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Duan Y, Yang W, Xiao J, Gao J, Wei L, Huang Y, Yin Z. High density, addressable electrohydrodynamic printhead made of a silicon plate and polymer nozzle structure. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3877-3884. [PMID: 36073597 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00624c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing is a promising micro/nanofabrication technique, due to its ultra-high resolution and wide material applicability. However, it suffers from low printing efficiency which urgently calls for a high density and addressable nozzle array. This paper presents a nozzle array chip made of a silicon plate and polymer nozzle structure, where the large silicon plate is conducive to a uniform spatial electric field distribution, and the polymer SU8 nozzle can inhibit tip discharge due to its insulating character and liquid flooding as SU8 is hydrophobic. By carefully designing the nozzle array structure via simulation, and fabricating it through MEMS technology, a high-density nozzle array chip has been achieved which can generate very uniform dots without crosstalk. Meanwhile, by adding extractors underneath the nozzle array, and utilizing a digital switch array to tune their on/off state, addressable printing has been realized. This novel printhead design has solved the discharge, liquid flooding, and crosstalk behavior in EHD nozzle arrays, and is compatible with traditional silicon-based MEMS technology, which will promote the practical applications of EHD printing in micro/nanoelectronics, biomedical/energy devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Jingjing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Jixin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - YongAn Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhouping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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2
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Yang J, He P, Derby B. Stability Bounds for Micron Scale Ag Conductor Lines Produced by Electrohydrodynamic Inkjet Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39601-39609. [PMID: 35979913 PMCID: PMC9437868 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Continuous conducting lines of width 5-20 μm have been printed with a Ag nanoparticle ink using drop-on-demand (DOD) electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inkjet printing on Si and PDMS substrates, with advancing contact angles of 11° and 35°, respectively, and a zero receding contact angle. It is only possible to achieve stable parallel sided lines within a limited range of drop spacings, and this limiting range for stable line printing decreases as the contact angle of the ink on the substrate increases. The upper bound drop spacing for stable line formation is determined by a minimum drop overlap required to prevent contact line retraction, and the lower bound is governed by competing flows for drop spreading onto an unwetted substrate and a return flow driven by a Laplace pressure difference between the newly deposited drops and the fluid some distance from the growing tip. The upper and lower bounds are shown to be consistent with those predicted using existing models for the stability of inkjet printed lines produced using piezoelectric droplet generators. A comparison with literature data for EHD printed lines finds that these limiting bounds apply with printed line widths as small as 200 nm using subfemtoliter drop volumes. When a fine grid pattern is printed, local differences in Laplace pressure lead to the line width retracting to the minimum stable width and excess ink being transported to the nodes of the grid. After printing and sintering, the printed tracks have a conductivity of about 15%-20% of bulk Ag on the Si substrate, which correlates with a porosity of about 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Yang
- Department
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., ManchesterM13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Pei He
- School
of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics
and Devices, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410083, P. R. China
| | - Brian Derby
- Department
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., ManchesterM13 9PL, U.K.
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3
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Yang J, Cheng Y, Gong X, Yi S, Li CW, Jiang L, Yi C. An integrative review on the applications of 3D printing in the field of in vitro diagnostics. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Xu W, Jambhulkar S, Ravichandran D, Zhu Y, Kakarla M, Nian Q, Azeredo B, Chen X, Jin K, Vernon B, Lott DG, Cornella JL, Shefi O, Miquelard-Garnier G, Yang Y, Song K. 3D Printing-Enabled Nanoparticle Alignment: A Review of Mechanisms and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100817. [PMID: 34176201 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
3D printing (additive manufacturing (AM)) has enormous potential for rapid tooling and mass production due to its design flexibility and significant reduction of the timeline from design to manufacturing. The current state-of-the-art in 3D printing focuses on material manufacturability and engineering applications. However, there still exists the bottleneck of low printing resolution and processing rates, especially when nanomaterials need tailorable orders at different scales. An interesting phenomenon is the preferential alignment of nanoparticles that enhance material properties. Therefore, this review emphasizes the landscape of nanoparticle alignment in the context of 3D printing. Herein, a brief overview of 3D printing is provided, followed by a comprehensive summary of the 3D printing-enabled nanoparticle alignment in well-established and in-house customized 3D printing mechanisms that can lead to selective deposition and preferential orientation of nanoparticles. Subsequently, it is listed that typical applications that utilized the properties of ordered nanoparticles (e.g., structural composites, heat conductors, chemo-resistive sensors, engineered surfaces, tissue scaffolds, and actuators based on structural and functional property improvement). This review's emphasis is on the particle alignment methodology and the performance of composites incorporating aligned nanoparticles. In the end, significant limitations of current 3D printing techniques are identified together with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiheng Xu
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Sayli Jambhulkar
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dharneedar Ravichandran
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Mounika Kakarla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Qiong Nian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Multi-Scale Manufacturing Material Processing Lab (MMMPL), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Bruno Azeredo
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Xiangfan Chen
- Advanced Manufacturing and Functional Devices (AMFD) Laboratory, Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 Innovation Way W., Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Kailong Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), and Biodesign Institute Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing (BCSM3), Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler St., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Brent Vernon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials Lab, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - David G Lott
- Department Otolaryngology, Division of Laryngology, College of Medicine, and Mayo Clinic Arizona Center for Regenerative Medicine, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Cornella
- Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Orit Shefi
- Department of Engineering, Neuro-Engineering and Regeneration Laboratory, Bar Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Building 1105, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
- laboratoire PIMM, UMR 8006, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, Hesam University, 151 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Yang Yang
- Additive Manufacturing & Advanced Materials Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-1323, USA
| | - Kenan Song
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Advanced Materials Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory (AMAML), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 Innovation Way W., Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
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Antibody Printing Technologies. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 33237416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1064-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody microarrays are routinely employed in the lab and in the clinic for studying protein expression, protein-protein, and protein-drug interactions. The microarray format reduces the size scale at which biological and biochemical interactions occur, leading to large reductions in reagent consumption and handling times while increasing overall experimental throughput. Specifically, antibody microarrays, as a platform, offer a number of different advantages over traditional techniques in the areas of drug discovery and diagnostics. While a number of different techniques and approaches have been developed for creating micro and nanoscale antibody arrays, issues relating to sensitivity, cost, and reproducibility persist. The aim of this review is to highlight current state-of the-art techniques and approaches for creating antibody arrays by providing latest accounts of the field while discussing potential future directions.
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Ball AK, Roy SS, Kisku DR, Murmu NC, Coelho LDS. Optimization of drop ejection frequency in EHD inkjet printing system using an improved Firefly Algorithm. Appl Soft Comput 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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He J, Zhang B, Li Z, Mao M, Li J, Han K, Li D. High-resolution electrohydrodynamic bioprinting: a new biofabrication strategy for biomimetic micro/nanoscale architectures and living tissue constructs. Biofabrication 2020; 12:042002. [PMID: 32615543 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aba1fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing is a newly emerging additive manufacturing strategy for the controlled fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) micro/nanoscale architectures. This unique superiority makes it particularly suitable for the biofabrication of artificial tissue analogs with biomimetic structural organizations similar to the scales of native extracellular matrix (ECM) or living cells, which shows great potentials to precisely regulate cellular behaviors and tissue regeneration. Here the state-of-the-art advancements of high-resolution EHD bioprinting were reviewed mainly including melt-based and solution-based processes for the fabrication of micro/nanoscale fibrous scaffolds and living tissues constructs. The related printing materials, innovations on structure design and printing processes, functionalization of the resultant architectures as well as their effects on the mechanical and biological properties of the EHD-printed structures were introduced and analyzed. The recent explorations on the EHD cell printing for high-resolution cell-laden microgel patterning and 3D construct fabrication were highlighted. The major challenges as well as possible solutions to translate EHD bioprinting into a mature and prevalent biofabrication strategy were finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China. Rapid manufacturing research center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Pekdemir S, Torun I, Sakir M, Ruzi M, Rogers JA, Onses MS. Chemical Funneling of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles on Printed Arrays of End-Grafted Polymers for Plasmonic Applications. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8276-8286. [PMID: 32569462 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatially defined assembly of colloidal metallic nanoparticles is necessary for fabrication of plasmonic devices. In this study, we demonstrate high-resolution additive jet printing of end-functional polymers to serve as templates for directed self-assembly of nanoparticles into architectures with substantial plasmonic activity. The intriguing aspect of this work is the ability to form patterns of end-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) through printing on a hydrophobic layer that consists of fluoroalkylsilanes. The simultaneous dewetting of the underlying hydrophobic layer together with grafting of the printed polymer during thermal annealing enables fabrication of spatially defined binding sites for assembly of nanoparticles. The employment of electrohydrodynamic jet printing and aqueous inks together with reduction of the feature size during thermal annealing are critically important in achieving high chemical contrast patterns as small as ∼250 nm. Gold nanospheres of varying diameters selectively bind and assemble into nanostructures with reduced interparticle distances on the hydrophilic patterns of poly(ethylene glycol) surrounded with a hydrophobic background. The resulting plasmonic arrays exhibit intense and pattern-specific signals in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. The localized seed-mediated growth of metallic nanostructures over the patterned gold nanospheres presents further routes for expanding the composition of the plasmonic arrays. A representative application in SERS-based surface encoding is demonstrated through large-area patterning of plasmonic structures and multiplex deposition of taggant molecules, all enabled by printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Pekdemir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
- ERNAM, Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Ilker Torun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
- ERNAM, Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Menekse Sakir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
- ERNAM, Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Ruzi
- ERNAM, Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - M Serdar Onses
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
- ERNAM, Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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9
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Singh SK, Subramanian A. Phase-field simulations of electrohydrodynamic jetting for printing nano-to-microscopic constructs. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25022-25028. [PMID: 35517438 PMCID: PMC9055245 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04214e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A numerical simulation is presented for predicting the transient ejection of micro-/nano-scopic jets from microscale nozzles, when a liquid confined within the nozzle is subjected to an external electric field. This simulation is based on the Taylor–Melcher leaky dielectric model, and uses the phase field method for interface tracking. The presented model is able to successfully simulate the deformation of a flat liquid meniscus into a Taylor cone, eventually leading to jet formation and breakup into droplets. Several simulations are performed to understand the effect of process parameters like applied voltage, liquid flow rate and properties on jet ejection dynamics. The results reveal the dependence of the ejected jet diameter and current primarily on the applied electric potential, liquid flow rate and electrical conductivity of the liquid. For high conductivity liquids, it is found that the convection current is of the same order of magnitude as the conduction current. In contrast, the convection current dominates the conduction current during jet ejection in the case of low conductivity liquids, regardless of the flow rate. It is also found that stable jets smaller than 200 nm can be produced from a 2 μm nozzle, which would facilitate patterning structures at the nanoscale. This model presents an approach to analyze the effect of process parameters on electrojet ejections and can effectively guide the design of printheads for e-jet systems that pattern nanoscale features in jetting and nano-dripping modes from microscopic nozzles. This paper simulates the transient evolution of an electrohydrodynamic jet and reveals the dependence of its characteristics on the underlying process parameters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K Singh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Arunkumar Subramanian
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
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11
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Charged Satellite Drop Avoidance in Electrohydrodynamic Dripping. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10030172. [PMID: 30832274 PMCID: PMC6471250 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The quality of electrohydrodynamic jet (e-jet) printing is crucially influenced by the satellite drop formed when the primary drop detaches from the meniscus. If the satellite drop falls onto the substrate, the patterns on the substrate will be contaminated. The electric charge carried by the satellite drop leads to more complex satellite/meniscus interaction than that in traditional inkjet printing. Here, we numerically study the formation and flight behavior of the charged satellite drop. This paper discovered that the charge relaxation time (CRT) of the liquid determines the electric repulsion force between the satellite drop and meniscus. The satellite drop will merge with the meniscus at long CRT, and fail to merge and deteriorate the printing quality at short CRT. The simulations are adopted to discover the mechanism of generation and flight behavior of charged satellite drops. The results show that the critical CRT decreases with the dielectric constant of the liquid and the supplied flow rate. Namely, for small dielectric constant and fixed CRT, the satellite drop is less likely to merge with the meniscus, and for high flow rate, the satellite drop is prone to merge with the meniscus due to the delay of necking thread breakup. These results will help to choose appropriate parameters to avoid the satellite drop from falling onto the substrate.
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Wen Z, Liu F, Chen Q, Xu Y, Li H, Sun S. Recent development in biodegradable nanovehicle delivery system-assisted immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4414-4443. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00961b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A schematic illustration of BNDS biodegradation and release antigen delivery for assisting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfu Wen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Fengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Ganjingzi District
- P. R. China
| | | | - Yongqian Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Shiguo Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
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Gao D, Zhou JG. Designs and applications of electrohydrodynamic 3D printing. Int J Bioprint 2018; 5:172. [PMID: 32782979 PMCID: PMC7415867 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i1.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper mainly reviews the designs of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inkjet printing machine and related applications. The review introduces the features of EHD printing and its possible research directions. Significant progress has been identified in research and development of EHD high-resolution printing as a direct additive manufacturing method, and more effort will be driven to this direction soon. An introduction is given about current trend of additive manufacturing and advantages of EHD inkjet printing. Designs of EHD printing platform and applications of different technologies are discussed. Currently, EHD jet printing is in its infancy stage with several inherent problems to be overcome, such as low yielding rate and limitation of stand-off height. Some potential modifications are proposed to improve printing performance. EHD high-resolution printing has already been applied to precision components for electronics and biotechnology applications. This paper gives a review about the latest research regarding EHD used for high-resolution inkjet printing. A starting base is given to help researchers and students to get a quick overview on the recent development of EHD printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajing Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jack G Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Mehta P, Zaman A, Smith A, Rasekh M, Haj‐Ahmad R, Arshad MS, der Merwe S, Chang M, Ahmad Z. Broad Scale and Structure Fabrication of Healthcare Materials for Drug and Emerging Therapies via Electrohydrodynamic Techniques. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prina Mehta
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort University Leicester LE1 9BH UK
| | - Aliyah Zaman
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort University Leicester LE1 9BH UK
| | - Ashleigh Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's BuildingUniversity of Portsmouth White Swan Road Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
| | - Manoochehr Rasekh
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort University Leicester LE1 9BH UK
| | - Rita Haj‐Ahmad
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort University Leicester LE1 9BH UK
| | | | - Susanna der Merwe
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's BuildingUniversity of Portsmouth White Swan Road Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK
| | - M.‐W. Chang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio‐Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness AppraisalZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Z. Ahmad
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort University Leicester LE1 9BH UK
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Guo L, Duan Y, Huang Y, Yin Z. Experimental Study of the Influence of Ink Properties and Process Parameters on Ejection Volume in Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9100522. [PMID: 30424455 PMCID: PMC6215259 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic jet (e-jet) printing has very promising applications due to its high printing resolution and material compatibility. It is necessary to know how to choose the printing parameters to get the right ejection volume. The previous scaling law of the ejection volume in e-jet printing borrows the scaling law of the ejection volume of an unstable isolated droplet charged to the Rayleigh limit. The influence of viscosity, applied voltage amplitude, and nozzle-to-substrate distance on the ejection volume in e-jet printing was not taken into account in the scaling law. This study investigated the influence of viscosity, conductivity, applied voltage, and nozzle-to-substrate distance on the ejection volume. The ejection volume increases with viscosity and decreases with applied voltage and nozzle-to-substrate distance. The average electric field was kept unchanged while changing the nozzle-to-substrate distance by changing the applied voltage according to the electric field model of a semi-infinite wire perpendicular to an infinite large planar counter electrode. The ejection volume decreases with conductivity as V~K−0.6, which is different from the previous scaling law, which concludes that V~K−1. Finally, a model about the relation between the ejection volume and four parameters was established by regression analysis using a third-order polynomial. Two more experiments were done, and the predicted results of the fitted model accorded well with the experiments. The model can be used to choose the ink properties and process parameters to get the right ejection volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yongqing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - YongAn Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zhouping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Sun Y, Song W, Sun X, Zhang S. Inkjet-Printing Patterned Chip on Sticky Superhydrophobic Surface for High-Efficiency Single-Cell Array Trapping and Real-Time Observation of Cellular Apoptosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31054-31060. [PMID: 30148358 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell assays have broad applications in cellular studies, tissue engineering, fundamental studies of cell-cell interactions, and understanding of cell-to-cell variations. Most existing methods for micron-sized cell patterning are still based on lithography-based microfabrication process. Thus, exploiting new mask-free strategies while maintaining high-precision single-cell patterning is still a great challenge. Here, we presented a facile, low-cost, and mask-free approach for constructing high-resolution patterning on sticky superhydrophobic (SH) substrates based on inkjet printing with ordinary precision. In this work, the SH surface with both high contact angle and relatively high contact angle hysteresis can not only obtain high-resolution spots but also avoid droplets bouncing behavior. We improved the feature size of printed protein spots as small as 4 μm, which is much smaller than protein spots used for single-cell trapping. Moreover, with the assistance of a narrow microchannel, the inkjet-printing patterned chip with fibronectin ink allows for fast and high-efficiency trapping of multiple single-cell arrays. Using this method, single-cell occupancy could reach approximately 81% within 30 min on subcellular-sized patterning chip, and there was no significant effect on cell viability. As a proof of concept, this chip has been applied to study the real-time apoptosis of single cells and demonstrated the potential in cells' heterogeneity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Linyi University , Linyi , Shandong 276005 , P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Linyi University , Linyi , Shandong 276005 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Linyi University , Linyi , Shandong 276005 , P. R. China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Linyi University , Linyi , Shandong 276005 , P. R. China
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17
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Vijayavenkataraman S, Yan WC, Lu WF, Wang CH, Fuh JYH. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs for regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 132:296-332. [PMID: 29990578 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3D bioprinting is a pioneering technology that enables fabrication of biomimetic, multiscale, multi-cellular tissues with highly complex tissue microenvironment, intricate cytoarchitecture, structure-function hierarchy, and tissue-specific compositional and mechanical heterogeneity. Given the huge demand for organ transplantation, coupled with limited organ donors, bioprinting is a potential technology that could solve this crisis of organ shortage by fabrication of fully-functional whole organs. Though organ bioprinting is a far-fetched goal, there has been a considerable and commendable progress in the field of bioprinting that could be used as transplantable tissues in regenerative medicine. This paper presents a first-time review of 3D bioprinting in regenerative medicine, where the current status and contemporary issues of 3D bioprinting pertaining to the eleven organ systems of the human body including skeletal, muscular, nervous, lymphatic, endocrine, reproductive, integumentary, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and circulatory systems were critically reviewed. The implications of 3D bioprinting in drug discovery, development, and delivery systems are also briefly discussed, in terms of in vitro drug testing models, and personalized medicine. While there is a substantial progress in the field of bioprinting in the recent past, there is still a long way to go to fully realize the translational potential of this technology. Computational studies for study of tissue growth or tissue fusion post-printing, improving the scalability of this technology to fabricate human-scale tissues, development of hybrid systems with integration of different bioprinting modalities, formulation of new bioinks with tuneable mechanical and rheological properties, mechanobiological studies on cell-bioink interaction, 4D bioprinting with smart (stimuli-responsive) hydrogels, and addressing the ethical, social, and regulatory issues concerning bioprinting are potential futuristic focus areas that would aid in successful clinical translation of this technology.
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18
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Mecozzi L, Gennari O, Coppola S, Olivieri F, Rega R, Mandracchia B, Vespini V, Bramanti A, Ferraro P, Grilli S. Easy Printing of High Viscous Microdots by Spontaneous Breakup of Thin Fibers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:2122-2129. [PMID: 29278322 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic jetting is emerging as a successful technique for printing inks with resolutions well beyond those offered by conventional inkjet printers. However, the variety of printable inks is still limited to those with relatively low viscosities (typically <20 mPa s) due to nozzle clogging problems. Here, we show the possibility of printing ordered microdots of high viscous inks such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) by exploiting the spontaneous breakup of a thin fiber generated through nozzle-free pyro-electrospinning. The PLGA fiber is deposited onto a partially wetting surface, and the breakup is achieved simply by applying an appropriate thermal stimulation, which is able to induce polymer melting and hence a mechanism of surface area minimization due to the Plateau-Rayleigh instability. The results show that this technique is a good candidate for extending the printability at the microscale to high viscous inks, thus extending their applicability to additional applications, such as cell behavior under controlled morphological constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mecozzi
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems of the National Research Council (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - O Gennari
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems of the National Research Council (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - S Coppola
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems of the National Research Council (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - F Olivieri
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems of the National Research Council (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Production Engineering of the University "Federico II" , P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - R Rega
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems of the National Research Council (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - B Mandracchia
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems of the National Research Council (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - V Vespini
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems of the National Research Council (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - A Bramanti
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems of the National Research Council (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - P Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems of the National Research Council (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - S Grilli
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems of the National Research Council (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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Arrabito G, Cavaleri F, Montalbano V, Vetri V, Leone M, Pignataro B. Monitoring few molecular binding events in scalable confined aqueous compartments by raster image correlation spectroscopy (CADRICS). LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4666-4676. [PMID: 27812580 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of scalable liquid compartments for binding assays in array formats constitutes a topic of fundamental importance in life sciences. This challenge can be addressed by mimicking the structure of cellular compartments with biological native conditions. Here, inkjet printing is employed to develop up to hundreds of picoliter aqueous droplet arrays stabilized by oil-confinement with mild surfactants (Tween-20). The aqueous environments constitute specialized compartments in which biomolecules may exploit their function and a wide range of molecular interactions can be quantitatively investigated. Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy (RICS) is employed to monitor in each compartment a restricted range of dynamic intermolecular events demonstrated through protein-binding assays involving the biotin/streptavidin model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arrabito
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - F Cavaleri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - V Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - V Vetri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Aten Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 18, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Leone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Aten Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 18, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - B Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Aten Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 18, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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20
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Mecozzi L, Gennari O, Rega R, Battista L, Ferraro P, Grilli S. Simple and Rapid Bioink Jet Printing for Multiscale Cell Adhesion Islands. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mecozzi
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
| | - Oriella Gennari
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
| | - Romina Rega
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
| | - Luigi Battista
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
| | - Simonetta Grilli
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
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21
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Zhang B, He J, Li X, Xu F, Li D. Micro/nanoscale electrohydrodynamic printing: from 2D to 3D. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:15376-15388. [PMID: 27479715 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic printing (EHDP), based on the electrohydrodynamically induced flow of materials, enables the production of micro/nanoscale fibers or droplets and has recently attracted extensive interest to fabricate user-specific patterns in a controlled and high-efficiency manner. However, most of the existing EHDP techniques can only print two-dimensional (2D) micropatterns which cannot meet the increasing demands for the direct fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microdevices. The integration of EHDP techniques with the layer-by-layer stacking principle of additive manufacturing has emerged as a promising solution to this limitation. Here we present a state-of-the-art review on the translation of 2D EHDP technique into a viable micro/nanoscale 3D printing strategy. The working principle, essential components as well as critical process parameters for EHDP are discussed. We highlight recent explorations on both solution-based and melt-based 3D EHDP techniques in cone-jet and microdripping modes for the fabrication of multimaterial structures, microelectronics and biological constructs. Finally, we discuss the major challenges as well as possible solutions with regard to translating the 3D EHDP process into a real micro/nanoscale additive manufacturing strategy for the freeform fabrication of 3D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Jiankang He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Fangyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
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22
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Vespini V, Coppola S, Todino M, Paturzo M, Bianco V, Grilli S, Ferraro P. Forward electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing of optical microlenses on microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:326-33. [PMID: 26660423 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel method for direct printing of viscous polymers based on a pyro-electrohydrodynamic repulsion system capable of overcoming limitations on the material type, geometry and thickness of the receiving substrate. In fact, the results demonstrate that high viscosity polymers can be easily manipulated for optical functionalizing of lab-on-a-chip devices through demonstration of direct printing of polymer microlenses onto microfluidic chips and optical fibre terminations. The present system has great potential for applications from biomolecules to nano-electronics. Moreover, in order to prove the effectiveness of the system, the optical performance of such microlenses has been characterized by testing their imaging capabilities when the fibroblast cells were allowed to flow inside the microfluidic channel, showing one of their possible applications on-board a LoC platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vespini
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI), Italy.
| | - S Coppola
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI), Italy.
| | - M Todino
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Italy
| | - M Paturzo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI), Italy.
| | - V Bianco
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI), Italy.
| | - S Grilli
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI), Italy.
| | - P Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI), Italy.
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23
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Onses MS, Sutanto E, Ferreira PM, Alleyne AG, Rogers JA. Mechanisms, Capabilities, and Applications of High-Resolution Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4237-4266. [PMID: 26122917 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of techniques used for high-resolution jet printing that rely on electrohydrodynamically induced flows. Such methods enable the direct, additive patterning of materials with a resolution that can extend below 100 nm to provide unique opportunities not only in scientific studies but also in a range of applications that includes printed electronics, tissue engineering, and photonic and plasmonic devices. Following a brief historical perspective, this review presents descriptions of the underlying processes involved in the formation of liquid cones and jets to establish critical factors in the printing process. Different printing systems that share similar principles are then described, along with key advances that have been made in the last decade. Capabilities in terms of printable materials and levels of resolution are reviewed, with a strong emphasis on areas of potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Serdar Onses
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center (ERNAM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Erick Sutanto
- The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Placid M Ferreira
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Andrew G Alleyne
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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24
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Li J, Rossignol F, Macdonald J. Inkjet printing for biosensor fabrication: combining chemistry and technology for advanced manufacturing. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2538-58. [PMID: 25953427 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00235d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printing is emerging at the forefront of biosensor fabrication technologies. Parallel advances in both ink chemistry and printers have led to a biosensor manufacturing approach that is simple, rapid, flexible, high resolution, low cost, efficient for mass production, and extends the capabilities of devices beyond other manufacturing technologies. Here we review for the first time the factors behind successful inkjet biosensor fabrication, including printers, inks, patterning methods, and matrix types. We discuss technical considerations that are important when moving beyond theoretical knowledge to practical implementation. We also highlight significant advances in biosensor functionality that have been realised through inkjet printing. Finally, we consider future possibilities for biosensors enabled by this novel combination of chemistry and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.
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25
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Schneider J, Rohner P, Galliker P, Raja SN, Pan Y, Tiwari MK, Poulikakos D. Site-specific deposition of single gold nanoparticles by individual growth in electrohydrodynamically-printed attoliter droplet reactors. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9510-9519. [PMID: 25947628 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles with unique electronic, optical and catalytic properties can be efficiently synthesized in colloidal suspensions and are of broad scientific and technical interest and utility. However, their orderly integration on functional surfaces and devices remains a challenge. Here we show that single gold nanoparticles can be directly grown in individually printed, stabilized metal-salt ink attoliter droplets, using a nanoscale electrohydrodynamic printing method with a stable high-frequency dripping mode. This enables controllable sessile droplet nanoreactor formation and sustenance on non-wetting substrates, despite simultaneous rapid evaporation. The single gold nanoparticles can be formed inside such reactors in situ or by subsequent thermal annealing and plasma ashing. With this non-contact technique, single particles with diameters tunable in the range of 5-35 nm and with narrow size distribution, high yield and alignment accuracy are generated on demand and patterned into arbitrary arrays. The nanoparticles feature good catalytic activity as shown by the exemplary growth of silicon nanowires from the nanoparticles and the etching of nanoholes by the printed nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schneider
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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26
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Kim BH, Onses MS, Lim JB, Nam S, Oh N, Kim H, Yu KJ, Lee JW, Kim JH, Kang SK, Lee CH, Lee J, Shin JH, Kim NH, Leal C, Shim M, Rogers JA. High-resolution patterns of quantum dots formed by electrohydrodynamic jet printing for light-emitting diodes. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:969-973. [PMID: 25584701 DOI: 10.1021/nl503779e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate materials and operating conditions that allow for high-resolution printing of layers of quantum dots (QDs) with precise control over thickness and submicron lateral resolution and capabilities for use as active layers of QD light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The shapes and thicknesses of the QD patterns exhibit systematic dependence on the dimensions of the printing nozzle and the ink composition in ways that allow nearly arbitrary, systematic control when exploited in a fully automated printing tool. Homogeneous arrays of patterns of QDs serve as the basis for corresponding arrays of QD LEDs that exhibit excellent performance. Sequential printing of different types of QDs in a multilayer stack or in an interdigitated geometry provides strategies for continuous tuning of the effective, overall emission wavelengths of the resulting QD LEDs. This strategy is useful to efficient, additive use of QDs for wide ranging types of electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Hoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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27
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Song C, Rogers JA, Kim JM, Ahn H. Patterned polydiacetylene-embedded polystyrene nanofibers based on electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Macromol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-015-3024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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28
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Versatile, kinetically controlled, high precision electrohydrodynamic writing of micro/nanofibers. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5949. [PMID: 25091829 PMCID: PMC4121616 DOI: 10.1038/srep05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct writing of hierarchical micro/nanofibers have recently gained popularity in flexible/stretchable electronics due to its low cost, simple process and high throughput. A kinetically controlled mechanoelectrospinning (MES) is developed to directly write diversified hierarchical micro/nanofibers in a continuous and programmable manner. Unlike conventional near-field electrospinning, our MES method introduces a mechanical drawing force, to simultaneously enhance the positioning accuracy and morphology controllability. The MES is predominantly controlled by the substrate speed, the nozzle-to-substrate distance, and the applied voltage. As a demonstration, smooth straight, serpentine, self-similar, and bead-on-string structures are direct-written on silicon/elastomer substrates with a resolution of 200 nm. It is believed that MES can promote the low-cost, high precision fabrication of flexible/stretchable electronics or enable the direct writing of the sacrificial structures for nanoscale lithography.
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29
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Poellmann MJ, Johnson AJW. Multimaterial polyacrylamide: fabrication with electrohydrodynamic jet printing, applications, and modeling. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035018. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Nanoinks in inkjet metallization — Evolution of simple additive-type metal patterning. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Onses MS, Song C, Williamson L, Sutanto E, Ferreira PM, Alleyne AG, Nealey PF, Ahn H, Rogers JA. Hierarchical patterns of three-dimensional block-copolymer films formed by electrohydrodynamic jet printing and self-assembly. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:667-675. [PMID: 23975188 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of block-copolymers provides a route to the fabrication of small (size, <50 nm) and dense (pitch, <100 nm) features with an accuracy that approaches even the demanding specifications for nanomanufacturing set by the semiconductor industry. A key requirement for practical applications, however, is a rapid, high-resolution method for patterning block-copolymers with different molecular weights and compositions across a wafer surface, with complex geometries and diverse feature sizes. Here we demonstrate that an ultrahigh-resolution jet printing technique that exploits electrohydrodynamic effects can pattern large areas with block-copolymers based on poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) with various molecular weights and compositions. The printed geometries have diameters and linewidths in the sub-500 nm range, line edge roughness as small as ∼45 nm, and thickness uniformity and repeatability that can approach molecular length scales (∼2 nm). Upon thermal annealing on bare, or chemically or topographically structured substrates, such printed patterns yield nanodomains of block-copolymers with well-defined sizes, periodicities and morphologies, in overall layouts that span dimensions from the scale of nanometres (with sizes continuously tunable between 13 nm and 20 nm) to centimetres. As well as its engineering relevance, this methodology enables systematic studies of unusual behaviours of block-copolymers in geometrically confined films.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Serdar Onses
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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32
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Galliker P, Schneider J, Rüthemann L, Poulikakos D. Open-atmosphere sustenance of highly volatile attoliter-size droplets on surfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13255-60. [PMID: 23898173 PMCID: PMC3746916 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305886110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The controlled formation and handling of minute liquid volumes on surfaces is essential to the success of microfluidics in biology, chemistry, and materials applications. Even though current methods have demonstrated their potential in a variety of experimental assays, there remain significant difficulties concerning breadth of applicability, standardization, throughput, and economics. Here we introduce a unique microfluidic paradigm in which microscopic volatile droplets are formed, sustained, and manipulated in size and content at any desired spot on unpatterned substrates. Their sustainability is warranted by continuous replacement of the rapidly vaporizing sessile fluid through controlled equivalent volume deposition of smaller discrete liquid entities by an electrohydrodynamic nanodripping process. Using nanoparticle inks we show that the concentration of solutes in so-stabilized droplets can be linearly increased at isochoric conditions and user-defined rates. An intriguing insensitivity of the droplet shape toward surface heterogeneities ensures robustness and experimental reproducibility, even when handling attoliter quantities. The unique capabilities and technical simplicity of the presented method introduce a high degree of flexibility and make it pertinent to a diverse range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lukas Rüthemann
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zurich), CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zurich), CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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