzymes which were encoded by the metabolism-related genes, suggesting an acceleration of biotransformation of permethrin to less toxic metabolites in the midges. This possibly explained the antagonistic interaction for permethrin and cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuping Ding
- Division of Environmental Health, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL 62761, USA
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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8
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Alonso MB, Feo ML, Corcellas C, Gago-Ferrero P, Bertozzi CP, Marigo J, Flach L, Meirelles ACO, Carvalho VL, Azevedo AF, Torres JPM, Lailson-Brito J, Malm O, Diaz-Cruz MS, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Toxic heritage: Maternal transfer of pyrethroid insecticides and sunscreen agents in dolphins from Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:391-402. [PMID: 26453834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids (PYR) and UV filters (UVF) were investigated in tissues of paired mother-fetus dolphins from Brazilian coast in order to investigate the possibility of maternal transfer of these emerging contaminants. Comparison of PYR and UVF concentrations in maternal and fetal blubber revealed Franciscana transferred efficiently both contaminants to fetuses (F/M > 1) and Guiana dolphin transferred efficiently PYR to fetuses (F/M > 1) different than UVF (F/M < 1). PYR and UVF concentrations in fetuses were the highest-ever reported in biota (up to 6640 and 11,530 ng/g lw, respectively). Muscle was the organ with the highest PYR and UVF concentrations (p < 0.001), suggesting that these two classes of emerging contaminants may have more affinity for proteins than for lipids. The high PYR and UVF concentrations found in fetuses demonstrate these compounds are efficiently transferred through placenta. This study is the first to report maternal transfer of pyrethroids and UV filters in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Alonso
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca (LREPF), Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicator Laboratory (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha - Biopesca - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Unesp, Campus Litoral Paulista, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Feo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cayo Corcellas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina P Bertozzi
- Laboratório de Biologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha - Biopesca - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Unesp, Campus Litoral Paulista, Brazil
| | - Juliana Marigo
- Laboratório de Biologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha - Biopesca - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Unesp, Campus Litoral Paulista, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina O Meirelles
- Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos (AQUASIS), Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vitor L Carvalho
- Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos (AQUASIS), Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Azevedo
- Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicator Laboratory (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Brazil
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca (LREPF), Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - José Lailson-Brito
- Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicator Laboratory (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Brazil
| | - Olaf Malm
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca (LREPF), Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Booij K, Tucca F. Passive samplers of hydrophobic organic chemicals reach equilibrium faster in the laboratory than in the field. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 98:365-367. [PMID: 26187397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of passive sampling methods for monitoring hydrophobic organic chemicals frequently requires the determination of equilibration times and partition coefficients in the laboratory. These experiments are often carried out by exposing passive samplers in a finite water volume, and errors are easily made when the obtained results are applied to the field, where water volumes are essentially infinite. The effect of water volume on the equilibration rate constant is discussed, using a mechanistic model. Application of this model to two literature reports illustrates that aqueous concentrations in the field may be underestimated by a factor of 10 or more, when the water volume effect is neglected. Finally, it is shown that the concept of "sorption capacity" (sampler mass times partition coefficient) allows for a more intuitive understanding of the passive sampling process in small and large water volumes, which may reduce the risk of laboratory-field extrapolation errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Booij
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands.
| | - Felipe Tucca
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and EULA-Chile Centre, University of Concepcion, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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10
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Alam MN, Ricardez-Sandoval L, Pawliszyn J. Numerical Modeling of Solid-Phase Microextraction: Binding Matrix Effect on Equilibrium Time. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9846-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nazmul Alam
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Luis Ricardez-Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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11
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Ripszam M, Haglund P. Automated method for determination of dissolved organic carbon-water distribution constants of structurally diverse pollutants using pre-equilibrium solid-phase microextraction. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:266-274. [PMID: 25393710 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plays a key role in determining the environmental fate of semivolatile organic environmental contaminants. The goal of the present study was to develop a method using commercially available hardware to rapidly characterize the sorption properties of DOC in water samples. The resulting method uses negligible-depletion direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Its performance was evaluated using Nordic reference fulvic acid and 40 priority environmental contaminants that cover a wide range of physicochemical properties. Two SPME fibers had to be used to cope with the span of properties, 1 coated with polydimethylsiloxane and 1 coated with polystyrene divinylbenzene polydimethylsiloxane, for nonpolar and semipolar contaminants, respectively. The measured DOC-water distribution constants showed reasonably good reproducibility (standard deviation ≤ 0.32) and good correlation (R(2) = 0.80) with log octanol-water partition coefficients for nonpolar persistent organic pollutants. The sample pretreatment is limited to filtration, and the method is easy to adjust to different DOC concentrations. These experiments also utilized the latest SPME automation that largely decreases total cycle time (to 20 min or shorter) and increases sample throughput, which is advantageous in cases when many samples of DOC must be characterized or when the determinations must be performed quickly, for example, to avoid precipitation, aggregation, and other changes of DOC structure and properties. The data generated by this method are valuable as a basis for transport and fate modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyas Ripszam
- Department of Chemistry, Ume, å, University, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Lydy MJ, Landrum PF, Oen AMP, Allinson M, Smedes F, Harwood AD, Li H, Maruya KA, Liu J. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: state of the science for organic contaminants. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:167-78. [PMID: 24307344 PMCID: PMC4235472 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript surveys the literature on passive sampler methods (PSMs) used in contaminated sediments to assess the chemical activity of organic contaminants. The chemical activity in turn dictates the reactivity and bioavailability of contaminants in sediment. Approaches to measure specific binding of compounds to sediment components, for example, amorphous carbon or specific types of reduced carbon, and the associated partition coefficients are difficult to determine, particularly for native sediment. Thus, the development of PSMs that represent the chemical activity of complex compound-sediment interactions, expressed as the freely dissolved contaminant concentration in porewater (Cfree ), offer a better proxy for endpoints of concern, such as reactivity, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Passive sampling methods have estimated Cfree using both kinetic and equilibrium operating modes and used various polymers as the sorbing phase, for example, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, and polyoxymethylene in various configurations, such as sheets, coated fibers, or vials containing thin films. These PSMs have been applied in laboratory exposures and field deployments covering a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A wide range of calibration conditions exist in the literature to estimate Cfree , but consensus values have not been established. The most critical criteria are the partition coefficient between water and the polymer phase and the equilibrium status of the sampler. In addition, the PSM must not appreciably deplete Cfree in the porewater. Some of the future challenges include establishing a standard approach for PSM measurements, correcting for nonequilibrium conditions, establishing guidance for selection and implementation of PSMs, and translating and applying data collected by PSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter F Landrum
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy MP Oen
- Department of Environmental Technology, Norwegian Geotechnical InstituteOslo, Norway
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM) School of Chemistry, The University of MelbourneParkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Foppe Smedes
- DeltaresUtrecht, The Netherlands
- RECETOX, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda D Harwood
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project AuthorityCosta Mesa, California, USA
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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