1
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Pei F, Feng S, Hu W, Liu B, Mu X, Hao Q, Cao Y, Lei W, Tong Z. Sandwich mode lateral flow assay for point-of-care detecting SARS-CoV-2. Talanta 2023; 253. [PMCID: PMC9612878 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The global corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been announced a pandemic outbreak, and has threatened human life and health seriously. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as its causative pathogen, is widely detected in the screening of COVID-19 patients, infected people and contaminated substances. Lateral flow assay (LFA) is a popular point-of-care detection method, possesses advantages of quick response, simple operation mode, portable device, and low cost. Based on the above advantages, LFA has been widely developed for detecting SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarized the articles about the sandwich mode LFA detecting SARS-CoV-2, classified according to the target detection objects indicating genes, nucleocapsid protein, spike protein, and specific antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. In each part, LFA is further classified and summarized according to different signal detection types. Additionally, the properties of the targets were introduced to clarify their detection significance. The review is expected to provide a helpful guide for LFA sensitization and marker selection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubin Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Shasha Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xihui Mu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Qingli Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,Corresponding author
| | - Zhaoyang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China,Corresponding author
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2
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Liang S, Sutham P, Wu K, Mallikarjunan K, Wang JP. Giant Magnetoresistance Biosensors for Food Safety Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22155663. [PMID: 35957220 PMCID: PMC9371012 DOI: 10.3390/s22155663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the increasing number of foodborne disease outbreaks around the globe has aroused the wide attention of the food industry and regulators. During food production, processing, storage, and transportation, microorganisms may grow and secrete toxins as well as other harmful substances. These kinds of food contamination from microbiological and chemical sources can seriously endanger human health. The traditional detection methods such as cell culture and colony counting cannot meet the requirements of rapid detection due to some intrinsic shortcomings, such as being time-consuming, laborious, and requiring expensive instrumentation or a central laboratory. In the past decade, efforts have been made to develop rapid, sensitive, and easy-to-use detection platforms for on-site food safety regulation. Herein, we review one type of promising biosensing platform that may revolutionize the current food surveillance approaches, the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensors. Benefiting from the advances of nanotechnology, hundreds to thousands of GMR biosensors can be integrated into a fingernail-sized area, allowing the higher throughput screening of food samples at a lower cost. In addition, combined with on-chip microfluidic channels and filtration function, this type of GMR biosensing system can be fully automatic, and less operator training is required. Furthermore, the compact-sized GMR biosensor platforms could be further extended to related food contamination and the field screening of other pathogen targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Phanatchakorn Sutham
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kumar Mallikarjunan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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3
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Wu K, Tonini D, Liang S, Saha R, Chugh VK, Wang JP. Giant Magnetoresistance Biosensors in Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9945-9969. [PMID: 35167743 PMCID: PMC9055838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect has seen flourishing development from theory to application in the last three decades since its discovery in 1988. Nowadays, commercial devices based on the GMR effect, such as hard-disk drives, biosensors, magnetic field sensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), etc., are available in the market, by virtue of the advances in state-of-the-art thin-film deposition and micro- and nanofabrication techniques. Different types of GMR biosensor arrays with superior sensitivity and robustness are available at a lower cost for a wide variety of biomedical applications. In this paper, we review the recent advances in GMR-based biomedical applications including disease diagnosis, genotyping, food and drug regulation, brain and cardiac mapping, etc. The GMR magnetic multilayer structure, spin valve, and magnetic granular structure, as well as fundamental theories of the GMR effect, are introduced at first. The emerging topic of flexible GMR for wearable biosensing is also included. Different GMR pattern designs, sensor surface functionalization, bioassay strategies, and on-chip accessories for improved GMR performances are reviewed. It is foreseen that combined with the state-of-the-art complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics, GMR biosensors hold great promise in biomedicine, particularly for point-of-care (POC) disease diagnosis and wearable devices for real-time health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Denis Tonini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vinit Kumar Chugh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Ghaemi F, Amiri A, Bajuri MY, Yuhana NY, Ferrara M. Role of different types of nanomaterials against diagnosis, prevention and therapy of COVID-19. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2021; 72:103046. [PMID: 34055576 PMCID: PMC8146202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, a novel type of coronavirus emerged in China called SARS-COV-2, known COVID-19, threatens global health and possesses negative impact on people's quality of life, leading to an urgent need for its diagnosis and remedy. On the other hand, the presence of hazardous infectious waste led to the increase of the risk of transmitting the virus by individuals and by hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, in this review, we survey previous researches on nanomaterials that can be effective for guiding strategies to deal with the current COVID-19 pandemic and also decrease the hazardous infectious waste in the environment. We highlight the contribution of nanomaterials that possess potential to therapy, prevention, detect targeted virus proteins and also can be useful for large population screening, for the development of environmental sensors and filters. Besides, we investigate the possibilities of employing the nanomaterials in antiviral research and treatment development, examining the role of nanomaterials in antiviral- drug design, including the importance of nanomaterials in drug delivery and vaccination, and for the production of medical equipment. Nanomaterials-based technologies not only contribute to the ongoing SARS- CoV-2 research efforts but can also provide platforms and tools for the understanding, protection, detection and treatment of future viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferial Ghaemi
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amirhassan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Mohd Yazid Bajuri
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia(UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yuliana Yuhana
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Massimiliano Ferrara
- ICRIOS - The Invernizzi Centre for Research in Innovation, Organization, Strategy and Entrepreneurship, Bocconi University, Department of Management and Technology Via Sarfatti, 25 20136, Milano (MI), Italy
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5
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Abstract
Magnetoresistance (MR) is the variation of a material’s resistivity under the presence of external magnetic fields. Reading heads in hard disk drives (HDDs) are the most common applications of MR sensors. Since the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in the 1980s and the application of GMR reading heads in the 1990s, the MR sensors lead to the rapid developments of the HDDs’ storage capacity. Nowadays, MR sensors are employed in magnetic storage, position sensing, current sensing, non-destructive monitoring, and biomedical sensing systems. MR sensors are used to transfer the variation of the target magnetic fields to other signals such as resistance change. This review illustrates the progress of developing nanoconstructed MR materials/structures. Meanwhile, it offers an overview of current trends regarding the applications of MR sensors. In addition, the challenges in designing/developing MR sensors with enhanced performance and cost-efficiency are discussed in this review.
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6
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Wu K, Saha R, Su D, Krishna VD, Liu J, Cheeran MCJ, Wang JP. Magnetic-Nanosensor-Based Virus and Pathogen Detection Strategies before and during COVID-19. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2020; 3:9560-9580. [PMID: 37556271 PMCID: PMC7526334 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a threat to the global healthcare system and economic security. As of July 2020, no specific drugs or vaccines are yet available for COVID-19; a fast and accurate diagnosis for SARS-CoV-2 is essential in slowing the spread of COVID-19 and for efficient implementation of control and containment strategies. Magnetic nanosensing is an emerging topic representing the frontiers of current biosensing and magnetic areas. The past decade has seen rapid growth in applying magnetic tools for biological and biomedical applications. Recent advances in magnetic nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have transformed current diagnostic methods to nanoscale and pushed the detection limit to early-stage disease diagnosis. Herein, this review covers the literature of magnetic nanosensors for virus and pathogen detection before COVID-19. We review popular magnetic nanosensing techniques including magnetoresistance, magnetic particle spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Magnetic point-of-care diagnostic kits are also reviewed aiming at developing plug-and-play diagnostics to manage the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as well as preventing future epidemics. In addition, other platforms that use magnetic nanomaterials as auxiliary tools for enhanced pathogen and virus detection are also covered. The goal of this review is to inform the researchers of diagnostic and surveillance platforms for SARS-CoV-2 and their performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Diqing Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and
Material Science, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Venkatramana D. Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population
Medicine, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Maxim C.-J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population
Medicine, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Ren C, Bayin Q, Feng S, Fu Y, Ma X, Guo J. Biomarkers detection with magnetoresistance-based sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112340. [PMID: 32729483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biosensing platforms for detecting and quantifying biomarkers have played an important role in the past decade. Among them, platforms based on magnetoresistance (MR) sensing technology are attractive. The resistance value of the material changes with the externally applied magnetic field is the core mechanism of MR sensing technology. A typical MR-based sensor has the characteristics of cost-effective, simple operation, high compactness, and high sensitivity. Moreover, using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as labels, MR-based sensors have the ability to overcome the high background noise of complex samples, so they are particularly suitable for point-of-care testing (POCT). However, the problem still exists. How to obtain high-throughput, that is, multiple detections of biomarkers in MR-based sensors, thereby improving detection efficiency and reducing the burden on patients is an important issue in future work. This paper reviews three MR-based detection technologies for the detection of biomarkers, i.e., anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR), giant magnetoresistance (GMR), and tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR). Based on these three common technologies, different typical applications that include biomedical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental monitoring are presented. Furthermore, the existing MR-based detection method is better expanded to make it more in line with present detection needs by combining different advanced technologies including microfluidics, Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and Immunochromatographic test strips (ICTS). And then, a brief discussion of current challenges and perspectives of MR-based sensors are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Ren
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China
| | - Qiaoge Bayin
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China
| | - Shilun Feng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yusheng Fu
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China
| | - Xing Ma
- State Key Lab of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China.
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8
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A New Nanocomposite Electrode of Carbon Quantum Dots Doped Functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes for Lethal Mercury Sensing. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Advances in Magnetoresistive Biosensors. MICROMACHINES 2019; 11:mi11010034. [PMID: 31888076 PMCID: PMC7019276 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoresistance (MR) based biosensors are considered promising candidates for the detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as biomarkers and the biomagnetic fields. MR biosensors have been widely used in the detection of proteins, DNAs, as well as the mapping of cardiovascular and brain signals. In this review, we firstly introduce three different MR devices from the fundamental perspectives, followed by the fabrication and surface modification of the MR sensors. The sensitivity of the MR sensors can be improved by optimizing the sensing geometry, engineering the magnetic bioassays on the sensor surface, and integrating the sensors with magnetic flux concentrators and microfluidic channels. Different kinds of MR-based bioassays are also introduced. Subsequently, the research on MR biosensors for the detection of protein biomarkers and genotyping is reviewed. As a more recent application, brain mapping based on MR sensors is summarized in a separate section with the discussion of both the potential benefits and challenges in this new field. Finally, the integration of MR biosensors with flexible substrates is reviewed, with the emphasis on the fabrication techniques to obtain highly shapeable devices while maintaining comparable performance to their rigid counterparts.
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10
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Gupta S, Kakkar V. DARPin based GMR Biosensor for the detection of ESAT-6 Tuberculosis Protein. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 118:101852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Klein T, Wang W, Yu L, Wu K, Boylan KLM, Vogel RI, Skubitz APN, Wang JP. Development of a multiplexed giant magnetoresistive biosensor array prototype to quantify ovarian cancer biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:301-307. [PMID: 30445305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed benchtop and handheld Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensing systems that serve as platforms for detecting a wide variety of protein biomarkers for human diseases. System development included spintronic and nanomagnetic materials, biomolecular chemistry, electronic circuitry, analog and digital signal processing, firmware programming, user interface programming on both PC and Android smartphone, communications over both USB and Bluetooth, and mechanical integration. In this work, we demonstrated the benchtop GMR biosensing system in the context of ovarian cancer assay development. The prototype system delivered the required performance in terms of high-sensitivity multiplex assays in a portable format with enough flexibility to serve as a platform for ovarian cancer and many other diseases. We achieved multiplex detection of cancer antigen 125 (CA125 II), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), and interleukin 6 (IL6), with limits of detection (LOD) as low as 3.7 U/mL, 7.4 pg/mL, and 7.4 pg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Klein
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lina Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristin L M Boylan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rachel Isaksson Vogel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy P N Skubitz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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12
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Sun M, Li Z, Wu S, Gu Y, Li Y. Simultaneous detection of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ by differential pulse voltammetry at an indium tin oxide glass electrode modified by hydroxyapatite. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Tu J, Gan Y, Liang T, Hu Q, Wang Q, Ren T, Sun Q, Wan H, Wang P. Graphene FET Array Biosensor Based on ssDNA Aptamer for Ultrasensitive Hg 2+ Detection in Environmental Pollutants. Front Chem 2018; 6:333. [PMID: 30155458 PMCID: PMC6102327 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Invisible mercury ion is an extremely poisonous environmental pollutant, therefore, a fast and highly sensitive detection method is of significant importance. In this study, a liquid-gated graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) array biosensor (6 × 6 GFETs on the chip) was fabricated and applied for Hg2+ quantitate detection based on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer. The biosensor showed outstanding selectivity to Hg2+ in mixed solutions containing various metal ions. Moreover, the sensing capability of the biosensor was demonstrated by real-time responses and showed a fairly low detection limit of 40 pM, a wide detection ranged from 100 pM to 100 nM and rapid response time below one second. These results suggest that the GFET array biosensor based on ssDNA aptamer offers a simple fabrication procedure and quite fast method for mercury ion contaminant detection and are promising for various analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Tu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiongwen Hu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianling Ren
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Healthy & Intelligent Kitchen System Integration of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo Fotile Kitchenware CO. LTD., Bodi Centre, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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A sensitive biosensor for mercury ions detection based on hairpin hindrance by thymine-Hg(II)-thymine structure. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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Krishna VD, Wu K, Su D, Cheeran MCJ, Wang JP, Perez A. Nanotechnology: Review of concepts and potential application of sensing platforms in food safety. Food Microbiol 2018; 75:47-54. [PMID: 30056962 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years a number of new nanotechnology based platforms have been developed for detection of wide variety of targets including infectious agents, protein biomarkers, nucleic acids, drugs, and cancer cells. Nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, nanowires, and nanosensors like giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors are used to quantitatively detect biomolecules with, experimentally, relatively good accuracy. There has been a growing interest in the use of magnetic fields in biosensing applications. Because biological samples have no ferromagnetic property and therefore there is no interference with complex sample matrix, detection of infectious agents from minimally processed samples is possible. Here, we provide a brief overview of the recent emergence of nanotechnology-based techniques for the detection and monitoring of foodborne diseases. In addition, the potential applications and future perspectives of nanotechnology on food safety are discussed. Ultimately, the review is expected to stimulate and provide directions to the development and application of nanotechnology-based tests for the early detection, and eventual control of foodborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramana D Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Kai Wu
- The Center for Micromagnetics and Information Technologies (MINT) & Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Diqing Su
- The Center for Micromagnetics and Information Technologies (MINT) & Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Maxim C J Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- The Center for Micromagnetics and Information Technologies (MINT) & Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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16
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Zhang Q, Li L, Qiao Z, Lei C, Fu Y, Xie Q, Yao S, Li Y, Ying Y. Electrochemical Conversion of Fe 3O 4 Magnetic Nanoparticles to Electroactive Prussian Blue Analogues for Self-Sacrificial Label Biosensing of Avian Influenza Virus H5N1. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12145-12151. [PMID: 29053256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A serious impetus always exists to exploit new methods to enrich the prospect of nanomaterials. Here, we report electrochemical conversion (ECC) of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to electroactive Prussian blue (PB) analogues accompanied by three interfacial effects and its exploitation for novel label self-sacrificial biosensing of avian influenza virus H5N1. The ECC method involves a high-potential step to create strong acidic condition by splitting H2O to release Fe3+ from the MNPs, and then a low-potential step leading to the reduction of coexisting K3Fe(CN)6 and Fe3+ to K4Fe(CN)6 and Fe2+, respectively, which react to form PB analogues. Unlike conventional solid/liquid electrochemical interfaces that need a supply of reactants by transportation from bulk solution and require additional template to generate porosity, the proposed method introduces MNPs on the electrode surface and makes them natural nanotemplates and nanoconfined sources of reactants. Therefore, the method presents interesting surface templating, generation-confinement, and refreshing effects/modes, which benefit the produced PB with higher porosity and electrochemical activity, and 3 orders of magnitude lower requirement for reactant concentration compared with conventional methods. Based on the ECC methods, a sandwich immunosensor is designed for rapid detection of avian influenza virus H5N1 using MNPs as self-sacrificial labels to produce PB for signal amplification. Taking full advantages of the high abundance of Fe in MNPs and three surface effects, the ECC method endows the biosensing technology with high sensitivity and a limit of detection down to 0.0022 hemagglutination units, which is better than those of most reported analogues. The ECC method may lead to a new direction for application of nanomaterials and new electrochemistry modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingyan Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhaohui Qiao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunyang Lei
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingchun Fu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingji Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yanbin Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China.,Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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A new electrochemical sensor based on carboimidazole grafted reduced graphene oxide for simultaneous detection of Hg 2+ and Pb 2+. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Multiplex giant magnetoresistive biosensor microarrays identify interferon-associated autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27623. [PMID: 27279139 PMCID: PMC4899742 DOI: 10.1038/srep27623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High titer, class-switched autoantibodies are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Dysregulation of the interferon (IFN) pathway is observed in individuals with active SLE, although the association of specific autoantibodies with chemokine score, a combined measurement of three IFN-regulated chemokines, is not known. To identify autoantibodies associated with chemokine score, we developed giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensor microarrays, which allow the parallel measurement of multiple serum antibodies to autoantigens and peptides. We used the microarrays to analyze serum samples from SLE patients and found individuals with high chemokine scores had significantly greater reactivity to 13 autoantigens than individuals with low chemokine scores. Our findings demonstrate that multiple autoantibodies, including antibodies to U1-70K and modified histone H2B tails, are associated with IFN dysregulation in SLE. Further, they show the microarrays are capable of identifying autoantibodies associated with relevant clinical manifestations of SLE, with potential for use as biomarkers in clinical practice.
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19
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Li Z, Miao X, Xing K, Peng X, Zhu A, Ling L. Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for Hg2+ by using hybridization chain reaction coupled with Ag@Au core–shell nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:339-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Huang YL, Gao ZF, Jia J, Luo HQ, Li NB. A label-free electrochemical sensor for detection of mercury(II) ions based on the direct growth of guanine nanowire. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 308:173-178. [PMID: 26835893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and label-free electrochemical sensor is developed for detection of Hg(2+) based on the strong and stable T-Hg(2+)-T mismatches. In the presence of Mg(2+), the parallel G-quadruplex structures could be specifically recognized and precipitated in parallel conformation. Therefore, the guanine nanowire was generated on the electrode surface, triggering the electrochemical H2O2-mediated oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). In this research, a new method of signal amplification for the quantitative detection of Hg(2+) was described based on the direct growth of guanine nanowire via guanine nanowire. Under optimum conditions, Hg(2+) was detected in the range of 100 pM-100 nM, and the detection limit is 33 pM. Compared to the traditional single G-quadruplex label unit, this electrochemical sensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity for detecting Hg(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zhong Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hong Qun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Nian Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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21
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Chen Y, Xianyu Y, Wu J, Yin B, Jiang X. Click Chemistry-Mediated Nanosensors for Biochemical Assays. Theranostics 2016; 6:969-85. [PMID: 27217831 PMCID: PMC4876622 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry combined with functional nanoparticles have drawn increasing attention in biochemical assays because they are promising in developing biosensors with effective signal transformation/amplification and straightforward signal readout for clinical diagnostic assays. In this review, we focus on the latest advances of biochemical assays based on Cu (I)-catalyzed 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes (CuAAC)-mediated nanosensors, as well as the functionalization of nanoprobes based on click chemistry. Nanoprobes including gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles and carbon nanomaterials are covered. We discuss the advantages of click chemistry-mediated nanosensors for biochemical assays, and give perspectives on the development of click chemistry-mediated approaches for clinical diagnosis and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xingyu Jiang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
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22
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Promoted colorimetric response of spirooxazine derivative: a simple assay for sensitive mercury(II) detection. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Qiu Z, Tang D, Shu J, Chen G, Tang D. Enzyme-triggered formation of enzyme-tyramine concatamers on nanogold-functionalized dendrimer for impedimetric detection of Hg(II) with sensitivity enhancement. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 75:108-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Li L, Wen Y, Xu L, Xu Q, Song S, Zuo X, Yan J, Zhang W, Liu G. Development of mercury (II) ion biosensors based on mercury-specific oligonucleotide probes. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 75:433-45. [PMID: 26356764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (II) ion (Hg(2+)) contamination can be accumulated along the food chain and cause serious threat to the public health. Plenty of research effort thus has been devoted to the development of fast, sensitive and selective biosensors for monitoring Hg(2+). Thymine was demonstrated to specifically combine with Hg(2+) and form a thymine-Hg(2+)-thymine (T-Hg(2+)-T) structure, with binding constant even higher than T-A Watson-Crick pair in DNA duplex. Recently, various novel Hg(2+) biosensors have been developed based on T-rich Mercury-Specific Oligonucleotide (MSO) probes, and exhibited advanced selectivity and excellent sensitivity for Hg(2+) detection. In this review, we explained recent development of MSO-based Hg(2+) biosensors mainly in 3 groups: fluorescent biosensors, colorimetric biosensors and electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Li
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yanli Wen
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Li Xu
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Qin Xu
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Shiping Song
- Laboratory of Physical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Laboratory of Physical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, PR China
| | - Juan Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
| | - Weijia Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Biometrology, Division of Chemistry and Ionizing Radiation Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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25
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Giant magnetoresistive-based biosensing probe station system for multiplex protein assays. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Lu L, Wang X, Xiong C, Yao L. Recent advances in biological detection with magnetic nanoparticles as a useful tool. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-5370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Li F, Meng F, Wang Y, Zhu C, Cheng Y. Polymer-based fluorescence sensor incorporating thiazole moiety for direct and visual detection of Hg2+ and Ag+. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Detection of mercury ions (II) based on non-cross-linking aggregation of double-stranded DNA modified gold nanoparticles by resonance Rayleigh scattering method. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 65:360-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Tortolini C, Bollella P, Antonelli ML, Antiochia R, Mazzei F, Favero G. DNA-based biosensors for Hg(2+) determination by polythymine-methylene blue modified electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:524-31. [PMID: 25263314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work we have developed a new electrochemical DNA-based biosensor for the selective determination of the Hg(2+) ion by the use of different electrodes modified with polythymine, bearing methylene blue, as redox probe, in 3' position. The determination of Hg(2+) can be employed with an excellent degree of selectivity by the use of DNA biosensors through the formation of the complex Thymine-Hg-Thymine (T-Hg-T): in fact, Hg(2+) tends to bind two thymines, generating a T-Hg-T complex with a formation constant higher than that one of the coupling Adenine-Thymine, which can be employed for a selective, fast and cost-effective Hg(2+) detection. The presence of the Hg(2+) in solution leads to the formation of T-Hg-T complex thus causing the "hairpin-like" folding of oligonucleotide, leading to an improved electronic exchange of methylene blue with the electrode surface due to the reduced distance and thus to an increase of the faradic current which is detected by means of square wave voltammetry (SWV). To test the feasibility of this kind of biosensor to be applied to the analysis of Hg(2+) we have developed several biosensors configuration by modifying the electrochemical sensor transducer: (a) Au electrode; (b) Au screen-printed electrode (SPE). The proposed system, allows the determination of Hg(2+) in the range 0.2-100 nM (0.05-20 ppb), with a sensitivity 0.327 µA/nM, LOD 0.1 nM (0.02 ppb), LOQ 0.2 nM (0.05 ppb) and RSD ≤4.3% when Au electrode is used as electrochemical transducer; on the other hand, in the case of Au SPE the linear range is 0.2-50 nM (0.05-10 ppb), with a sensitivity 0.285 µA/nM, while LOD and LOQ are the same as previously and RSD is ≤3.8%. This enabled the detection of mercury in real samples (waters and fishes) with good accuracy (recoveries 92-101% on waters and 92-107% on fishes, respectively) and reproducibility (RSD ≤9.6% for measurements on waters and ≤8.8% on fishes, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tortolini
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Mazzei
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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