1
|
Guttieres D, Diepvens C, Decouttere C, Vandaele N. Modeling Supply and Demand Dynamics of Vaccines against Epidemic-Prone Pathogens: Case Study of Ebola Virus Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:24. [PMID: 38250837 PMCID: PMC10819028 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Health emergencies caused by epidemic-prone pathogens (EPPs) have increased exponentially in recent decades. Although vaccines have proven beneficial, they are unavailable for many pathogens. Furthermore, achieving timely and equitable access to vaccines against EPPs is not trivial. It requires decision-makers to capture numerous interrelated factors across temporal and spatial scales, with significant uncertainties, variability, delays, and feedback loops that give rise to dynamic and unexpected behavior. Therefore, despite progress in filling R&D gaps, the path to licensure and the long-term viability of vaccines against EPPs continues to be unclear. This paper presents a quantitative system dynamics modeling framework to evaluate the long-term sustainability of vaccine supply under different vaccination strategies. Data from both literature and 50 expert interviews are used to model the supply and demand of a prototypical Ebolavirus Zaire (EBOV) vaccine. Specifically, the case study evaluates dynamics associated with proactive vaccination ahead of an outbreak of similar magnitude as the 2018-2020 epidemic in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The scenarios presented demonstrate how uncertainties (e.g., duration of vaccine-induced protection) and design criteria (e.g., priority geographies and groups, target coverage, frequency of boosters) lead to important tradeoffs across policy aims, public health outcomes, and feasibility (e.g., technical, operational, financial). With sufficient context and data, the framework provides a foundation to apply the model to a broad range of additional geographies and priority pathogens. Furthermore, the ability to identify leverage points for long-term preparedness offers directions for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Guttieres
- Access-to-Medicines Research Centre, Faculty of Economics & Business, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (C.D.); (C.D.); (N.V.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nelson EV, Ross SJ, Olejnik J, Hume AJ, Deeney DJ, King E, Grimins AO, Lyons SM, Cifuentes D, Mühlberger E. The 3' Untranslated Regions of Ebola Virus mRNAs Contain AU-Rich Elements Involved in Posttranscriptional Stabilization and Decay. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S488-S497. [PMID: 37551415 PMCID: PMC10651315 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of Ebola virus (EBOV) mRNAs are enriched in their AU content and therefore represent potential targets for RNA binding proteins targeting AU-rich elements (ARE-BPs). ARE-BPs are known to fine-tune RNA turnover and translational activity. We identified putative AREs within EBOV mRNA 3' UTRs and assessed whether they might modulate mRNA stability. Using mammalian and zebrafish embryo reporter assays, we show a conserved, ARE-BP-mediated stabilizing effect and increased reporter activity with the tested EBOV 3' UTRs. When coexpressed with the prototypic ARE-BP tristetraprolin (TTP, ZFP36) that mainly destabilizes its target mRNAs, the EBOV nucleoprotein (NP) 3' UTR resulted in decreased reporter gene activity. Coexpression of NP with TTP led to reduced NP protein expression and diminished EBOV minigenome activity. In conclusion, the enrichment of AU residues in EBOV 3' UTRs makes them possible targets for cellular ARE-BPs, leading to modulation of RNA stability and translational activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Nelson
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen J Ross
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith Olejnik
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dylan J Deeney
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily King
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Autumn O Grimins
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shawn M Lyons
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Cifuentes
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sprecher A, Cross R, Marzi A, Martins KA, Wolfe D, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF, Cihlar T, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Nyhuis T, Teicher C, Crozier I, Strong J, Kobinger G, Woolsey C, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H, Muyembe JJ. Perspectives on Advancing Countermeasures for Filovirus Disease: Report From a Multisector Meeting. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S474-S478. [PMID: 37596837 PMCID: PMC10651188 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are now approved treatments and vaccines for Ebola virus disease, the case fatality rate remains unacceptably high even when patients are treated with the newly approved therapeutics. Furthermore, these countermeasures are not expected to be effective against disease caused by other filoviruses. A meeting of subject-matter experts was held during the 10th International Filovirus Symposium to discuss strategies to address these gaps. Several investigational therapeutics, vaccine candidates, and combination strategies were presented. The greatest challenge was identified to be the implementation of well-designed clinical trials of safety and efficacy during filovirus disease outbreaks. Preparing for this will require agreed-upon common protocols for trials intended to bridge multiple outbreaks across all at-risk countries. A multinational research consortium including at-risk countries would be an ideal mechanism to negotiate agreement on protocol design and coordinate preparation. Discussion participants recommended a follow-up meeting be held in Africa to establish such a consortium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Karen A Martins
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Daniel Wolfe
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Republic of the Congo
- Kinshasa Teaching Hospital, School of Medicine, Kinshasa University, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Tara Nyhuis
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California
| | | | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Program Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Jim Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Republic of the Congo
- Kinshasa Teaching Hospital, School of Medicine, Kinshasa University, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Viruses in the family Filoviridae, including the commonly known Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses, can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Sporadic outbreaks of filovirus disease occur in sub-Saharan Africa with reported case fatality rates ranging from 25% to 90%. The high mortality and increasing frequency and magnitude of recent outbreaks along with the increased potential for spread from rural to urban areas highlight the importance of pandemic preparedness for these viruses. Despite their designation as high-priority pathogens, numerous scientific gaps exist in critical areas. In this review, these gaps and an assessment of potential prototype pathogen candidates are presented for this important virus family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley C Dupuy
- Virology Branch, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Widerspick L, Steffen JF, Tappe D, Muñoz-Fontela C. Animal Model Alternatives in Filovirus and Bornavirus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:158. [PMID: 36680198 PMCID: PMC9863967 DOI: 10.3390/v15010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Mononegavirales contains a variety of highly pathogenic viruses that may infect humans, including the families Filoviridae, Bornaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabodoviridae. Animal models have historically been important to study virus pathogenicity and to develop medical countermeasures. As these have inherent shortcomings, the rise of microphysiological systems and organoids able to recapitulate hallmarks of the diseases caused by these viruses may have enormous potential to add to or partially replace animal modeling in the future. Indeed, microphysiological systems and organoids are already used in the pharmaceutical R&D pipeline because they are prefigured to overcome the translational gap between model systems and clinical studies. Moreover, they may serve to alleviate ethical concerns related to animal research. In this review, we discuss the value of animal model alternatives in human pathogenic filovirus and bornavirus research. The current animal models and their limitations are presented followed by an overview of existing alternatives, such as organoids and microphysiological systems, which might help answering open research questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Widerspick
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Khayatan D, Samani N, Eskandari Rad N, Mortazavi M, Abdolghaffari AH, Momtaz S. Management of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Intervention of Natural and Synthetic Products. Mini Rev Med Chem 2023; 23:1575-1589. [PMID: 36733245 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230202111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of clinical syndromes caused by several different RNA virus families, including several members of the arenavirus, bunyavirus, filovirus, and flavivirus families. VHFs have high mortality rates, and they have been associated with vascular permeability, malaise, fever, variable degrees of hemorrhage, reduced plasma volume, and coagulation abnormalities. To treat such conditions, antigen-presenting cells target dysregulated immune reactions and productive infections. Monocytes and macrophages produce inflammatory cytokines that damage adaptive immunity, while infected dendritic cells fail to mature correctly, compromising adaptive immunity. Inflammation and uncontrolled virus replication are associated with vascular leakage and coagulopathy. OBJECTIVE VHF infects both humans and animals and if not treated, causes hemorrhagic manifestations and lethal platelet dysfunction. Besides pharmacological and immunological solutions, the intervention of natural products for VHF management is of great interest. In this review, we gathered current data about the effectiveness of natural products for VHF management. METHODS Data were extracted from Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane library in terms of clinical and animal studies published in English between 1981 to February 2022. RESULTS Several plants from diverse families and species were identified with antiviral activity against VHF. The combination of botanical therapeutics and multitarget synergistic therapeutic effects is now the widely accepted explanation for the treatment of VHF. Most of these herbal therapeutics have shown promising immunomodulatory effects in vivo and in vitro VHF models. They can probably modulate the immune system in VHF-infected subjects mainly by interfering with certain inflammatory mediators involved in various infectious diseases. CONCLUSION Natural, in particular, herbal sources can be valuable for the management of various VHFs and their related complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Danial Khayatan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Samani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Eskandari Rad
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mortazavi
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Williams CA, Wong TAS, Ball AH, Lieberman MM, Lehrer AT. Maternal Immunization Using a Protein Subunit Vaccine Mediates Passive Immunity against Zaire ebolavirus in a Murine Model. Viruses 2022; 14:2784. [PMID: 36560788 PMCID: PMC9785068 DOI: 10.3390/v14122784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus has caused outbreaks in Central and West Africa, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Clinical trials of recombinant virally vectored vaccines did not explicitly include pregnant or nursing women, resulting in a gap in knowledge of vaccine-elicited maternal antibody and its potential transfer. The role of maternal antibody in Ebola virus disease and vaccination remains understudied. Here, we demonstrate that a protein subunit vaccine can elicit robust humoral responses in pregnant mice, which are transferred to pups in breastmilk. These findings indicate that an intramuscular protein subunit vaccine may elicit Ebola-specific IgG capable of being transferred across the placenta as well as into the breastmilk. We have previously shown protective efficacy with these vaccines in non-human primates, offering a potential safe and practical alternative to recombinant virally vectored vaccines for pregnant and nursing women in Ebola endemic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Axel T. Lehrer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang B, Zhang J, Liu X, Chai Q, Lu X, Yao X, Yang Z, Sun L, Johnson SF, Schwartz RC, Zheng YH. Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) negatively regulate ebolavirus structural glycoprotein expression in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Autophagy 2022; 18:2350-2367. [PMID: 35130104 PMCID: PMC9542513 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2031381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates with high morbidity and mortality. EBOV infection is dependent on its structural glycoprotein (GP), but high levels of GP expression also trigger cell rounding, detachment, and downregulation of many surface molecules that is thought to contribute to its high pathogenicity. Thus, EBOV has evolved an RNA editing mechanism to reduce its GP expression and increase its fitness. We now report that the GP expression is also suppressed at the protein level in cells by protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). Although PDIs promote oxidative protein folding by catalyzing correct disulfide formation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), PDIA3/ERp57 adversely triggered the GP misfolding by targeting GP cysteine residues and activated the unfolded protein response (UPR). Abnormally folded GP was targeted by ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) machinery and, unexpectedly, was degraded via the macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosomal pathway, but not the proteasomal pathway. PDIA3 also decreased the GP expression from other ebolavirus species but increased the GP expression from Marburg virus (MARV), which is consistent with the observation that MARV-GP does not cause cell rounding and detachment, and MARV does not regulate its GP expression via RNA editing during infection. Furthermore, five other PDIs also had a similar inhibitory activity to EBOV-GP. Thus, PDIs negatively regulate ebolavirus glycoprotein expression, which balances the viral life cycle by maximizing their infection but minimizing their cellular effect. We suggest that ebolaviruses hijack the host protein folding and ERAD machinery to increase their fitness via reticulophagy during infection.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; 4-PBA: 4-phenylbutyrate; ACTB: β-actin; ATF: activating transcription factor; ATG: autophagy-related; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BDBV: Bundibugyo ebolavirus; CALR: calreticulin; CANX: calnexin; CHX: cycloheximide; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; ConA: concanamycin A; CRISPR: clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Cas9: CRISPR-associated protein 9; dsRNA: double-stranded RNA; EBOV: Zaire ebolavirus; EDEM: ER degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase like protein; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; Env: envelope glycoprotein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated protein degradation; ERN1/IRE1: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; GP: glycoprotein; HA: hemagglutinin; HDAC6: histone deacetylase 6; HMM: high-molecular-mass; HIV-1: human immunodeficiency virus type 1; HSPA5/BiP: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; IAV: influenza A virus; IP: immunoprecipitation; KIF: kifenesine; Lac: lactacystin; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; MAN1B1/ERManI: mannosidase alpha class 1B member 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MARV: Marburg virus; MLD: mucin-like domain; NHK/SERPINA1: alpha1-antitrypsin variant null (Hong Kong); NTZ: nitazoxanide; PDI: protein disulfide isomerase; RAVV: Ravn virus; RESTV: Reston ebolavirus; SARS-CoV: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SBOV: Sudan ebolavirus; sGP: soluble GP; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ssGP: small soluble GP; TAFV: Taï Forest ebolavirus; TIZ: tizoxanide; TGN: thapsigargin; TLD: TXN (thioredoxin)-like domain; Ub: ubiquitin; UPR: unfolded protein response; VLP: virus-like particle; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; WB: Western blotting; WT: wild-type; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- MSD (Ningbo) Animal Health Technology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qingqing Chai
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiaoran Lu
- CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yao
- CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhichang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Silas F. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard C Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Yong-Hui Zheng
- CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hayward JA, Tachedjian M, Johnson A, Irving AT, Gordon TB, Cui J, Nicolas A, Smith I, Boyd V, Marsh GA, Baker ML, Wang LF, Tachedjian G. Unique Evolution of Antiviral Tetherin in Bats. J Virol 2022;:e0115222. [PMID: 36173189 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are recognized as important reservoirs of viruses deadly to other mammals, including humans. These infections are typically nonpathogenic in bats, raising questions about host response differences that might exist between bats and other mammals. Tetherin is a restriction factor which inhibits the release of a diverse range of viruses from host cells, including retroviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses, and paramyxoviruses, some of which are deadly to humans and transmitted by bats. Here, we characterize the tetherin genes from 27 bat species, revealing that they have evolved under strong selective pressure, and that fruit bats and vesper bats express unique structural variants of the tetherin protein. Tetherin was widely and variably expressed across fruit bat tissue types and upregulated in spleen tissue when stimulated with Toll-like receptor agonists. The expression of two computationally predicted splice isoforms of fruit bat tetherin was verified. We identified an additional third unique splice isoform which includes a C-terminal region that is not homologous to known mammalian tetherin variants but was functionally capable of restricting the release of filoviral virus-like particles. We also report that vesper bats possess and express at least five tetherin genes, including structural variants, more than any other mammal reported to date. These findings support the hypothesis of differential antiviral gene evolution in bats relative to other mammals. IMPORTANCE Bats are an important host of various viruses which are deadly to humans and other mammals but do not cause outward signs of illness in bats. Furthering our understanding of the unique features of the immune system of bats will shed light on how they tolerate viral infections, potentially informing novel antiviral strategies in humans and other animals. This study examines the antiviral protein tetherin, which prevents viral particles from escaping their host cell. Analysis of tetherin from 27 bat species reveals that it is under strong evolutionary pressure, and we show that multiple bat species have evolved to possess more tetherin genes than other mammals, some of which encode structurally unique tetherins capable of activity against different viral particles. These data suggest that bat tetherin plays a potentially broad and important role in the management of viral infections in bats.
Collapse
|
10
|
Qavi AJ, Meserve K, Aman MJ, Vu H, Zeitlin L, Dye JM, Froude JW, Leung DW, Yang L, Holtsberg FW, Bailey RC, Amarasinghe GK. Rapid detection of an Ebola biomarker with optical microring resonators. Cell Rep Methods 2022; 2:100234. [PMID: 35784644 PMCID: PMC9243524 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a highly infectious pathogen, with a case mortality rate as high as 89%. Rapid therapeutic treatments and supportive measures can drastically improve patient outcome; however, the symptoms of EBOV disease (EVD) lack specificity from other endemic diseases. Given the high mortality and significant symptom overlap, there is a critical need for sensitive, rapid diagnostics for EVD. Facile diagnosis of EVD remains a challenge. Here, we describe a rapid and sensitive diagnostic for EVD through microring resonator sensors in conjunction with a unique biomarker of EBOV infection, soluble glycoprotein (sGP). Microring resonator sensors detected sGP in under 40 min with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1.00 ng/mL in serum. Furthermore, we validated our assay with the detection of sGP in serum from EBOV-infected non-human primates. Our results demonstrate the utility of a high-sensitivity diagnostic platform for detection of sGP for diagnosis of EVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Qavi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Krista Meserve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - M. Javad Aman
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Hong Vu
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John M. Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Froude
- United States Army Nuclear and Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - Ryan C. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
New emerging viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Filoviridae families are serious threats to public health and represent a global concern. The surveillance to monitor the emergence of new viruses and their transmission is an important target for public health authorities. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an excellent example of a pathogen able to cause a pandemic. In a few months, SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally from China, and it has become a world health problem. Gammadelta (γδ) T cell are sentinels of innate immunity and are able to protect the host from viral infections. They enrich many tissues, such as the skin, intestines, and lungs where they can sense and fight the microbes, thus contributing to the protective immune response. γδ T cells perform their direct antiviral activity by cytolytic and non-cytolytic mechanisms against a wide range of viruses, and they are able to orchestrate the cellular interplay between innate and acquired immunity. For their pleiotropic features, γδ T cells have been proposed as a target for immunotherapies in both cancer and viral infections. In this review, we analyzed the role of γδ T cells in emerging viral infections to define the profile of the response and to better depict their role in the host protection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hargreaves A, Brady C, Mellors J, Tipton T, Carroll MW, Longet S. Filovirus Neutralising Antibodies: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091201. [PMID: 34578233 PMCID: PMC8468515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, especially Ebola virus, cause sporadic outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever with very high case fatality rates in Africa. The 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa provided large survivor cohorts spurring a large number of human studies which showed that specific neutralising antibodies played a key role in protection following a natural Ebola virus infection, as part of the overall humoral response and in conjunction with the cellular adaptive response. This review will discuss the studies in survivors and animal models which described protective neutralising antibody response. Their mechanisms of action will be detailed. Furthermore, the importance of neutralising antibodies in antibody-based therapeutics and in vaccine-induced responses will be explained, as well as the strategies to avoid immune escape from neutralising antibodies. Understanding the neutralising antibody response in the context of filoviruses is crucial to furthering our understanding of virus structure and function, in addition to improving current vaccines & antibody-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hargreaves
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Caolann Brady
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Jack Mellors
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-18-6561-7892
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bane S, Rosenke K, Maiga O, Feldmann F, Meade-White K, Callison J, Safronetz D, Sogoba N, Feldmann H. Ebola Virus IgG Seroprevalence in Southern Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1681-1684. [PMID: 34013879 PMCID: PMC8153881 DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.203510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mali had 2 reported introductions of Ebola virus (EBOV) during the 2013–2016 West Africa epidemic. Previously, no evidence for EBOV circulation was reported in Mali. We performed an EBOV serosurvey study in southern Mali. We found low seroprevalence in the population, indicating local exposure to EBOV or closely related ebola viruses.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mantlo EK, Paessler S, Seregin A, Mitchell A. Luminore CopperTouch Surface Coating Effectively Inactivates SARS-CoV-2, Ebola Virus, and Marburg Virus In Vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0139020. [PMID: 33903111 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01390-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the ability of Luminore CopperTouch copper and copper-nickel surfaces to inactivate filoviruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The copper and copper-nickel surfaces inactivated 99.9% of Ebola and Marburg viruses after 30 min, and the copper surfaces inactivated 99% of SARS-CoV-2 in 2 h. These data reveal that Ebola virus, Marburg virus, and SARS-CoV-2 are inactivated by exposure to copper ions, validating Luminore CopperTouch as an efficacious tool for infection control.
Collapse
|
15
|
Murin CD, Gilchuk P, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Kuzmina N, Shen X, Bruhn JF, Bryan AL, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Williamson LE, Copps J, Alkutkar T, Flyak AI, Bukreyev A, Crowe JE Jr, Ward AB. Convergence of a common solution for broad ebolavirus neutralization by glycan cap-directed human antibodies. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108984. [PMID: 33852862 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target the glycan cap epitope on the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) are common in the adaptive response of survivors. A subset is known to be broadly neutralizing, but the details of their epitopes and basis for neutralization are not well understood. Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of diverse glycan cap antibodies that variably synergize with GP base-binding antibodies. These structures describe a conserved site of vulnerability that anchors the mucin-like domains (MLDs) to the glycan cap, which we call the MLD anchor and cradle. Antibodies that bind to the MLD cradle share common features, including use of IGHV1–69 and IGHJ6 germline genes, which exploit hydrophobic residues and form β-hairpin structures to mimic the MLD anchor, disrupt MLD attachment, destabilize GP quaternary structure, and block cleavage events required for receptor binding. Our results provide a molecular basis for ebolavirus neutralization by broadly reactive glycan cap antibodies. A rare subset of ebolavirus antibodies targeting the glycan cap are broadly neutralizing. Murin et al. report cryo-EM structures and custom in vitro assays identifying a conserved site of vulnerability in the glycan cap and detail mechanisms of action, including structural mimicry, trimer instability, and blocking cleavage.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pawęska JT, Storm N, Markotter W, Di Paola N, Wiley MR, Palacios G, Jansen van Vuren P. Shedding of Marburg Virus in Naturally Infected Egyptian Rousette Bats, South Africa, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:3051-3055. [PMID: 33219802 PMCID: PMC7706944 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.202108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected Marburg virus RNA in rectal swab samples from Egyptian rousette bats in South Africa in 2017. This finding signifies that fecal contamination of natural bat habitats is a potential source of infection for humans. Identified genetic sequences are closely related to Ravn virus, implying wider distribution of Marburg virus in Africa.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rghei AD, van Lieshout LP, Santry LA, Guilleman MM, Thomas SP, Susta L, Karimi K, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. AAV Vectored Immunoprophylaxis for Filovirus Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5040169. [PMID: 33182447 PMCID: PMC7709665 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses are among the deadliest infectious agents known to man, causing severe hemorrhagic fever, with up to 90% fatality rates. The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa resulted in over 28,000 infections, demonstrating the large-scale human health and economic impact generated by filoviruses. Zaire ebolavirus is responsible for the greatest number of deaths to date and consequently there is now an approved vaccine, Ervebo, while other filovirus species have similar epidemic potential and remain without effective vaccines. Recent clinical success of REGN-EB3 and mAb-114 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapies supports further investigation of this treatment approach for other filoviruses. While efficacious, protection from passive mAb therapies is short-lived, requiring repeat dosing to maintain therapeutic concentrations. An alternative strategy is vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP), which utilizes an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to generate sustained expression of selected mAbs directly in vivo. This approach takes advantage of validated mAb development and enables vectorization of the top candidates to provide long-term immunity. In this review, we summarize the history of filovirus outbreaks, mAb-based therapeutics, and highlight promising AAV vectorized approaches to providing immunity against filoviruses where vaccines are not yet available.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mantlo EK, Paessler S, Seregin A, Mitchell A. Luminore CopperTouch™ surface coating effectively inactivates SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Marburg viruses in vitro. medRxiv 2020:2020.07.05.20146043. [PMID: 32699857 PMCID: PMC7373145 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.05.20146043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of Luminore CopperTouch™ copper and copper-nickel surfaces to inactivate filoviruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). For this purpose, we compared viral titers in Vero cells from viral droplets exposed to copper surfaces for 30 min. The copper and copper-nickel surfaces inactivated 99.9% of the viral titer of both Ebola and Marburg viruses. The copper surfaces also inactivated 99% of SARS-CoV-2 titers in 2 hours to close to the limit of detection. These data add Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) to the list of pathogens that can be inactivated by exposure to copper ions, validating Luminore CopperTouch™ technology (currently the only Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]-registered cold spray antimicrobial surface technology) as an efficacious, cost-friendly tool to improve infection control in hospitals, long-term care facilities, schools, hotels, buses, trains, airports, and other highly trafficked areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alfred Mitchell
- Luminore CopperTouch, Carlsbad, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to: Alfred Mitchell, MD, 2060 Space Park Drive, Suite 100, Nassau Bay, TX, 77058, 281-381-8576,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Prasad AN, Ronk AJ, Widen SG, Wood TG, Basler CF, Bukreyev A. Ebola Virus Produces Discrete Small Noncoding RNAs Independently of the Host MicroRNA Pathway Which Lack RNA Interference Activity in Bat and Human Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:e01441-19. [PMID: 31852785 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01441-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The question as to whether RNA viruses produce bona fide microRNAs (miRNAs) during infection has been the focus of intense research and debate. Recently, several groups using computational prediction methods have independently reported possible miRNA candidates produced by Ebola virus (EBOV). Additionally, efforts to detect these predicted RNA products in samples from infected animals and humans have produced positive results. However, these studies and their conclusions are predicated on the assumption that these RNA products are actually processed through, and function within, the miRNA pathway. In the present study, we performed the first rigorous assessment of the ability of filoviruses to produce miRNA products during infection of both human and bat cells. Using next-generation sequencing, we detected several candidate miRNAs from both EBOV and the closely related Marburg virus (MARV). Focusing our validation efforts on EBOV, we found evidence contrary to the idea that these small RNA products function as miRNAs. The results of our study are important because they highlight the potential pitfalls of relying on computational methods alone for virus miRNA discovery.IMPORTANCE Here, we report the discovery, via deep sequencing, of numerous noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) derived from both EBOV and MARV during infection of both bat and human cell lines. In addition to identifying several novel ncRNAs from both viruses, we identified two EBOV ncRNAs in our sequencing data that were near-matches to computationally predicted viral miRNAs reported in the literature. Using molecular and immunological techniques, we assessed the potential of EBOV ncRNAs to function as viral miRNAs. Importantly, we found little evidence supporting this hypothesis. Our work is significant because it represents the first rigorous assessment of the potential for EBOV to encode viral miRNAs and provides evidence contrary to the existing paradigm regarding the biological role of computationally predicted EBOV ncRNAs. Moreover, our work highlights further avenues of research regarding the nature and function of EBOV ncRNAs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Manhart WA, Pacheco JR, Hume AJ, Cressey TN, Deflubé LR, Mühlberger E. A Chimeric Lloviu Virus Minigenome System Reveals that the Bat-Derived Filovirus Replicates More Similarly to Ebolaviruses than Marburgviruses. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2573-2580.e4. [PMID: 30184492 PMCID: PMC6159894 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, traces of zoonotic viruses have been discovered in bats and other species around the world, but despite repeated attempts, full viral genomes have not been rescued. The absence of critical genetic sequences from these viruses and the difficulties to isolate infectious virus from specimens prevent research on their pathogenic potential for humans. One example of these zoonotic pathogens is Lloviu virus (LLOV), a filovirus that is closely related to Ebola virus. Here, we established LLOV minigenome systems based on sequence complementation from other filoviruses. Our results show that the LLOV replication and transcription mechanisms are, in general, more similar to ebolaviruses than to marburgviruses. We also show that a single nucleotide at the 3' genome end determines species specificity of the LLOV polymerase. The data obtained here will be instrumental for the rescue of infectious LLOV clones for pathogenesis studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Manhart
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer R Pacheco
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tessa N Cressey
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Laure R Deflubé
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hume AJ, Mühlberger E. Distinct Genome Replication and Transcription Strategies within the Growing Filovirus Family. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4290-4320. [PMID: 31260690 PMCID: PMC6879820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on filoviruses has historically focused on the highly pathogenic ebola- and marburgviruses. Indeed, until recently, these were the only two genera in the filovirus family. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have facilitated the discovery of not only a new ebolavirus, but also three new filovirus genera and a sixth proposed genus. While two of these new genera are similar to the ebola- and marburgviruses, the other two, discovered in saltwater fishes, are considerably more diverse. Nonetheless, these viruses retain a number of key features of the other filoviruses. Here, we review the key characteristics of filovirus replication and transcription, highlighting similarities and differences between the viruses. In particular, we focus on key regulatory elements in the genomes, replication and transcription strategies, and the conservation of protein domains and functions among the viruses. In addition, using computational analyses, we were able to identify potential homology and functions for some of the genes of the novel filoviruses with previously unknown functions. Although none of the newly discovered filoviruses have yet been isolated, initial studies of some of these viruses using minigenome systems have yielded insights into their mechanisms of replication and transcription. In general, the Cuevavirus and proposed Dianlovirus genera appear to follow the transcription and replication strategies employed by the ebola- and marburgviruses, respectively. While our knowledge of the fish filoviruses is currently limited to sequence analysis, the lack of certain conserved motifs and even entire genes necessitates that they have evolved distinct mechanisms of replication and transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stantchev TS, Zack-Taylor A, Mattson N, Strebel K, Broder CC, Clouse KA. Cytokine Effects on the Entry of Filovirus Envelope Pseudotyped Virus-Like Particles into Primary Human Macrophages. Viruses 2019; 11:E889. [PMID: 31547585 DOI: 10.3390/v11100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the first and also a major site of filovirus replication and, in addition, are a source of multiple cytokines, presumed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the viral infection. Some of these cytokines are known to induce macrophage phenotypic changes in vitro, but how macrophage polarization may affect the cell susceptibility to filovirus entry remains largely unstudied. We generated different macrophage subsets using cytokine pre-treatment and subsequently tested their ability to fuse with beta-lactamase containing virus-like particles (VLP), pseudotyped with the surface glycoprotein of Ebola virus (EBOV) or the glycoproteins of other clinically relevant filovirus species. We found that pre-incubation of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) with interleukin-10 (IL-10) significantly enhanced filovirus entry into cells obtained from multiple healthy donors, and the IL-10 effect was preserved in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines found to be elevated during EBOV disease. In contrast, fusion of IL-10-treated macrophages with influenza hemagglutinin/neuraminidase pseudotyped VLPs was unchanged or slightly reduced. Importantly, our in vitro data showing enhanced virus entry are consistent with the correlation established between elevated serum IL-10 and increased mortality in filovirus infected patients and also reveal a novel mechanism that may account for the IL-10-mediated increase in filovirus pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Filoviruses cause outbreaks which lead to high fatality in humans and non-human primates, thus tagging them as major threats to public health and species conservation. In this review, we give account of index cases responsible for filovirus disease outbreaks that have occurred over the past 52 years in a chronological fashion, by describing the circumstances that led to the outbreaks, and how each of the outbreaks broke out. Since the discovery of Marburg virus and Ebola virus in 1967 and 1976, respectively, more than 40 filovirus disease outbreaks have been reported; majority of which have occurred in Africa. The chronological presentation of this review is to provide a concise overview of filovirus disease outbreaks since the discovery of the viruses, and highlight the patterns in the occurrence of the outbreaks. This review will help researchers to better appreciate the need for surveillance, especially in areas where there have been no filovirus disease outbreaks. We conclude by summarizing some recommendations that have been proposed by health and policy decision makers over the years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Languon
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advance Study (STIAS), Stellenbosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Marburgviruses are closely related to ebolaviruses and cause a devastating disease in humans. In 2012, we published a comprehensive review of the first 45 years of research on marburgviruses and the disease they cause, ranging from molecular biology to ecology. Spurred in part by the deadly Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2013-2016, research on all filoviruses has intensified. Not meant as an introduction to marburgviruses, this article instead provides a synopsis of recent progress in marburgvirus research with a particular focus on molecular biology, advances in animal modeling, and the use of Egyptian fruit bats in infection experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Stewart CM, Dorion SS, Ottenbrite MAF, LeBlond ND, Smith TKT, Qiu S, Fullerton MD, Kobasa D, Côté M. A Diacylglycerol Kinase Inhibitor, R-59-022, Blocks Filovirus Internalization in Host Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:E206. [PMID: 30832223 DOI: 10.3390/v11030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, such as Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus, are causative agents of unpredictable outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates. For infection, filoviral particles need to be internalized and delivered to intracellular vesicles containing cathepsin proteases and the viral receptor Niemann-Pick C1. Previous studies have shown that EBOV triggers macropinocytosis of the viral particles in a glycoprotein (GP)-dependent manner, but the molecular events required for filovirus internalization remain mostly unknown. Here we report that the diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor, R-59-022, blocks EBOV GP-mediated entry into Vero cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages. Investigation of the mode of action of the inhibitor revealed that it blocked an early step in entry, more specifically, the internalization of the viral particles via macropinocytosis. Finally, R-59-022 blocked viral entry mediated by a panel of pathogenic filovirus GPs and inhibited growth of replicative Ebola virus. Taken together, our studies suggest that R-59-022 could be used as a tool to investigate macropinocytic uptake of filoviruses and could be a starting point for the development of pan-filoviral therapeutics.
Collapse
|
26
|
Zinzula L, Nagy I, Orsini M, Weyher-Stingl E, Bracher A, Baumeister W. Structures of Ebola and Reston Virus VP35 Oligomerization Domains and Comparative Biophysical Characterization in All Ebolavirus Species. Structure 2018; 27:39-54.e6. [PMID: 30482729 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional virion protein 35 (VP35) of ebolaviruses is a critical determinant of virulence and pathogenesis indispensable for viral replication and host innate immune evasion. Essential for VP35 function is homo-oligomerization via a coiled-coil motif. Here we report crystal structures of VP35 oligomerization domains from the prototypic Ebola virus (EBOV) and the non-pathogenic Reston virus (RESTV), together with a comparative biophysical characterization of the domains from all known species of the Ebolavirus genus. EBOV and RESTV VP35 oligomerization domains form bipartite parallel helix bundles with a canonical coiled coil in the N-terminal half and increased plasticity in the highly conserved C-terminal half. The domain assembles into trimers and tetramers in EBOV, whereas it exclusively forms tetramers in all other ebolavirus species. Substitution of coiled-coil leucine residues critical for immune antagonism leads to aberrant oligomerization. A conserved arginine involved in inter-chain salt bridges stabilizes the VP35 oligomerization domain and modulates between coiled-coil oligomeric states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zinzula
- The Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - István Nagy
- The Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Orsini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Weyher-Stingl
- The Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Core Facility, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Bracher
- The Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- The Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Laing ED, Mendenhall IH, Linster M, Low DHW, Chen Y, Yan L, Sterling SL, Borthwick S, Neves ES, Lim JSL, Skiles M, Lee BPYH, Wang LF, Broder CC, Smith GJD. Serologic Evidence of Fruit Bat Exposure to Filoviruses, Singapore, 2011-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:114-117. [PMID: 29260678 PMCID: PMC5749470 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.170401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether fruit bats in Singapore have been exposed to filoviruses, we screened 409 serum samples from bats of 3 species by using a multiplex assay that detects antibodies against filoviruses. Positive samples reacted with glycoproteins from Bundibugyo, Ebola, and Sudan viruses, indicating filovirus circulation among bats in Southeast Asia.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sizikova TE, Lebedev VN, Karulina NV, Borisevich SV. LLOVIU VIRUS - A NOVEL FILOVIRUS, ENDEMIC IN EUROPE. Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:58-61. [PMID: 36494922 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-2-58-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The data on a recently revealed novel filovirus (Lloviu virus, family Filoviridae, genera Cuevavirus) in Europe are viewed in this issue. The molecular-biological properties of genome fragments of Lloviu virus were isolated from perished bats (Miniopterus sсhreibersii). Because infectious Lloviu virus has not been isolated yet, the capacity of virus to infect cells of different species and its potential to cause disease in humans is unclear. The recombinant vectors (vesicular stomatitis virus and plasmids) expressing structural proteins of Lloviu virus were used to study different elements of the virus. The question of interaction of structural proteins of Lloviu virus expressed by recombinant vectors with receptors of bat and human cells is considered. The possibility of pathogenicity of the novel agent for humans is considered. The conclusion is made about the necessity of continuous epidemical and epizootical monitoring of the new filovirus infection.
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang XL, Zhang YZ, Jiang RD, Guo H, Zhang W, Li B, Wang N, Wang L, Waruhiu C, Zhou JH, Li SY, Daszak P, Wang LF, Shi ZL. Genetically Diverse Filoviruses in Rousettus and Eonycteris spp. Bats, China, 2009 and 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:482-486. [PMID: 28221123 PMCID: PMC5382765 DOI: 10.3201/eid2303.161119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically divergent filoviruses detected in Rousettus and Eonycteris spp. bats in China exhibited 61%–99% nt identity with reported filoviruses, based on partial replicase sequences, and they demonstrated lung tropism. Co-infection with 4 different filoviruses was found in 1 bat. These results demonstrate that fruit bats are key reservoirs of filoviruses.
Collapse
|
30
|
Pettitt J, Higgs E, Fallah M, Nason M, Stavale E, Marchand J, Reilly C, Jensen K, Dighero-Kemp B, Tuznik K, Logue J, Bolay F, Hensley L. Assessment and Optimization of the GeneXpert Diagnostic Platform for Detection of Ebola Virus RNA in Seminal Fluid. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:547-553. [PMID: 28003349 PMCID: PMC6075475 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that Ebola virus (EBOV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) potentially present in the semen of a large number of survivors of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Western Africa may contribute to sexual transmission of EVD and generate new clusters of cases in regions previously declared EVD-free. These findings drive the immediate need for a reliable, rapid, user-friendly assay for detection of EBOV RNA in semen that is deployable to multiple sites across Western Africa. In this study, we optimized the Xpert EBOV assay for semen samples by adding dithiothreitol. Compared to the assays currently in use in Liberia (including Ebola Zaire Target 1, major groove binder real-time-polymerase chain reaction assays, and original Xpert EBOV assay), the modified Xpert EBOV assay demonstrated greater sensitivity than the comparator assays. Thus, the modified Xpert EBOV assay is optimal for large-scale monitoring of EBOV RNA persistence in male survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Pettitt
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Higgs
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, USA
| | - Eric Stavale
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Marchand
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Cavan Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kenneth Jensen
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Bonnie Dighero-Kemp
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Kaylie Tuznik
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Fatorma Bolay
- Liberian Institute of Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia
| | - Lisa Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
El Sayed SM, Abdelrahman AA, Ozbak HA, Hemeg HA, Kheyami AM, Rezk N, El-Ghoul MB, Nabo MMH, Fathy YM. Updates in diagnosis and management of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. J Res Med Sci 2016; 21:84. [PMID: 28163730 PMCID: PMC5244689 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.192500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a lethal viral disease transmitted by contact with infected people and animals. Ebola infection represents a worldwide health threat causing enormous mortality rates and fatal epidemics. Major concern is pilgrimage seasons with possible transmission to Middle East populations. In this review, we aim to shed light on Ebola hemorrhagic fever as regard: virology, transmission, biology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, and complications to get the best results for prevention and management. We also aim to guide future research to new therapeutic perspectives to precise targets. Our methodology was to review the literature extensively to make an overall view of the biology of Ebola virus infection, its serious health effects and possible therapeutic benefits using currently available remedies and future perspectives. Key findings in Ebola patients are fever, hepatic impairment, hepatocellular necrosis, lymphopenia (for T-lymphocyte and natural killer cells) with lymphocyte apoptosis, hemorrhagic manifestations, and complications. Pathogenesis in Ebola infection includes oxidative stress, immune suppression of both cell-mediated and humoral immunities, hepatic and adrenal impairment and failure, hemorrhagic fever, activation of deleterious inflammatory pathways, for example, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and factor of apoptotic signal death receptor pathways causing lymphocyte depletion. Several inflammatory mediators and cytokines are involved in pathogenesis, for example, interleukin-2, 6, 8, and 10 and others. In conclusion, Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a serious fatal viral infection that can be prevented using strict health measures and can be treated to some extent using some currently available remedies. Newer treatment lines, for example, prophetic medicine remedies as nigella sativa may be promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salah Mohamed El Sayed
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Taibah College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ali A Abdelrahman
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Adnan Ozbak
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Abdullah Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Mohammed Kheyami
- Molecular Virology Unit, Central Laboratories and Blood Bank, Directorate of Health, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Rezk
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Baioumy El-Ghoul
- Department of Medicine, Uhud General Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Mohamed Helmy Nabo
- Department of Pediatrics, Sohag Teaching Hospital, Sohag, Egypt; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Maternity and Children Hospital, King Abdullah Medical City, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Boisen ML, Hartnett JN, Goba A, Vandi MA, Grant DS, Schieffelin JS, Garry RF, Branco LM. Epidemiology and Management of the 2013-16 West African Ebola Outbreak. Annu Rev Virol 2016; 3:147-171. [PMID: 27578439 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The 2013-16 West African Ebola outbreak is the largest, most geographically dispersed, and deadliest on record, with 28,616 suspected cases and 11,310 deaths recorded to date in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. We provide a review of the epidemiology and management of the 2013-16 Ebola outbreak in West Africa aimed at stimulating reflection on lessons learned that may improve the response to the next international health crisis caused by a pathogen that emerges in a region of the world with a severely limited health care infrastructure. Surveillance efforts employing rapid and effective point-of-care diagnostics designed for environments that lack advanced laboratory infrastructure will greatly aid in early detection and containment efforts during future outbreaks. Introduction of effective therapeutics and vaccines against Ebola into the public health system and the biodefense armamentarium is of the highest priority if future outbreaks are to be adequately managed and contained in a timely manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Boisen
- Corgenix Inc., Broomfield, Colorado 80020.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; .,Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland 20876;
| | - J N Hartnett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112;
| | - A Goba
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - M A Vandi
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - D S Grant
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - J S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - R F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; .,Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland 20876;
| | - L M Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland 20876;
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The highly pathogenic Marburg virus (MARV) is a member of the Filoviridae family and belongs to the group of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Reverse genetics systems established for MARV have been used to study various aspects of the viral replication cycle, analyze host responses, image viral infection, and screen for antivirals. This article provides an overview of the currently established MARV reverse genetic systems based on minigenomes, infectious virus-like particles and full-length clones, and the research that has been conducted using these systems.
Collapse
|
34
|
Whitehouse CA, Bavari S, Perkins MD. United States FDA's emergency use authorization of Ebola virus diagnostics: current impact and lessons for the future. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1231-5. [PMID: 26394699 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1077117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Ebola outbreak that took hold in West Africa in 2014 outran the epidemic response capacity of many organizations. Five months after the epidemic was first declared, there were still only two laboratories in West Africa with the capacity to confirm Ebola virus infection. In the summer of 2014, before the first case of imported Ebola occurred in the USA, the US FDA announced it would issue Emergency Use Authorizations for Ebola virus in vitro diagnostics to speed their availability. Between October 2014 and March 2015, the FDA issued Emergency Use Authorizations for nine diagnostic products. The actions of the FDA not only allowed nationwide deployment of Ebola virus testing capacity in the USA but also established an attractive regulatory goalpost for companies developing assays for use in West Africa. Here, we comment on the diagnostic assays for which the FDA has issued emergency authorizations and their fitness for purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Whitehouse
- a 1 Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- a 1 Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Mark D Perkins
- b 2 Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, 9 Chemin des Mines, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Knust B, Schafer IJ, Wamala J, Nyakarahuka L, Okot C, Shoemaker T, Dodd K, Gibbons A, Balinandi S, Tumusiime A, Campbell S, Newman E, Lasry E, DeClerck H, Boum Y, Makumbi I, Bosa HK, Mbonye A, Aceng JR, Nichol ST, Ströher U, Rollin PE. Multidistrict Outbreak of Marburg Virus Disease-Uganda, 2012. J Infect Dis 2015. [PMID: 26209681 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In October 2012, a cluster of illnesses and deaths was reported in Uganda and was confirmed to be an outbreak of Marburg virus disease (MVD). Patients meeting the case criteria were interviewed using a standard investigation form, and blood specimens were tested for evidence of acute or recent Marburg virus infection by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The total count of confirmed and probable MVD cases was 26, of which 15 (58%) were fatal. Four of 15 laboratory-confirmed cases (27%) were fatal. Case patients were located in 4 different districts in Uganda, although all chains of transmission originated in Ibanda District, and the earliest case detected had an onset in July 2012. No zoonotic exposures were identified. Symptoms significantly associated with being a MVD case included hiccups, anorexia, fatigue, vomiting, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. Contact with a case patient and attending a funeral were also significantly associated with being a case. Average RT-PCR cycle threshold values for fatal cases during the acute phase of illness were significantly lower than those for nonfatal cases. Following the institution of contact tracing, active case surveillance, care of patients with isolation precautions, community mobilization, and rapid diagnostic testing, the outbreak was successfully contained 14 days after its initial detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knust
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ilana J Schafer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Trevor Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe
| | - Kimberly Dodd
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aridth Gibbons
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe
| | - Shelley Campbell
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Edmund Newman
- Microbiology Services- Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ute Ströher
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pierre E Rollin
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ebolaviruses are highly pathogenic filoviruses, which cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates (NHP) in Africa. The Zaire ebolavirus outbreak in 2014, which continues to greatly affect Western Africa and other countries to which the hemorrhagic fever was exported due to travel of unsymptomatic yet infected individuals, was complicated by the lack of available licensed vaccines or therapeutics to combat infection. After almost a year of research at an increased pace to find and test vaccines and therapeutics, there is now a deeper understanding of the available disease models for ebolavirus infection. Demonstration of vaccine or therapeutic efficacy in NHP models of ebolavirus infection is crucial to the development and eventual licensure of ebolavirus medical countermeasures, so that safe and effective countermeasures can be accelerated into human clinical trials. AREAS COVERED The authors describe ebolavirus hemorrhagic fever (EHF) disease in various animal species: mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, pigs and NHP, to include baboons, marmosets, rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, as well as African green monkeys. Because the NHP models are supremely useful for therapeutics and vaccine testing, emphasis is placed on comparison of these models, and their use as gold-standard models of EHF. EXPERT OPINION Animal models of EHF varying from rodents to NHP species are currently under evaluation for their reproducibility and utility for modeling infection in humans. Complete development and licensure of therapeutic agents and vaccines will require demonstration that mechanisms conferring protection in NHP models of infection are predictive of protective responses in humans, for a given countermeasure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Shurtleff
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Division of Molecular and Translational Sciences , 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702 , USA +1 301 619 4246 ; +1 541 754 3545 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Filoviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fevers with case fatality rates of up to 90%, for which no antivirals are currently available. Their categorization as biosafety level 4 agents restricts work with infectious viruses to a few maximum containment laboratories worldwide, which constitutes a significant obstacle for the development of countermeasures. Reverse genetics facilitates the generation of recombinant filoviruses, including reporter-expressing viruses, which have been increasingly used for drug screening and development in recent years. Further, reverse-genetics based lifecycle modeling systems allow modeling of the filovirus lifecycle without the need for a maximum containment laboratory and have recently been optimized for use in high-throughput assays. The availability of these reverse genetics-based tools will significantly improve our ability to find novel antivirals against filoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoenen
- Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Virology, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Virology, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Howard CR, Fletcher NF. Emerging virus diseases: can we ever expect the unexpected? Emerg Microbes Infect 2012; 1:e46. [PMID: 26038413 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2012.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging virus diseases are a major threat to human and veterinary public health. With new examples occurring approximately one each year, the majority are viruses originating from an animal host. Of the many factors responsible, changes to local ecosystems that perturb the balance between pathogen and principal host species is one of the major drivers, together with increasing urbanization of mankind and changes in human behavior. Many emerging viruses have RNA genomes and as such are capable of rapid mutation and selection of new variants in the face of environmental changes in host numbers and available target species. This review summarizes recent work on aspects of virus emergence and the current understanding of the molecular and immunological basis whereby viruses may cross between species and become established in new ecological niches. Emergence is hard to predict, although mathematical modeling and spatial epidemiology have done much to improve the prediction of where emergence may occur. However, much needs to be done to ensure adequate surveillance is maintained of animal species known to present the greatest risk thus increasing general alertness among physicians, veterinarians and those responsible for formulating public health policy.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lauber C, Gorbalenya AE. Genetics-based classification of filoviruses calls for expanded sampling of genomic sequences. Viruses 2012; 4:1425-37. [PMID: 23170166 PMCID: PMC3499813 DOI: 10.3390/v4091425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently developed a computational approach for hierarchical, genome-based classification of viruses of a family (DEmARC). In DEmARC, virus clusters are delimited objectively by devising a universal family-wide threshold on intra-cluster genetic divergence of viruses that is specific for each level of the classification. Here, we apply DEmARC to a set of 56 filoviruses with complete genome sequences and compare the resulting classification to the ICTV taxonomy of the family Filoviridae. We find in total six candidate taxon levels two of which correspond to the species and genus ranks of the family. At these two levels, the six filovirus species and two genera officially recognized by ICTV, as well as a seventh tentative species for Lloviu virus and prototyping a third genus, are reproduced. DEmARC lends the highest possible support for these two as well as the four other levels, implying that the actual number of valid taxon levels remains uncertain and the choice of levels for filovirus species and genera is arbitrary. Based on our experience with other virus families, we conclude that the current sampling of filovirus genomic sequences needs to be considerably expanded in order to resolve these uncertainties in the framework of genetics-based classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Lauber
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Alexander E. Gorbalenya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +31-71-526-1436; Fax: +31-71-526-6761
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pegoraro G, Bavari S, Panchal RG. Shedding light on filovirus infection with high-content imaging. Viruses 2012; 4:1354-71. [PMID: 23012631 DOI: 10.3390/v4081354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopy has been instrumental in the discovery and characterization of microorganisms. Major advances in high-throughput fluorescence microscopy and automated, high-content image analysis tools are paving the way to the systematic and quantitative study of the molecular properties of cellular systems, both at the population and at the single-cell level. High-Content Imaging (HCI) has been used to characterize host-virus interactions in genome-wide reverse genetic screens and to identify novel cellular factors implicated in the binding, entry, replication and egress of several pathogenic viruses. Here we present an overview of the most significant applications of HCI in the context of the cell biology of filovirus infection. HCI assays have been recently implemented to quantitatively study filoviruses in cell culture, employing either infectious viruses in a BSL-4 environment or surrogate genetic systems in a BSL-2 environment. These assays are becoming instrumental for small molecule and siRNA screens aimed at the discovery of both cellular therapeutic targets and of compounds with anti-viral properties. We discuss the current practical constraints limiting the implementation of high-throughput biology in a BSL-4 environment, and propose possible solutions to safely perform high-content, high-throughput filovirus infection assays. Finally, we discuss possible novel applications of HCI in the context of filovirus research with particular emphasis on the identification of possible cellular biomarkers of virus infection.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Marburg and Ebola viruses cause a severe hemorrhagic disease in humans with high fatality rates. Early target cells of filoviruses are monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The infection spreads to the liver, spleen and later other organs by blood and lymph flow. A hallmark of filovirus infection is the depletion of non-infected lymphocytes; however, the molecular mechanisms leading to the observed bystander lymphocyte apoptosis are poorly understood. Also, there is limited knowledge about the fate of infected cells in filovirus disease. In this review we will explore what is known about the intracellular events leading to virus amplification and cell damage in filovirus infection. Furthermore, we will discuss how cellular dysfunction and cell death may correlate with disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.O.); (R.B.C.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elena Ryabchikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Pr. Lavrent’eva, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation; E-Mail:
| | - Ronald B. Corley
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.O.); (R.B.C.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.O.); (R.B.C.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617-638-0336; Fax: +1-617-638-4286
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bowick GC, McAuley AJ. Vaccine and adjuvant design for emerging viruses: mutations, deletions, segments and signaling. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 2:129-35. [PMID: 21637006 PMCID: PMC3225654 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.2.3.15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is currently the most effective strategy to medically control viral diseases. However, developing vaccines is a long and expensive process, and traditional methods, such as attenuating wild-type viruses by serial passage, may not be suitable for all viruses and may lead to vaccine safety considerations, particularly in the case of the vaccination of particular patient groups, such as the immunocompromised and the elderly. In particular, developing vaccines against emerging viral pathogens adds a further level of complexity, as they may only be administered to small groups of people or only in response to a specific event or threat, limiting our ability to study and evaluate responses. In this commentary, we discuss how novel techniques may be used to engineer a new generation of vaccine candidates as we move toward a more targeted vaccine design strategy, driven by our understanding of the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis, attenuation and the signaling events which are required to develop a lasting, protective immunity. We will also briefly discuss the potential future role of vaccine adjuvants, which could be used to bridge the gap between vaccine safety, and lasting immunity from a single vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin C Bowick
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
There are virtually no antiviral drugs available for the treatment of infections with RNA viruses. This is particularly worrisome since most of the highly pathogenic and emerging viruses are, and will likely continue to be, RNA viruses. These viruses can cause acute, severe illness, including severe respiratory disease, hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis, with a high case fatality rate. It is important to have potent and safe drugs at hand that can be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of such infections. Drugs approved for the treatment of RNA virus infections (other than HIV) are the influenza M2 channel inhibitors, amantadine and rimantadine; the influenza neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir, and ribavirin for the treatment of infections with respiratory syncytial virus and hepatitis C virus. The molecular mechanism(s) by which ribavirin inhibits viral replication, such as depletion of intracellular GTP pools and induction of error catastrophe, may not readily allow the design of analogues that are more potent/selective than the parent drug. Highly pathogenic RNA viruses belong to a variety of virus families, each having a particular replication strategy, thus offering a wealth of potential targets to selectively inhibit viral replication. We here provide a non-exhaustive review of potential experimental strategies, using small molecules, to inhibit the replication of several RNA viruses. Other approaches, such as the use of interferon or other host-response modifiers, immune serum or neutralizing antibodies, are not addressed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|