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Chen W, Yuan K, He Q, Li Q, Luo J, Chu F, Wang H, Feng H, Pan Y. Long term online desalting analysis of MS/LC-MS using thermal assisted recrystallization ionization. Talanta 2024; 274:125981. [PMID: 38583325 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric analysis of non-volatile salts containing samples remains challenging due to salt-induced ion suppression and contamination. This challenge is even more pronounced for a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, where the accumulation of salts in the transmission system poses an ongoing problem. In this study, a novel thermal assisted recrystallization ionization mass spectrometry (TARI-MS) device was developed to achieve efficient on-line desalting and prolonged analysis of saline samples. The core component of this device was a heated plate positioned between the electrospray unit and the MS inlet. The desalting mechanism was demonstrated as the spontaneous separation of target molecules from salts during the "crystallization" process. After optimization, the angle between the nebulizer and the heated plate was 45°; the distance between the front end of the heated plate and the MS inlet was 2 mm; the distance between the front edge of the heated plate and the center of the sample spray projected onto the heating plate was 3 mm; the distance between the emitter of nebulizer and the heated plate was 3 mm. TARI-MS realized direct analysis of eight drugs dissolved in eight commonly used non-volatile salts solutions (up to 0.5 mol/L). The high sensitivity, repeatability, linearity, accuracy, and intra- and inter-day precision of TARI-MS confirm its reliability as a robust tool for the analysis of saline samples. Furthermore, TARI-MS allowed continuous analysis of salty eluates of LC for up to nearly 1 h without maintenance and verified the feasibility of LC-MS analysis through detecting a five-drug mixture and a crude aripiprazole product. Finally, six impurities in the crude aripiprazole product were successfully detected by LC-TARI-MS. The established method holds promise for applications across academic and pharmaceutical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Kailong Yuan
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, PR China
| | - Quan He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Fengjian Chu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Huiwen Wang
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China.
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2
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Trimpin S, Inutan ED, Pagnotti VS, Karki S, Marshall DD, Hoang K, Wang B, Lietz CB, Richards AL, Yenchick FS, Lee C, Lu IC, Fenner M, Madarshahian S, Saylor S, Chubatyi ND, Zimmerman T, Moreno-Pedraza A, Wang T, Adeniji-Adele A, Meher AK, Madagedara H, Owczarzak Z, Musavi A, Hendrickson TL, Peacock PM, Tomsho JW, Larsen BS, Prokai L, Shulaev V, Pophristic M, McEwen CN. Direct sub-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry: Evaporation/sublimation-driven ionization is amazing, fundamentally, and practically. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5018. [PMID: 38736378 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper covers direct sub-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (MS). The discovery, applications, and mechanistic aspects of novel ionization processes for use in MS that are not based on the high-energy input from voltage, laser, and/or high temperature but on sublimation/evaporation within a region linking a higher to lower pressure and modulated by heat and collisions, are discussed, including how this new reality has guided a series of discoveries, instrument developments, and commercialization. A research focus, inter alia, is on how best to understand, improve, and use these novel ionization processes, which convert volatile and nonvolatile compounds from solids (sublimation) or liquids (evaporation) into gas-phase ions for analysis by MS providing reproducible, accurate, sensitive, and prompt results. Our perception on how these unprecedented versus traditional ionization processes/methods relate to each other, how they can be made to coexist on the same mass spectrometer, and an outlook on new and expanded applications (e.g., clinical, portable, fast, safe, and autonomous) is presented, and is based on ST's Opening lecture presentation at the Nordic Mass spectrometry Conference, Geilo, Norway, January 2023. Focus will be on matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) and solvent-assisted ionization (SAI) MS covering the period from 2010 to 2023; a potential paradigm shift in the making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Vincent S Pagnotti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Khoa Hoang
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank S Yenchick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Madeleine Fenner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Madarshahian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Saylor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicolas D Chubatyi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teresa Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Tongwen Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adetoun Adeniji-Adele
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Hasini Madagedara
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zachary Owczarzak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ahmed Musavi
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - John W Tomsho
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Forth Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Trimpin S. A tutorial: Laserspray ionization and related laser-based ionization methods for use in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:2234-2267. [PMID: 37462443 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
This Tutorial is to provide a summary of parameters useful for successful outcomes of laserspray ionization (LSI) and related methods that employ a laser to ablate a matrix:analyte sample to produce highly charged ions. In these methods the purpose of the laser is to transfer matrix-analyte clusters into the gas phase. Ions are hypothesized to be produced by a thermal process where emitted matrix:analyte gas-phase particles/clusters are charged and loss of matrix from the charged particles leads to release of the analyte ions into the gas phase. The thermal energy responsible for the charge-separation process is relatively low and not necessarily supplied by the laser; a heated inlet tube linking atmospheric pressure with the first vacuum stage of a mass spectrometer is sufficient. The inlet becomes the "ion source", and inter alia, pressure, temperature, and the matrix, which can be a solid, liquid, or combinations, become critical parameters. Injecting matrix:analyte into a heated inlet tube using laser ablation, a shockwave, or simply tapping, all produce the similar mass spectra. Applications are provided that showcase new opportunities in the field of mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
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4
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Wen TL, Bai JH, Bao MM, Qin Y, Su Y, Guo YL. Ultrasonic sample introduction combined with flame assisted thermal ionization: Pretreatment-free direct mass spectrometry analysis for fraction collecting tubes of preparative liquid chromatography. Talanta 2023; 259:124508. [PMID: 37043878 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic sample introduction combined with flame assisted thermal ionization mass spectrometry (USI-FATI-MS) was developed to monitor the fractions of preparative liquid chromatography. Recently, ultrasound-based sample introduction techniques have achieved great advance in the field of high-throughput analysis. However, it is still a challenge to directly apply these existing techniques to the analysis of macro volume samples (mL level). In this work, ultrasonic sample introduction combined with flame assisted thermal ionization was used for pretreatment-free direct mass spectrometry analysis of micro to macro volume samples (μL-mL level). Utilizing this unique design of ultrasonic sample introduction, liquid sample in the container can be quickly atomized to the gas phase without contact. Then, due to the flame assisted thermal ionization source, desolvation and ionization of the sample droplets will occur immediately. USI-FATI-MS has shown excellent sensitivity, repeatability and great compatibility to solvents and compounds with a wide range of polarity. As a proof of concept, USI-FATI-MS has been applied for rapid monitoring and identification of purified synthetic and natural products in fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lun Wen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia-Hui Bai
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming-Mai Bao
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yue Su
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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5
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Sharif D, Foroushani SH, Attanayake K, Dewasurendra VK, DeBastiani A, DeVor A, Johnson MB, Li P, Valentine SJ. Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization Augments Field-Free Ionization Techniques to Promote Conformer Preservation in the Gas-Phase for Intractable Biomolecular Ions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8970-8984. [PMID: 36318704 PMCID: PMC10278089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Field-free capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) is evaluated for its ability to conduct native mass spectrometry (MS) experiments. The charge state distributions for nine globular proteins are compared using field-free cVSSI, field-enabled cVSSI, and electrospray ionization (ESI). In general, for both positive and negative ion mode, the average charge state (qavg) increases for field-free cVSSI with increasing molecular weight similar to ESI. A clear difference is that the qavg is significantly lower for field-free conditions in both analyses. Two proteins, leptin and thioredoxin, exhibit bimodal charge state distributions (CSDs) upon the application of voltage in positive ion mode; only a monomodal distribution is observed for field-free conditions. In negative ion mode, thioredoxin exhibits a multimodal CSD upon the addition of voltage to cVSSI. Extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of myoglobin and leptin in nanodroplets suggest that the multimodal CSD for leptin may originate from increased conformational "breathing" (decreased packing) and association with the droplet surface. These properties along with increased droplet charge appear to play critical roles in shifting ionization processes for some proteins. Further exploration and development of field-free cVSSI as a new ionization source for native MS especially as applied to more flexible biomolecular species is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Samira Hajian Foroushani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Kushani Attanayake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Vikum K Dewasurendra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Amanda DeVor
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Matthew B Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
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6
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Chen W, Gao Z, Chu F, He Q, Gao Y, Liu Y, Feng H, Pan Y. Heat-Assisted Dual Neutral Spray Ionization for High-Performance Online Desalting in Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15002-15009. [PMID: 36255385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In mass spectrometry (MS), nonvolatile salts contaminate the transmission system and cause ion suppression, hampering MS analysis. When MS is combined with liquid chromatography (LC) that uses a salty mobile phase, the problems become more intractable due to long analysis time. Here, a novel heat-assisted dual neutral spray ionization (HADSI) method was developed, which projected sample solution spray and solvent spray onto a heated plate to achieve online desalting and high ionization. The experimental parameters of HADSI were optimized, which indicated that the plate temperature was crucial for ionization and desalination. Eight drug compounds dissolved in various commonly used buffers were directly analyzed using HADSI-MS, even though the concentration of PBS buffer reached 500 mmol/L. The established method showed considerable sensitivity in the positive ion mode with the limits of detection at the level of nmol/L, and good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was achieved for all the analyzed compounds. The repeatability and intra- and interday precisions of the method were evaluated, demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of the analysis of salty samples by HADSI-MS. Further, the method was demonstrated to tolerate the long-time analysis of high-salt LC eluates and the device was easy to maintain. Finally, a crude roxithromycin product was separated by LC and then analyzed by HADSI-MS, and seven unknown impurities and nine known impurities were successfully detected. Our results indicated that HADSI-MS may have potential applications in academic and industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Fengjian Chu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Quan He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuanji Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
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7
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Xu C, Ruan H, Wang W, Li H. Triboionization in Discontinuous Atmospheric Pressure Inlet for a Miniature Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15897-15904. [PMID: 34817157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface (DAPI) consisting of a pinch valve, a silicone tube, and two metal capillaries has been widely used in miniature mass spectrometry. It is interesting that clear ion signals could be observed even when the extra ionization source was turned off. In-depth analysis suggested that this new ionization phenomenon known as triboionization is based on the surface friction on the inner surface of the silicone tube during the on/off of the pinch valve. In this study, triboionization in the DAPI of a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer was investigated. It was discovered that the signal intensity depended greatly on the material and the roughness of the silicone tube used in the DAPI. By rubbing the inner surface of the silicone tube, for example, the signal intensity can increase by nearly 20 times. Two connected pinch valves were developed to study the effects of the discharge pressure, the number, and the frequency of on/off of the pinch valve on triboionization, which were verified to have a large impact on the product ions. In addition, the humidity of the inner surface of the silicone tube impacted the signal intensity of product ions and the mass spectrum patterns, where the product ions were typically protonated ions. As the humidity increases, the signal intensity of analytes with high proton affinity increases accordingly. This triboionization source, which does not require heat, light, radiation, auxiliary gas, or solution, has been preliminarily proved to have potential for surface detection after continuous enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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8
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Huang DY, Wang MJ, Wu JJ, Chen YC. Ionization of Volatile Organics and Nonvolatile Biomolecules Directly from a Titanium Slab for Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226760. [PMID: 34833852 PMCID: PMC8623480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS) and electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS can cover the analysis of analytes from low to high polarities. Thus, an ion source that possesses these two ionization functions is useful. Atmospheric surface-assisted ionization (ASAI), which can be used to ionize polar and nonpolar analytes in vapor, liquid, and solid forms, was demonstrated in this study. The ionization of analytes through APCI or ESI was induced from the surface of a metal substrate such as a titanium slab. ASAI is a contactless approach operated at atmospheric pressure. No electric contacts nor any voltages were required to be applied on the metal substrate during ionization. When placing samples with high vapor pressure in condensed phase underneath a titanium slab close to the inlet of the mass spectrometer, analytes can be readily ionized and detected by the mass spectrometer. Furthermore, a sample droplet (~2 μL) containing high-polarity analytes, including polar organics and biomolecules, was ionized using the titanium slab. One titanium slab is sufficient to induce the ionization of analytes occurring in front of a mass spectrometer applied with a high voltage. Moreover, this ionization method can be used to detect high volatile or polar analytes through APCI-like or ESI-like processes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Yi Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jiy Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Jih-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-5131527; Fax: +886-3-5723764
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9
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Jayasundara K, Li C, DeBastiani A, Sharif D, Li P, Valentine SJ. Physicochemical Property Correlations with Ionization Efficiency in Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization (cVSSI). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:84-94. [PMID: 32856909 PMCID: PMC8130659 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The relative contributions to ionization efficiency by three molecular chemical properties have been examined for field-free and field-enabled capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) using mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Ion intensities have been recorded for model compounds under each operational ionization mode as well as for aqueous and nonaqueous (methanol) solvent systems. Multiple regression analysis suggests that for field-free cVSSI, ion intensity is mostly associated with the log of the base dissociation constant (pKb) and proton affinity (PA) for both aqueous and methanol solutions. Comparatively, for field-enabled cVSSI using aqueous solutions, the dominant factor correlated with ion intensity is the log of the partition coefficient (log P). To a lesser degree, this is observed for methanol solutions as well. For ESI, pKb is the dominant factor associated with ion signal levels from methanol and aqueous solutions. These results are supported by studies conducted on two different mass spectrometers employing different cVSSI emitter tips. The relationship of ion intensity and pKb in ESI is supported by multiple studies; however, the shift to other chemical properties with the addition of cVSSI suggests the possibility that a different (or combinations of) ionization mechanism(s) may be operative for these ionization modes. These results are briefly considered in light of the different ESI mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peng Li
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: , and .
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10
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Trimpin S, Marshall DD, Karki S, Madarshahian S, Hoang K, Meher AK, Pophristic M, Richards AL, Lietz CB, Fischer JL, Elia EA, Wang B, Pagnotti VS, Lutomski CA, El-Baba TJ, Lu IC, Wager-Miller J, Mackie K, McEwen CN, Inutan ED. An overview of biological applications and fundamentals of new inlet and vacuum ionization technologies. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8829. [PMID: 32402102 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The developments of new ionization technologies based on processes previously unknown to mass spectrometry (MS) have gained significant momentum. Herein we address the importance of understanding these unique ionization processes, demonstrate the new capabilities currently unmet by other methods, and outline their considerable analytical potential. METHODS The inlet and vacuum ionization methods of solvent-assisted ionization (SAI), matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), and laserspray ionization can be used with commercial and dedicated ion sources producing ions from atmospheric or vacuum conditions for analyses of a variety of materials including drugs, lipids, and proteins introduced from well plates, pipet tips and plate surfaces with and without a laser using solid or solvent matrices. Mass spectrometers from various vendors are employed. RESULTS Results are presented highlighting strengths relative to ionization methods of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. We demonstrate the utility of multi-ionization platforms encompassing MAI, SAI, and ESI and enabling detection of what otherwise is missed, especially when directly analyzing mixtures. Unmatched robustness is achieved with dedicated vacuum MAI sources with mechanical introduction of the sample to the sub-atmospheric pressure (vacuum MAI). Simplicity and use of a wide array of matrices are attained using a conduit (inlet ionization), preferably heated, with sample introduction from atmospheric pressure. Tissue, whole blood, urine (including mouse, chicken, and human origin), bacteria strains and chemical on-probe reactions are analyzed directly and, especially in the case of vacuum ionization, without concern of carryover or instrument contamination. CONCLUSIONS Examples are provided highlighting the exceptional analytical capabilities associated with the novel ionization processes in MS that reduce operational complexity while increasing speed and robustness, achieving mass spectra with low background for improved sensitivity, suggesting the potential of this simple ionization technology to drive MS into areas currently underserved, such as clinical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | | | - Khoa Hoang
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Efstathios A Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Corinne A Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - James Wager-Miller
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
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11
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Inutan ED, Jarois DR, Lietz CB, El-Baba TJ, Elia EA, Karki S, Sampat AAS, Foley CD, Clemmer DE, Trimpin S. Comparison of gaseous ubiquitin ion structures obtained from a solid and solution matrix using ion mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8793. [PMID: 32220130 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Examining surface protein conformations, and especially achieving this with spatial resolution, is an important goal. The recently discovered ionization processes offer spatial-resolution measurements similar to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and produce charge states similar to electrospray ionization (ESI) extending higher-mass protein applications directly from surfaces on high-performance mass spectrometers. Studying a well-interrogated protein by ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) to access effects on structures using a solid vs. solvent matrix may provide insights. METHODS Ubiquitin was studied by IMS-MS using new ionization processes with commercial and homebuilt ion sources and instruments (Waters SYNAPT G2(S)) and homebuilt 2 m drift-tube instrument; MS™ sources). Mass-to-charge and drift-time (td )-measurements are compared for ubiquitin ions obtained by inlet and vacuum ionization using laserspray ionization (LSI), matrix- (MAI) and solvent-assisted ionization (SAI), respectively, and compared with those from ESI under conditions that are most comparable. RESULTS Using the same solution conditions with SYNAPT G2(S) instruments, td -distributions of various ubiquitin charge states from MAI, LSI, and SAI are similar to those from ESI using a variety of solvents, matrices, extraction voltages, a laser, and temperature only, showing subtle differences in more compact features within the elongated distribution of structures. However, on a homebuilt drift-tube instrument, within the elongated distribution of structures, both similar and different td -distributions are observed for ubiquitin ions obtained by MAI and ESI. MAI-generated ions are frequently narrower in their td -distributions. CONCLUSIONS Direct comparisons between ESI and the new ionization methods operational directly from surfaces suggest that the protein in its solution structure prior to exposure to the ionization event is either captured (frozen out) at the time of crystallization, or that the protein in the solid matrix is associated with sufficient solvent to maintain the solution structure, or, alternatively, that the observed structures are those related to what occurs in the gas phase with ESI- or MAI-generated ions and not with the solution structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Inutan
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Dean R Jarois
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Casey D Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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12
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Lee C, Inutan ED, Chen JL, Mukeku MM, Weidner SM, Trimpin S, Ni CK. Toward understanding the ionization mechanism of matrix-assisted ionization using mass spectrometry experiment and theory. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8382. [PMID: 30623523 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) mass spectrometry does not require voltages, a laser beam, or added heat to initiate ionization, but it is strongly dependent on the choice of matrix and the vacuum conditions. High charge state distributions of nonvolatile analyte ions produced by MAI suggest that the ionization mechanism may be similar to that of electrospray ionization (ESI), but different from matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). While significant information is available for MAI using mass spectrometers operating at atmospheric and intermediate pressure, little is known about the mechanism at high vacuum. METHODS Eleven MAI matrices were studied on a high-vacuum time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer using a 266 nm pulsed laser beam under otherwise typical MALDI conditions. Detailed comparisons with the commonly used MALDI matrices and theoretical prediction were made for 3-nitrobenzonitrile (3-NBN), which is the only MAI matrix that works well in high vacuum when irradiated with a laser. RESULTS Screening of MAI matrices with good absorption at 266 nm but with various degrees of volatility and laser energies suggests that volatility and absorption at the laser wavelength may be necessary, but not sufficient, criteria to explain the formation of multiply charged analyte ions. 3-NBN produces intact, highly charged ions of nonvolatile analytes in high-vacuum TOF with the use of a laser, demonstrating that ESI-like ions can be produced in high vacuum. Theoretical calculations and mass spectra suggest that thermally induced proton transfer, which is the major ionization mechanism in MALDI, is not important with the 3-NBN matrix at 266 nm laser wavelength. 3-NBN:analyte crystal morphology is, however, important in ion generation in high vacuum. CONCLUSIONS The 3-NBN MAI matrix produces intact, highly charged ions of nonvolatile compounds in high-vacuum TOF mass spectrometers with the aid of ablation and/or heating by laser irradiation, and shows a different ionization mechanism from that of typical MALDI matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Jien Lian Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mutanu M Mukeku
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steffen M Weidner
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Hale OJ, Cramer R. Atmospheric Pressure Ultraviolet Laser Desorption and Ionization from Liquid Samples for Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14192-14197. [PMID: 31651149 PMCID: PMC7007007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding protein structure is vital for evaluating protein interactions with drugs, proteins, and other ligands. Native mass spectrometry (MS) is proving to be invaluable for this purpose, enabling analysis of "native-like" samples that mimic physiological conditions. Native MS is usually performed by electrospray ionization (ESI) with its soft ionization processes and the generation of multiply charged ions proving favorable for conformation retention and high mass analysis, respectively. There is scope to expand the currently available toolset, specifically to other soft ionization techniques such as soft laser desorption, for applications in areas like high-throughput screening and MS imaging. In this Letter, observations made from native MS experiments using an ultraviolet (UV) laser-based ion source operating at atmospheric pressure are described. The ion source is capable of producing predominately multiply charged ions similar to ESI. Proteins and protein complexes were analyzed from a native-like sample droplet to investigate the technique. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) measurements showed that folded protein conformations were detected for ions with low charge states. This observation indicates the source is suitable for native MS analysis and should be further developed for higher mass analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Hale
- Department of Chemistry , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD , United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Cramer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD , United Kingdom
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14
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Trimpin S. Novel ionization processes for use in mass spectrometry: 'Squeezing' nonvolatile analyte ions from crystals and droplets. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 3:96-120. [PMID: 30138957 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Together with my group and collaborators, I have been fortunate to have had a key role in the discovery of new ionization processes that we developed into new flexible, sensitive, rapid, reliable, and robust ionization technologies and methods for use in mass spectrometry (MS). Our current research is focused on how best to understand, improve, and use these novel ionization processes which convert volatile and nonvolatile compounds from solids or liquids into gas-phase ions for analysis by MS using e.g. mass-selected fragmentation and ion mobility spectrometry to provide reproducible, accurate, and improved mass and drift time resolution. In my view, the apex was the discovery of vacuum matrix-assisted ionization (vMAI) in 2012 on an intermediate pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source without the use of a laser, high voltages, or any other added energy. Only exposure of the matrix:analyte to the sub-atmospheric pressure of the mass spectrometer was necessary to initiate ionization. These findings were initially rejected by three different scientific journals, with comments related to 'how can this work?', 'where do the charges come from?', and 'it is not analytically useful'. Meanwhile, we and others have demonstrated analytical utility without a complete understanding of the mechanism. In reality, MALDI and electrospray ionization are widely used in science and their mechanisms are still controversially discussed despite use and optimization of now 30 years. This Perspective covers the applications and mechanistic aspects of the novel ionization processes for use in MS that guided us in instrument developments, and provides our perspective on how they relate to traditional ionization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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15
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Trimpin S, Inutan ED, Karki S, Elia EA, Zhang WJ, Weidner SM, Marshall DD, Hoang K, Lee C, Davis ETJ, Smith V, Meher AK, Cornejo MA, Auner GW, McEwen CN. Fundamental Studies of New Ionization Technologies and Insights from IMS-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1133-1147. [PMID: 31062287 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) developments by von Helden, Jarrold, and Clemmer provided technology that gives a view of chemical/biological compositions previously not achievable. The ionization method of choice used with IMS-MS has been electrospray ionization (ESI). In this special issue contribution, we focus on fundamentals of heretofore unprecedented means for transferring volatile and nonvolatile compounds into gas-phase ions singly and multiply charged. These newer ionization processes frequently lead to different selectivity relative to ESI and, together with IMS-MS, may provide a more comprehensive view of chemical compositions directly from their original environment such as surfaces, e.g., tissue. Similarities of results using solvent- and matrix-assisted ionization are highlighted, as are differences between ESI and the inlet ionization methods, especially with mixtures such as bacterial extracts. Selectivity using different matrices is discussed, as are results which add to our fundamental knowledge of inlet ionization as well as pose additional avenues for inquiry. IMS-MS provides an opportunity for comparison studies relative to ESI and will prove valuable using the new ionization technologies for direct analyses. Our hypothesis is that some ESI-IMS-MS applications will be replaced by the new ionization processes and by understanding mechanistic aspects to aid enhanced source and method developments this will be hastened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steffen M Weidner
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Khoa Hoang
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Eric T J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mario A Cornejo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gregory W Auner
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Trimpin S, Lu IC, Rauschenbach S, Hoang K, Wang B, Chubatyi ND, Zhang WJ, Inutan ED, Pophristic M, Sidorenko A, McEwen CN. Spontaneous Charge Separation and Sublimation Processes are Ubiquitous in Nature and in Ionization Processes in Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:304-315. [PMID: 29080207 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionization processes have been discovered by which small and large as well as volatile and nonvolatile compounds are converted to gas-phase ions when associated with a matrix and exposed to sub-atmospheric pressure. Here, we discuss experiments further defining these simple and unexpected processes. Charge separation is found to be a common process for small molecule chemicals, solids and liquids, passed through an inlet tube from a higher to a lower pressure region, with and without heat applied. This charge separation process produces positively- and negatively-charged particles with widely different efficiencies depending on the compound and its physical state. Circumstantial evidence is presented suggesting that in the new ionization process, charged particles carry analyte into the gas phase, and desolvation of these particles produce the bare ions similar to electrospray ionization, except that solid particles appear likely to be involved. This mechanistic proposition is in agreement with previous theoretical work related to ion emission from ice. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Stephan Rauschenbach
- Electrospray Ion Beam Deposition Laboratory, Nanoscale Science Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Khoa Hoang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Nicholas D Chubatyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Sidorenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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17
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Qiao L, Zhong X, Belghith E, Deng Y, Lin TE, Tobolkina E, Liu B, Girault HH. Electrostatic Spray Ionization from 384-Well Microtiter Plates for Mass Spectrometry Analysis-Based Enzyme Assay and Drug Metabolism Screening. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5983-5990. [PMID: 28452215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have realized the direct ionization of samples from wells of microtiter plates under atmospheric conditions for mass spectrometry analysis without any liquid delivery system or any additional interface. The microtiter plate is a commercially available 384-well plate without any modification, working as a container and an emitter for electrostatic spray ionization of analytes. The approach provides high throughput for the large batches of reactions and both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a single compound or mixture. The limits of detection in small drug molecules, peptides, and proteins are similar in comparison with standard direct infusion electrospray ionization. The analysis time per well is only seconds. These analytical merits benefit many microtiter plate-based studies, such as combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening in enzyme assay or drug metabolism. Herein, we illustrate the application in enzyme assay using tyrosine oxidation catalyzed by tyrosinase in the presence or absence of inhibitors. The potential application in drug development is also demonstrated with cytochrome P450-catalyzed metabolic reactions of two drugs in microtiter plates followed with direct ESTASI-MS/MS-based characterization of the metabolism products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiao
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland.,Chemistry Department, Fudan University , 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhong
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Emna Belghith
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Yan Deng
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Elena Tobolkina
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Baohong Liu
- Chemistry Department, Fudan University , 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
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18
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Fenner MA, Chakrabarty S, Wang B, Pagnotti VS, Hoang K, Trimpin S, McEwen CN. An LC/MS Method Providing Improved Sensitivity: Electrospray Ionization Inlet. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4798-4802. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline A. Fenner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | - Beixi Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Vincent S. Pagnotti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Khoa Hoang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Charles N. McEwen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
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19
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Li T, Fan L, Wang Y, Huang X, Xu J, Lu J, Zhang M, Xu W. Molecularly Imprinted Membrane Electrospray Ionization for Direct Sample Analyses. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1453-1458. [PMID: 28035803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Typically dealing with practical samples with very complex matrices, ambient ionization mass spectrometry suffers from low detection sensitivity. In this study, molecular imprinting technology was explored and integrated with the membrane electrospray ionization (MESI) method for direct sample analyses. By enriching targeted analytes on molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs), improvement (by 10- to 50-fold) in the limit of quantitation could be achieved, compared to conventional nanoelectrospray ionization methods or other ambient ionization methods. MIMs were prepared by cross-linking a synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer layer onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. The characteristics of MIM in recognizing target analytes were investigated and verified. Experiments showed that MIM-ESI could provide satisfactory performances for direct quantification of targeted analytes in complex samples using mass spectroscopy (MS), and the quantitative performance of this methodology was validated. With the capability of target enrichment, the uses of MIM-ESI MS in different application fields were also demonstrated, including food safety, quantification of drug concentrations in blood, pesticide residues in soil, and antibiotic residues in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China , 102206.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China , 310003
| | - Liusheng Fan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China , 100081
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, China , 100048
| | - Xuebin Huang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China , 100081
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China , 102206.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China , 310003
| | - Jinxing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China , 102206.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China , 310003
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China , 102206.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China , 310003
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China , 100081
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20
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Horan AJ, Apsokardu MJ, Johnston MV. Droplet Assisted Inlet Ionization for Online Analysis of Airborne Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1059-1062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Horan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michael J. Apsokardu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Murray V. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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21
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Trimpin S. "Magic" Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:4-21. [PMID: 26486514 PMCID: PMC4686549 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The systematic study of the temperature and pressure dependence of matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) led us to the discovery of the seemingly impossible, initially explained by some reviewers as either sleight of hand or the misinterpretation by an overzealous young scientist of results reported many years before and having little utility. The “magic” that we were attempting to report was that with matrix assistance, molecules, at least as large as bovine serum albumin (66 kDa), are lifted into the gas phase as multiply charged ions simply by exposure of the matrix:analyte sample to the vacuum of a mass spectrometer. Applied heat, a laser, or voltages are not necessary to achieve charge states and ion abundances only previously observed with electrospray ionization (ESI). The fundamentals of how solid phase volatile or nonvolatile compounds are converted to gas-phase ions without added energy currently involves speculation providing a great opportunity to rethink mechanistic understanding of ionization processes used in mass spectrometry. Improved understanding of the mechanism(s) of these processes and their connection to ESI and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization may provide opportunities to further develop new ionization strategies for traditional and yet unforeseen applications of mass spectrometry. This Critical Insights article covers developments leading to the discovery of a seemingly magic ionization process that is simple to use, fast, sensitive, robust, and can be directly applied to surface characterization using portable or high performance mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- />Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
- />Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- />MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE 19711 USA
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Motoyama A, Kihara K. Zero volt paper spray ionization mass spectrometry for direct analysis of samples on filter paper substrate. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1905-1916. [PMID: 26411512 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Zero volt paper spray ionization (zvPSI) is a newly developed sample introduction/ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS), which combines favorable features of paper spray ionization (PSI) and solvent-assisted inlet ionization (SAII). With a simple platform similar to PSI, zvPSI allows direct MS analysis of a broad type of samples (liquid, (semi-)solid, and imprint) without applying voltage. METHODS In zvPSI-MS, a rectangular paper slip was used as a sample loader, extraction medium, and droplet emitter to introduce sample extract into the inlet of a mass spectrometer. For (semi-)solid and imprint samples, analyte(s) was directly extracted with solvent and instantaneously introduced into a mass spectrometer by aspiration. Solution samples were analyzed after being dried-up or by dispensing directly onto paper. Ionization was achieved by SAII and ionized molecules were detected by an ion-trap mass spectrometer. RESULTS The developed method allowed direct voltage-free MS analysis of samples on filter paper substrate. Favorable features of PSI and SAII were successfully combined, such as fast data acquisition, flexible sample handlings, and direct extraction capability from solid samples (PSI), with no need for external high-voltage, laser, or nebulizing gas to convert analytes into gas-phase ions (SAII). Comparable to PSI and SAII, a wide variety of compounds such as amino acids, peptides, lipids and synthetic polymers were shown to be analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The developed method (zvPSI-MS) expanded the analytical utility of PSI and SAII to voltage-free direct MS analysis of a broad type of samples (liquid, (semi-)solid, and imprint).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Motoyama
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co., Ltd., 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 224-8885, Japan
| | - Keishi Kihara
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co., Ltd., 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 224-8885, Japan
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Abstract
The analytical performance and a suggested mechanism for zero volt paper spray using chromatography paper are presented. A spray is generated by the action of the pneumatic force of the mass spectrometer (MS) vacuum at the inlet. Positive and negative ion signals are observed, and comparisons are made with standard kV paper spray (PS) ionization and nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI). While the range of analytes to which zero volt PS is applicable is very similar to kV PS and nESI, differences in the mass spectra of mixtures are interpreted in terms of the more significant effects of analyte surface activity in the gentler zero volt experiment than in the other methods due to the significantly lower charge. The signal intensity of zero volt PS is also lower than in the other methods. A Monte Carlo simulation based on statistical fluctuation of positive and negative ions in solution has been implemented to explain the production of ions from initially uncharged droplets. Uncharged droplets first break up due to aerodynamics forces until they are in the 2-4 μm size range and then undergo Coulombic fission. A model involving statistical charge fluctuations in both phases predicts detection limits similar to those observed experimentally and explains the effects of binary mixture components on relative ionization efficiencies. The proposed mechanism may also play a role in ionization by other voltage-free methods.
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Woodall DW, Wang B, Inutan ED, Narayan SB, Trimpin S. High-Throughput Characterization of Small and Large Molecules Using Only a Matrix and the Vacuum of a Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4667-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504475x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Woodall
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Srinivas B. Narayan
- Detroit Medical Center: Detroit Hospital (DMC), Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Cardiovascular
Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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25
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Zhang M, Lin F, Xu J, Xu W. Membrane electrospray ionization for direct ultrasensitive biomarker quantitation in biofluids using mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3123-8. [PMID: 25728048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of rapid biomarker quantitation in raw biological samples would expand the application of mass spectrometry in clinical diagnosis. Up until now, the conventional chromatography-mass spectrometry method is time-consuming in both sample preparation and chromatography separation processes, while ambient ionization methods normally suffer from sensitivity. The membrane electrospray ionization (MESI) introduced in this study could not only achieve sensitive biomolecule quantitation, but also minimize the sample handling process. As a unique feature of MESI, both vertical and horizontal chemical separations could be achieved in real-time. With the capability of mass-selectively minimizing matrix effects from salts, small molecules, and macromolecules, ultrasensitive detection of cytochrome C (>500-fold sensitivity improvement) in raw urine samples was demonstrated in less than 20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- †National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China, 102206.,‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China, 102206.,§Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China, 310003
| | - Fankai Lin
- ⊥School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, 100081
| | - Jianguo Xu
- †National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China, 102206.,‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China, 102206.,§Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China, 310003
| | - Wei Xu
- ⊥School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, 100081
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26
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Wang B, Dearring CL, Wager-Miller J, Mackie K, Trimpin S. Drug detection and quantification directly from tissue using novel ionization methods for mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:201-10. [PMID: 26307700 PMCID: PMC4762651 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvent assisted ionization inlet (SAII) and matrix assisted ionization vacuum (MAIV) were used to quantify rapidly an antipsychotic drug, clozapine, directly from surfaces with minimal sample preparation. This simple surface analysis method based on SAII- and MAIV-mass spectrometry (MS) was developed to allow the detection of endogenous lipids, metabolites, and clozapine directly from sections of mouse brain tissue. A rapid surface assessment was achieved by SAII with the assistance of heat applied to the mass spectrometer inlet. MAIV provided an improved reproducibility without the need of a heated inlet. In addition, isotope dilution and standard addition were used without sample clean-up, and the results correlate well with liquid chromatography tandem MS using sample work-up. Using the simple surface methods, standard solutions containing clozapine and a deuterated internal standard (clozapine-d8) at different concentration ratios were used in the extraction and quantification of clozapine from brain tissue sections of a drug-treated mouse using different tissue thicknesses. The amount of clozapine extracted by these surface methods was independent of tissue thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202.
| | | | - James Wager-Miller
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405.
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405.
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202. Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.
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27
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Trimpin S, Wang B. Inlet and Vacuum Ionization from Ambient Conditions. AMBIENT IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782628026-00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that laser ablation of a common MALDI matrix at atmospheric pressure without use of a voltage produced ions with nearly identical charge states to ESI led to a series of new ionization methods that we have given the general term inlet and vacuum ionization. The initial thought that the laser was necessary for matrix-assisted ionization gave way to ionization requiring a heated inlet with a pressure-drop region and then to a matrix that could be a solvent or no matrix. This in turn led to laser ablation in vacuum producing multiply charged ions without an inlet, and finally to the present where we have found matrices that lift molecules into the gas phase as ions without any external energy source. Our mechanistic view of this new ionization process developed into ionization methods for use in mass spectrometry will be discussed. These methods are simple to use, safe, robust, and sensitive. Several approaches for high-throughput analyses of compounds irrespective of their molecular weight will be presented using low- and high-performance mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry Detroit, MI USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry Detroit, MI USA
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28
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Konermann L, Vahidi S, Sowole MA. Mass Spectrometry Methods for Studying Structure and Dynamics of Biological Macromolecules. Anal Chem 2013; 86:213-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4039306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Siavash Vahidi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Modupeola A. Sowole
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
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