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Puumala LS, Grist SM, Morales JM, Bickford JR, Chrostowski L, Shekhar S, Cheung KC. Biofunctionalization of Multiplexed Silicon Photonic Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:bios13010053. [PMID: 36671887 PMCID: PMC9855810 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonic (SiP) sensors offer a promising platform for robust and low-cost decentralized diagnostics due to their high scalability, low limit of detection, and ability to integrate multiple sensors for multiplexed analyte detection. Their CMOS-compatible fabrication enables chip-scale miniaturization, high scalability, and low-cost mass production. Sensitive, specific detection with silicon photonic sensors is afforded through biofunctionalization of the sensor surface; consequently, this functionalization chemistry is inextricably linked to sensor performance. In this review, we first highlight the biofunctionalization needs for SiP biosensors, including sensitivity, specificity, cost, shelf-stability, and replicability and establish a set of performance criteria. We then benchmark biofunctionalization strategies for SiP biosensors against these criteria, organizing the review around three key aspects: bioreceptor selection, immobilization strategies, and patterning techniques. First, we evaluate bioreceptors, including antibodies, aptamers, nucleic acid probes, molecularly imprinted polymers, peptides, glycans, and lectins. We then compare adsorption, bioaffinity, and covalent chemistries for immobilizing bioreceptors on SiP surfaces. Finally, we compare biopatterning techniques for spatially controlling and multiplexing the biofunctionalization of SiP sensors, including microcontact printing, pin- and pipette-based spotting, microfluidic patterning in channels, inkjet printing, and microfluidic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Puumala
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Samantha M. Grist
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
| | - Jennifer M. Morales
- Army Research Laboratory, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Justin R. Bickford
- Army Research Laboratory, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sudip Shekhar
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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2
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Puumala LS, Grist SM, Wickremasinghe K, Al-Qadasi MA, Chowdhury SJ, Liu Y, Mitchell M, Chrostowski L, Shekhar S, Cheung KC. An Optimization Framework for Silicon Photonic Evanescent-Field Biosensors Using Sub-Wavelength Gratings. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100840. [PMID: 36290977 PMCID: PMC9599562 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonic (SiP) evanescent-field biosensors aim to combine the information-rich readouts offered by lab-scale diagnostics, at a significantly lower cost, and with the portability and rapid time to result offered by paper-based assays. While SiP biosensors fabricated with conventional strip waveguides can offer good sensitivity for label-free detection in some applications, there is still opportunity for improvement. Efforts have been made to design higher-sensitivity SiP sensors with alternative waveguide geometries, including sub-wavelength gratings (SWGs). However, SWG-based devices are fragile and prone to damage, limiting their suitability for scalable and portable sensing. Here, we investigate SiP microring resonator sensors designed with SWG waveguides that contain a "fishbone" and highlight the improved robustness offered by this design. We present a framework for optimizing fishbone-style SWG waveguide geometries based on numerical simulations, then experimentally measure the performance of ring resonator sensors fabricated with the optimized waveguides, targeting operation in the O-band and C-band. For the O-band and C-band devices, we report bulk sensitivities up to 349 nm/RIU and 438 nm/RIU, respectively, and intrinsic limits of detection as low as 5.1 × 10-4 RIU and 7.1 × 10-4 RIU, respectively. This performance is comparable to the state of the art in SWG-based sensors, positioning fishbone SWG resonators as an attractive, more robust, alternative to conventional SWG designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Puumala
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 251-2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Samantha M. Grist
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 251-2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
| | - Kithmin Wickremasinghe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Qadasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sheri Jahan Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yifei Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matthew Mitchell
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sudip Shekhar
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 251-2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 5500-2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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3
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Qavi AJ, Meserve K, Aman MJ, Vu H, Zeitlin L, Dye JM, Froude JW, Leung DW, Yang L, Holtsberg FW, Bailey RC, Amarasinghe GK. Rapid detection of an Ebola biomarker with optical microring resonators. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100234. [PMID: 35784644 PMCID: PMC9243524 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a highly infectious pathogen, with a case mortality rate as high as 89%. Rapid therapeutic treatments and supportive measures can drastically improve patient outcome; however, the symptoms of EBOV disease (EVD) lack specificity from other endemic diseases. Given the high mortality and significant symptom overlap, there is a critical need for sensitive, rapid diagnostics for EVD. Facile diagnosis of EVD remains a challenge. Here, we describe a rapid and sensitive diagnostic for EVD through microring resonator sensors in conjunction with a unique biomarker of EBOV infection, soluble glycoprotein (sGP). Microring resonator sensors detected sGP in under 40 min with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1.00 ng/mL in serum. Furthermore, we validated our assay with the detection of sGP in serum from EBOV-infected non-human primates. Our results demonstrate the utility of a high-sensitivity diagnostic platform for detection of sGP for diagnosis of EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Qavi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Krista Meserve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - M. Javad Aman
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Hong Vu
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John M. Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Froude
- United States Army Nuclear and Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - Ryan C. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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4
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Belsley A, Allen EJ, Datta A, Matthews JCF. Advantage of Coherent States in Ring Resonators over Any Quantum Probe Single-Pass Absorption Estimation Strategy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:230501. [PMID: 35749187 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.230501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum states of light have been shown to enhance precision in absorption estimation over classical strategies. By exploiting interference and resonant enhancement effects, we show that coherent-state probes in all-pass ring resonators can outperform any quantum probe single-pass strategy even when normalized by the mean input photon number. We also find that under optimal conditions coherent-state probes equal the performance of arbitrarily bright pure single-mode squeezed probes in all-pass ring resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Belsley
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
- Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - Euan J Allen
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Animesh Datta
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C F Matthews
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
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5
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Shi H, Cui J, Sulemana H, Wang W, Gao L. Protein detection based on rolling circle amplification sensors. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 36:842-848. [PMID: 33502072 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is an isothermal process under the action of DNA polymerases. Large-scale DNA templates have been generated using RCA for target detection. Some signal amplification strategies including optical sensors and electrochemical sensors based on RCA have been applied to achieve sensitive detection. Sensors based on RCA have attracted increasing interest. Advances in RCA-based sensors for protein detection are reviewed in this paper. The advantages and detection mechanisms of sensors based on RCA are revealed and discussed. Finally, possible challenges and future perspectives are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Shi
- P. E. Department of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jingjie Cui
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Wunian Wang
- P. E. Department of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Gao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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6
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Wang W, Yuan J, Jiang C. Applications of nanobodies in plant science and biotechnology. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:43-53. [PMID: 33037986 PMCID: PMC7547553 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Present review summarizes the current applications of nanobodies in plant science and biotechnology, including plant expression of nanobodies, plant biotechnological applications, nanobody-based immunodetection, and nanobody-mediated resistance against plant pathogens. Nanobodies (Nbs) are variable domains of heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAbs) isolated from camelids. In spite of their single domain structure, nanobodies display many unique features, such as small size, high stability, and cryptic epitopes accessibility, which make them ideal for sophisticated applications in plants and animals. In this review, we summarize the current applications of nanobodies in plant science and biotechnology, focusing on nanobody expression in plants, plant biotechnological applications, determination of plant toxins and pathogens, and nanobody-mediated resistance against plant pathogens. Prospects and challenges of nanobody applications in plants are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Wang
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Precision Medicine R&D Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jumao Yuan
- Precision Medicine R&D Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Changan Jiang
- Precision Medicine R&D Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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7
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Ye QC, Men C, Li YF, Liu JJ, Huang CZ, Zhen SJ. Catalytic hairpin assembly mediated liposome-encoded magnetic beads for signal amplification of peroxide test strip based point-of-care testing of ricin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14091-14094. [PMID: 33107866 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we propose a new peroxide test strip (PTS) based point-of-care testing (POCT) method to detect ricin B-chain qualitatively and quantitatively by using catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) mediated liposome-encoded magnetic beads for signal amplification. The sensitivity of this PTS based POCT method was improved significantly because it combined CHA signal amplification and liposome-based signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
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8
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Li Z, Zou J, Zhu H, Nguyen BTT, Shi Y, Liu PY, Bailey RC, Zhou J, Wang H, Yang Z, Jin Y, Yap PH, Cai H, Hao Y, Liu AQ. Biotoxoid Photonic Sensors with Temperature Insensitivity Using a Cascade of Ring Resonator and Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2448-2456. [PMID: 32666782 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The great advances in silicon photonic-sensing technology have made it an attractive platform for wide sensing applications. However, most silicon photonic-sensing platforms suffer from high susceptibility to the temperature fluctuation of an operating environment. Additional complex and costly chemical signal-enhancement strategies are usually required to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Here, a biotoxoid photonic sensor that is resistant to temperature fluctuation has been demonstrated. This novel sensor consists of a ring resonator coupled to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) readout unit. Instead of using costly wavelength interrogation, our photonic sensor directly measures the light intensity ratio between the two output ports of MZI. The temperature dependence (TD)-controlling section of the MZI is used to eliminate the adverse effects of ambient temperature fluctuation. The simulation and experimental results show a linear relationship between the interrogation function and the concentration of an analyte under operation conditions. The thermal drift of the proposed sensor is just 0.18%, which is a reduction of 567-fold for chemical sensing and 28-fold for immuno-biosensing compared to the conventional single-ring resonator. The SNR increases from 6.85 to 19.88 dB within a 2 °C temperature variation. The high SNR optical sensor promises great potential for amplification-free detection of nucleic acids and other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jun Zou
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Huihui Zhu
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Binh Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Patricia Yang Liu
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ryan C. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jin Zhou
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Wang
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhenchuan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yufeng Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Huat Yap
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Hong Cai
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Yilong Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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9
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Feldberg L, Schuster O, Elhanany E, Laskar O, Yitzhaki S, Gura S. Rapid and sensitive identification of ricin in environmental samples based on lactamyl agarose beads using LC-MS/MS (MRM). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4482. [PMID: 31782217 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ricin, a plant-derived toxin extracted from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor bean plant), is one of the most toxic proteins known. Ricin's high toxicity, widespread availability, and ease of its extraction make it a potential agent for bioterrorist attacks. Most ricin detection methods are based on immunoassays. These methods may suffer from low efficiency in matrices containing interfering substances, or from false positive results due to antibody cross reactivity, with highly homologous proteins. In this study, we have developed a simple, rapid, sensitive, and selective mass spectrometry assay, for the identification of ricin in complex environmental samples. This assay involves three main stages: (a) Ricin affinity capture by commercial lactamyl-agarose (LA) beads. (b) Tryptic digestion. (c) LC-MS/MS (MRM) analysis of tryptic fragments. The assay was validated using 60 diverse environmental samples such as soil, asphalt, and vegetation, taken from various geographic regions. The assay's selectivity was established in the presence of high concentrations of competing lectin interferences. Based on our findings, we have defined strict criteria for unambiguous identification of ricin. Our novel method, which combines affinity capture beads followed by MRM-based analysis, enabled the identification of 1 ppb ricin spiked into complex environmental matrices. This methodology has the potential to be extended for the identification of ricin in body fluids from individuals exposed (deliberately or accidentally) to the toxin, contaminated food or for the detection of the entire family of RIP-II toxins, by applying multiplex format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Feldberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofir Schuster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eytan Elhanany
- Department of Biochemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Orly Laskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shmuel Yitzhaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Sigalit Gura
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
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10
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Cardenosa-Rubio MC, Robison HM, Bailey RC. Recent advances in environmental and clinical analysis using microring resonator-based sensors. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2019; 10:38-46. [PMID: 31903443 PMCID: PMC6941741 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the development of biosensors has dramatically improved analytical techniques. Biosensors have advantages over more conventional analytical techniques arising from attributes such as straightforward analyses, higher throughput, miniaturization, smaller sample input, and lower cost. Microring optical resonators have emerged in the area of optical sensors as an exceptional choice due to their sensitivity, ease of fabrication, multiplexity capability and label-free detection. In this paper, the sensing principle of these sensors is described. In addition, we summarize and highlight their most recent and relevant applications in environmental and clinical detection analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Cardenosa-Rubio
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48104 U.S.A
| | - Heather M. Robison
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48104 U.S.A
| | - Ryan C. Bailey
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48104 U.S.A
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11
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Optical Biosensors Based on Silicon-On-Insulator Ring Resonators: A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030519. [PMID: 30709027 PMCID: PMC6384601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in optical biosensors based on integrated photonic devices are reviewed with a special emphasis on silicon-on-insulator ring resonators. The review is mainly devoted to the following aspects: (1) Principles of sensing mechanism, (2) sensor design, (3) biofunctionalization procedures for specific molecule detection and (4) system integration and measurement set-ups. The inherent challenges of implementing photonics-based biosensors to meet specific requirements of applications in medicine, food analysis, and environmental monitoring are discussed.
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12
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Li CH, Li RS, Li CM, Huang CZ, Zhen SJ. Precise ricin A-chain delivery by Golgi-targeting carbon dots. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6437-6440. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01599j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The as-prepared CDs–RTA conjugates exhibit enhanced internalization, improved stability against enzymatic digestion and an increased location rate of RTA to the ER, and thus much more RTA could translocate to the cytosol and ribosome to exert toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Rong Sheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Chun Mei Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Shu Jun Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
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13
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Katiyi A, Karabchevsky A. Si Nanostrip Optical Waveguide for On-Chip Broadband Molecular Overtone Spectroscopy in Near-Infrared. ACS Sens 2018; 3:618-623. [PMID: 29436815 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to probe the molecular fundamental or overtone (high harmonics) vibrations is fundamental to modern healthcare monitoring techniques and sensing technologies since it provides information about the molecular structure. However, since the absorption cross section of molecular vibration overtones is much smaller compared to the absorption cross section of fundamental vibrations, their detection is challenging. Here, a silicon nanostrip rib waveguide structure is proposed for label-free on-chip overtone spectroscopy in near-infrared (NIR). Utilizing the large refractive index contrast (Δ n > 2) between the silicon core of the waveguide and the silica substrate, a broadband NIR lightwave can be efficiently guided. We show that the sensitivity for chemical detection is increased by more than 3 orders of magnitude when compared to the evanescent-wave sensing predicted by the numerical model. This spectrometer distinguished several common organic liquids such as N-methylaniline and aniline precisely without any surface modification to the waveguide through the waveguide scanning over the absorption dips in the NIR transmission spectra. Planar NIR Si nanostrip waveguide is a compact sensor that can provide a platform for accurate chemical detection. Our NIR Si nanostrip rib waveguide device can enable the development of sensors for remote, on-site monitoring of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Katiyi
- Electrooptical Engineering Unit , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Center for Quantum Information Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alina Karabchevsky
- Electrooptical Engineering Unit , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Center for Quantum Information Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, David Ben Gurion Blvd, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Li CH, Xiao X, Tao J, Wang DM, Huang CZ, Zhen SJ. A graphene oxide-based strand displacement amplification platform for ricin detection using aptamer as recognition element. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:149-154. [PMID: 28006682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxic plant protein ricin is a potential agent for criminal or bioterrorist attacks due to the wide availability and relative ease of preparation. Herein, we developed a novel strategy for the detection of ricin B-chain (RTB) based on isothermal strand-displacement polymerase reaction (ISDPR) by using aptamer as a recognition element and graphene oxide (GO) as a low background platform. In this method, ricin-binding aptamer (RBA) hybridized with a short blocker firstly, and then was immobilized on the surface of streptavidin-coated magnetic beads (MBs). The addition of RTB could release the blocker, which could hybridize with the dye-modified hairpin probe and trigger the ISDPR, resulting in high fluorescence intensity. In the absence of RTB, however, the fluorescence of the dye could be quenched strongly by GO, resulting in the extremely low background signal. Thus, RTB could be sensitively detected by the significantly increased fluorescence signal. The linear range of the current analytical system was from 0.75μg/mL to 100μg/mL and the limit of detection (3σ) was 0.6μg/mL. This method has been successfully utilized for the detection of both the RTB and the entire ricin toxin in real samples, and it could be generalized to any kind of target detection based on an appropriate aptamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dong Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Shu Jun Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China.
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15
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Chocarro-Ruiz B, Fernández-Gavela A, Herranz S, Lechuga LM. Nanophotonic label-free biosensors for environmental monitoring. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 45:175-183. [PMID: 28458110 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The field of environmental monitoring has experienced a substantial progress in the last years but still the on-site control of contaminants is an elusive problem. In addition, the growing number of pollutant sources is accompanied by an increasing need of having efficient early warning systems. Several years ago biosensor devices emerged as promising environmental monitoring tools, but their level of miniaturization and their fully operation outside the laboratory prevented their use on-site. In the last period, nanophotonic biosensors based on evanescent sensing have emerged as an outstanding choice for portable point-of-care diagnosis thanks to their capability, among others, of miniaturization, multiplexing, label-free detection and integration in lab-on-chip platforms. This review covers the most relevant nanophotonic biosensors which have been proposed (including interferometric waveguides, grating-couplers, microcavity resonators, photonic crystals and localized surface plasmon resonance sensors) and their recent application for environmental surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Chocarro-Ruiz
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology and CIBER-BBN, Campus UAB, Ed-ICN2, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Fernández-Gavela
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology and CIBER-BBN, Campus UAB, Ed-ICN2, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Herranz
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology and CIBER-BBN, Campus UAB, Ed-ICN2, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura M Lechuga
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology and CIBER-BBN, Campus UAB, Ed-ICN2, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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TalebiFard S, Schmidt S, Shi W, Wu W, Jaeger NAF, Kwok E, Ratner DM, Chrostowski L. Optimized sensitivity of Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) strip waveguide resonator sensor. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:500-511. [PMID: 28270963 PMCID: PMC5330585 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Evanescent field sensors have shown promise for biological sensing applications. In particular, Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)-nano-photonic based resonator sensors have many advantages for lab-on-chip diagnostics, including high sensitivity for molecular detection and compatibility with CMOS foundries for high volume manufacturing. We have investigated the optimum design parameters within the fabrication constraints of Multi-Project Wafer (MPW) foundries that result in the highest sensitivity for a resonator sensor. We have demonstrated the optimum waveguide thickness needed to achieve the maximum bulk sensitivity with SOI-based resonator sensors to be 165 nm using the quasi-TM guided mode. The closest thickness offered by MPW foundry services is 150 nm. Therefore, resonators with 150 nm thick silicon waveguides were fabricated resulting in sensitivities as high as 270 nm/RIU, whereas a similar resonator sensor with a 220 nm thick waveguide demonstrated sensitivities of approximately 200 nm/RIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahba TalebiFard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4,
Canada
| | - Shon Schmidt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061 Seattle, WA 98195,
USA
| | - Wei Shi
- University of Laval 2325 Rue de l’Universite, Ville de Quebec, QC G1V 0A6,
Canada
| | - WenXuan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061 Seattle, WA 98195,
USA
| | - Nicolas A. F. Jaeger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4,
Canada
| | - Ezra Kwok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3,
Canada
| | - Daniel M. Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061 Seattle, WA 98195,
USA
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4,
Canada
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17
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Wade JH, Bailey RC. Applications of Optical Microcavity Resonators in Analytical Chemistry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:1-25. [PMID: 27049629 PMCID: PMC5818158 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Optical resonator sensors are an emerging class of analytical technologies that use recirculating light confined within a microcavity to sensitively measure the surrounding environment. Bolstered by advances in microfabrication, these devices can be configured for a wide variety of chemical or biomolecular sensing applications. We begin with a brief description of optical resonator sensor operation, followed by discussions regarding sensor design, including different geometries, choices of material systems, methods of sensor interrogation, and new approaches to sensor operation. Throughout, key developments are highlighted, including advancements in biosensing and other applications of optical sensors. We discuss the potential of alternative sensing mechanisms and hybrid sensing devices for more sensitive and rapid analyses. We conclude with our perspective on the future of optical microcavity sensors and their promise as versatile detection elements within analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Wade
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801;
| | - Ryan C Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801;
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18
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Exonuclease III-assisted graphene oxide amplified fluorescence anisotropy strategy for ricin detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:822-827. [PMID: 27295569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is an excellent fluorescence anisotropy (FA) amplifier. However, in the conventional GO amplified FA strategy, one target can only induce the FA change of one fluorophore on probe, which limits the detection sensitivity. Herein, we developed an exonuclease III (Exo III) aided GO amplified FA strategy by using aptamer as an recognition element and ricin B-chain as a proof-of-concept target. The aptamer was hybridized with a blocker sequence and linked onto the surface of magnetic beads (MBs). Upon the addition of ricin B-chain, blocker was released from the surface of MBs and hybridized with the dye-modified probe DNA on the surface of GO through the toehold-mediated strand exchange reaction. The formed blocker-probe DNA duplex triggered the Exo III-assisted cyclic signal amplification by repeating the hybridization and digestion of probe DNA, liberating the fluorophore with several nucleotides (low FA value). Thus, ricin B-chain could be sensitively detected by the significantly decreased FA. The linear range was from 1.0μg/mL to 13.3μg/mL and the limit of detection (LOD) was 400ng/mL. This method improved the sensitivity of FA assay and it could be generalized to any kind of target detection based on the use of an appropriate aptamer.
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19
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A biolayer interferometry-based assay for rapid and highly sensitive detection of biowarfare agents. Anal Biochem 2016; 506:22-7. [PMID: 27156814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biolayer interferometry (BLI) is an optical technique that uses fiber-optic biosensors for label-free real-time monitoring of protein-protein interactions. In this study, we coupled the advantages of the Octet Red BLI system (automation, fluidics-free, and on-line monitoring) with a signal enhancement step and developed a rapid and sensitive immunological-based method for detection of biowarfare agents. As a proof of concept, we chose to demonstrate the efficacy of this novel assay for the detection of agents representing two classes of biothreats, proteinaceous toxins, and bacterial pathogens: ricin, a lethal plant toxin, and the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia. The assay setup consisted of biotinylated antibodies immobilized to the biosensor coupled with alkaline phosphatase-labeled antibodies as the detection moiety to create nonsoluble substrate crystals that precipitate on the sensor surface, thereby inducing a significant wavelength interference. It was found that this BLI-based assay enables sensitive detection of these pathogens (detection limits of 10 pg/ml and 1 × 10(4) pfu/ml ricin and F. tularensis, respectively) within a very short time frame (17 min). Owing to its simplicity, this assay can be easily adapted to detect other analytes in general, and biowarfare agents in particular, in a rapid and sensitive manner.
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20
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An Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor Based on Gold-Magnetic Nanoparticles and Phage Displayed Antibodies. SENSORS 2016; 16:308. [PMID: 26927130 PMCID: PMC4813883 DOI: 10.3390/s16030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using the multiple advantages of the ultra-highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technique, Staphylococcus protein A (SPA) functionalized gold-magnetic nanoparticles and phage displayed antibodies, and using gold-magnetic nanoparticles coated with SPA and coupled with a polyclonal antibody (pcAb) as magnetic capturing probes, and Ru(bpy)32+-labeled phage displayed antibody as a specific luminescence probe, this study reports a new way to detect ricin with a highly sensitive and specific ECL immunosensor and amplify specific detection signals. The linear detection range of the sensor was 0.0001~200 µg/L, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.0001 µg/L, which is 2500-fold lower than that of the conventional ELISA technique. The gold-magnetic nanoparticles, SPA and Ru(bpy)32+-labeled phage displayed antibody displayed different amplifying effects in the ECL immunosensor and can decrease LOD 3-fold, 3-fold and 20-fold, respectively, compared with the ECL immunosensors without one of the three effects. The integrated amplifying effect can decrease the LOD 180-fold. The immunosensor integrates the unique advantages of SPA-coated gold-magnetic nanoparticles that improve the activity of the functionalized capturing probe, and the amplifying effect of the Ru(bpy)32+-labeled phage displayed antibodies, so it increases specificity, interference-resistance and decreases LOD. It is proven to be well suited for the analysis of trace amounts of ricin in various environmental samples with high recovery ratios and reproducibility.
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21
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Turner KB, Alves NJ, Medintz IL, Walper SA. Improving the targeting of therapeutics with single-domain antibodies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:561-70. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1133583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Valera E, McClellan MS, Bailey RC. Magnetically-actuated, bead-enhanced silicon photonic immunosensor. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:8539-8544. [PMID: 26528374 PMCID: PMC4627713 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay01477h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic actuation has been introduced to an optical immunosensor technology resulting in improvements in both rapidity and limit of detection for an assay quantitating low concentrations of a representative protein biomarker. For purposes of demonstration, an assay was designed for monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), a small cytokine which regulates migration and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages, and is an emerging biomarker for several diseases. The immunosensor is based on arrays of highly multiplexed silicon photonic microring resonators. A one-step sandwich immunoassay was performed and the signal was further enhanced through a tertiary recognition event between biotinylated tracer antibodies and streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. By integrating a magnet under the sensor chip, magnetic beads were rapidly directed towards the sensor surface resulting in improved assay performance metrics. Notably, the time required in the bead binding step was reduced by a factor of 11 (4 vs 45 min), leading to an overall decrease in assay time from 73 min to 32 min. The magnetically-actuated assay also lowered the limit of detection (LOD) for MCP-1 from 124 pg mL-1 down to 57 pg mL-1. In sum, the addition of magnetic actuation into bead-enhanced sandwich assays on a silicon photonic biosensor platform might facilitate improved detection of biomarkers in point-of-care diagnostics settings.
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23
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Valera E, Shia WW, Bailey RC. Development and validation of an immunosensor for monocyte chemotactic protein 1 using a silicon photonic microring resonator biosensing platform. Clin Biochem 2015; 49:121-6. [PMID: 26365696 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report the development of an optical immunosensor for the detection of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) in serum samples. MCP-1 is a cytokine that is an emerging biomarker for several diseases/disorders, including ischemic cardiomyopathy, fibromyalgia, and some cancers. DESIGN AND METHODS The detection of MCP-1 was achieved by performing a sandwich immunoassay on a silicon photonic microring resonator sensor platform. The resonance wavelengths supported by microring sensors are responsive to local changes in the environment accompanying biomarker binding. This technology offers a modularly multiplexable approach to detecting analyte localization in an antibody-antigen complex at the sensor surface. RESULTS The immunosensor allowed the rapid detection of MCP-1 in buffer and spiked human serum samples. An almost 2 order of magnitude linear range was observed, between 84.3 and 1582.1pg/mL and the limits of blank and detection were determined to be 0.3 and 0.5pg/mL, respectively. The platform's ability to analyze MCP-1 concentrations across a clinically-relevant concentration range was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS A silicon photonic immunosensor technology was applied to the detection of clinically-relevant concentrations of MCP-1. The performance of the sensor was validated through a broad dynamic range and across a number of suggested clinical cut-off values. Importantly, the intrinsic scalability and rapidity of the technology makes it readily amenable to the simultaneous detection of multiplexed biomarker panels, which is particularly needed for the clinical realization of inflammatory diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Valera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Winnie W Shia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Ryan C Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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24
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Foreman MR, Swaim JD, Vollmer F. Whispering gallery mode sensors. ADVANCES IN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS 2015; 7:168-240. [PMID: 26973759 PMCID: PMC4786191 DOI: 10.1364/aop.7.000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive overview of sensor technology exploiting optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances. After a short introduction we begin by detailing the fundamental principles and theory of WGMs in optical microcavities and the transduction mechanisms frequently employed for sensing purposes. Key recent theoretical contributions to the modeling and analysis of WGM systems are highlighted. Subsequently we review the state of the art of WGM sensors by outlining efforts made to date to improve current detection limits. Proposals in this vein are numerous and range, for example, from plasmonic enhancements and active cavities to hybrid optomechanical sensors, which are already working in the shot noise limited regime. In parallel to furthering WGM sensitivity, efforts to improve the time resolution are beginning to emerge. We therefore summarize the techniques being pursued in this vein. Ultimately WGM sensors aim for real-world applications, such as measurements of force and temperature, or alternatively gas and biosensing. Each such application is thus reviewed in turn, and important achievements are discussed. Finally, we adopt a more forward-looking perspective and discuss the outlook of WGM sensors within both a physical and biological context and consider how they may yet push the detection envelope further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Foreman
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Biosensing, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jon D. Swaim
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Biosensing, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Biosensing, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Gaylord ST, Dinh TL, Goldman ER, Anderson GP, Ngan KC, Walt DR. Ultrasensitive Detection of Ricin Toxin in Multiple Sample Matrixes Using Single-Domain Antibodies. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6570-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shonda T. Gaylord
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Trinh L. Dinh
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Ellen R. Goldman
- Center for Bio/Molecular
Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - George P. Anderson
- Center for Bio/Molecular
Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Kevin C. Ngan
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David R. Walt
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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26
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Diakite MLY, Rollin J, Jary D, Berthier J, Mourton-Gilles C, Sauvaire D, Philippe C, Delapierre G, Gidrol X. Point-of-care diagnostics for ricin exposure. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2308-2317. [PMID: 25892365 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A long-sought milestone in the defense against bioterrorism is the development of rapid, simple, and near-patient assays for diagnostic and theranostic purposes. Here, we present a powerful test based on a host response to a biological weapon agent, namely the ricin toxin. A signature for exposure to ricin was extracted and characterized in mice and then integrated into a plastic microfluidic cartridge. This enabled early diagnosis of exposure to ricin in mice using a drop of whole blood in less than 1 h and 30 min. The cartridge stores the reagents and implements all of the steps of the analysis, including mRNA extraction from a drop of blood, followed by tens of parallel RT-qPCR reactions. The simple and low-cost microfluidic cartridge developed here may find other applications in point-of-care diagnostics.
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27
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Bozza WP, Tolleson WH, Rivera Rosado LA, Zhang B. Ricin detection: Tracking active toxin. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:117-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Fard ST, Murray K, Caverley M, Donzella V, Flueckiger J, Grist SM, Huante-Ceron E, Schmidt SA, Kwok E, Jaeger NAF, Knights AP, Chrostowski L. Silicon-on-insulator sensors using integrated resonance-enhanced defect-mediated photodetectors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:28517-28529. [PMID: 25402094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.028517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A resonance-enhanced, defect-mediated, ring resonator photodetector has been implemented as a single unit biosensor on a silicon-on-insulator platform, providing a cost effective means of integrating ring resonator sensors with photodetectors for lab-on-chip applications. This method overcomes the challenge of integrating hybrid photodetectors on the chip. The demonstrated responsivity of the photodetector-sensor was 90 mA/W. Devices were characterized using refractive index modified solutions and showed sensitivities of 30 nm/RIU.
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29
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Fard ST, Donzella V, Schmidt SA, Flueckiger J, Grist SM, Talebi Fard P, Wu Y, Bojko RJ, Kwok E, Jaeger NAF, Ratner DM, Chrostowski L. Performance of ultra-thin SOI-based resonators for sensing applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:14166-79. [PMID: 24977515 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.014166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work presents simulation and experimental results of ultra-thin optical ring resonators, having larger Evanescent Field (EF) penetration depths, and therefore larger sensitivities, as compared to conventional Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)-based resonator sensors. Having higher sensitivities to the changes in the refractive indices of the cladding media is desirable for sensing applications, as the interactions of interest take place in this region. Using ultra-thin waveguides (<100 nm thick) shows promise to enhance sensitivity for both bulk and surface sensing, due to increased penetration of the EF into the cladding. In this work, the designs and characterization of ultra-thin resonator sensors, within the constraints of a multi-project wafer service that offers three waveguide thicknesses (90 nm, 150 nm, and 220 nm), are presented. These services typically allow efficient integration of biosensors with on-chip detectors, moving towards the implementation of lab-on-chip (LoC) systems. Also, higher temperature stability of ultra-thin resonator sensors were characterized and, in the presence of intentional environmental (temperature) fluctuations, were compared to standard transverse electric SOI-based resonator sensors.
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Lin PT, Kwok SW, Lin HYG, Singh V, Kimerling LC, Whitesides GM, Agarwal A. Mid-infrared spectrometer using opto-nanofluidic slot-waveguide for label-free on-chip chemical sensing. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:231-238. [PMID: 24328355 DOI: 10.1021/nl403817z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrometer for label-free on-chip chemical sensing was developed using an engineered nanofluidic channel consisting of a Si-liquid-Si slot-structure. Utilizing the large refractive index contrast (Δn ∼ 2) between the liquid core of the waveguide and the Si cladding, a broadband mid-IR lightwave can be efficiently guided and confined within a nanofluidic capillary (≤100 nm wide). The optical-field enhancement, together with the direct interaction between the probe light and the analyte, increased the sensitivity for chemical detection by 50 times when compared to evanescent-wave sensing. This spectrometer distinguished several common organic liquids (e.g., n-bromohexane, toluene, isopropanol) accurately and could determine the ratio of chemical species (e.g., acetonitrile and ethanol) at low concentration (<5 μL/mL) in a mixture through spectral scanning over their characteristic absorption peaks in the mid-IR regime. The combination of CMOS-compatible planar mid-IR microphotonics, and a high-throughput nanofluidic sensor system, provides a unique platform for chemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao Tai Lin
- Microphotonics Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Wade JH, Bailey RC. Refractive index-based detection of gradient elution liquid chromatography using chip-integrated microring resonator arrays. Anal Chem 2014; 86:913-9. [PMID: 24328221 PMCID: PMC3950336 DOI: 10.1021/ac4035828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Refractive index-based sensors offer attractive characteristics as nondestructive and universal detectors for liquid chromatographic separations, but a small dynamic range and sensitivity to minor thermal perturbations limit the utility of commercial RI detectors for many potential applications, especially those requiring the use of gradient elutions. As such, RI detectors find use almost exclusively in sample abundant, isocratic separations when interfaced with high-performance liquid chromatography. Silicon photonic microring resonators are refractive index-sensitive optical devices that feature good sensitivity and tremendous dynamic range. The large dynamic range of microring resonators allows the sensors to function across a wide spectrum of refractive indices, such as that encountered when moving from an aqueous to organic mobile phase during a gradient elution, a key analytical advantage not supported in commercial RI detectors. Microrings are easily configured into sensor arrays, and chip-integrated control microrings enable real-time corrections of thermal drift. Thermal controls allow for analyses at any temperature and, in the absence of rigorous temperature control, obviates extended detector equilibration wait times. Herein, proof of concept isocratic and gradient elution separations were performed using well-characterized model analytes (e.g., caffeine, ibuprofen) in both neat buffer and more complex sample matrices. These experiments demonstrate the ability of microring arrays to perform isocratic and gradient elutions under ambient conditions, avoiding two major limitations of commercial RI-based detectors and maintaining comparable bulk RI sensitivity. Further benefit may be realized in the future through selective surface functionalization to impart degrees of postcolumn (bio)molecular specificity at the detection phase of a separation. The chip-based and microscale nature of microring resonators also make it an attractive potential detection technology that could be integrated within lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic separation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Wade
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801
| | - Ryan C. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801
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Rocchetti A, Hawes C, Kriechbaumer V. Fluorescent labelling of the actin cytoskeleton in plants using a cameloid antibody. PLANT METHODS 2014; 10:12. [PMID: 24872838 PMCID: PMC4036722 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain members of the Camelidae family produce a special type of antibody with only one heavy chain. The antigen binding domains are the smallest functional fragments of these heavy-chain only antibodies and as a consequence have been termed nanobodies. Discovery of these nanobodies has allowed the development of a number of therapeutic proteins and tools. In this study a class of nanobodies fused to fluorescent proteins (chromobodies), and therefore allowing antigen-binding and visualisation by fluorescence, have been used. Such chromobodies can be expressed in living cells and used as genetically encoded immunocytochemical markers. RESULTS Here a modified version of the commercially available Actin-Chromobody® as a novel tool for visualising actin dynamics in tobacco leaf cells was tested. The actin-chromobody binds to actin in a specific manner. Treatment with latrunculin B, a drug which disrupts the actin cytoskeleton through inhibition of polymerisation results in loss of fluorescence after less than 30 min but this can be rapidly restored by washing out latrunculin B and thereby allowing the actin filaments to repolymerise. To test the effect of the actin-chromobody on actin dynamics and compare it to one of the conventional labelling probes, Lifeact, the effect of both probes on Golgi movement was studied as the motility of Golgi bodies is largely dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. With the actin-chromobody expressed in cells, Golgi body movement was slowed down but the manner of movement rather than speed was affected less than with Lifeact. CONCLUSIONS The actin-chromobody technique presented in this study provides a novel option for in vivo labelling of the actin cytoskeleton in comparison to conventionally used probes that are based on actin binding proteins. The actin-chromobody is particularly beneficial to study actin dynamics in plant cells as it does label actin without impairing dynamic movement and polymerisation of the actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Hawes
- Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Liang F, Clarke N, Patel P, Loncar M, Quan Q. Scalable photonic crystal chips for high sensitivity protein detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:32306-12. [PMID: 24514823 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.032306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Scalable microfabrication technology has enabled semiconductor and microelectronics industries, among other fields. Meanwhile, rapid and sensitive bio-molecule detection is increasingly important for drug discovery and biomedical diagnostics. In this work, we designed and demonstrated that photonic crystal sensor chips have high sensitivity for protein detection and can be mass-produced with scalable deep-UV lithography. We demonstrated label-free detection of carcinoembryonic antigen from pg/mL to μg/mL, with high quality factor photonic crystal nanobeam cavities.
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Biomolecular analysis with microring resonators: applications in multiplexed diagnostics and interaction screening. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:818-26. [PMID: 23871688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microring optical resonators are a promising class of sensor whose value in bioanalytical applications has only begun to be explored. Utilized in the telecommunication industry for signal processing applications, microring resonators have more recently been re-tasked for biosensing because of their scalability, sensitivity, and versatility. Their sensing modality arises from light/matter interactions--light propagating through the microring and the resultant evanescent field extending beyond the structure is sensitive to the refractive index of the local environment, which modulates resonant wavelength of light supported by the cavity. This sensing capability has recently been utilized for the detection of numerous biological targets including proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, and small molecules. Herein we highlight some of the most exciting recent uses of this technology for biosensing applications, with an eye towards future developments in the field.
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