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Miller LM, Young TW, Wang Y, Draper BE, Ye X, Jacobson SC, Jarrold MF. Complementary Nanoparticle Characterization by Resistive-Pulse Sensing, Electron Microscopy, and Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:14239-14247. [PMID: 39167412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has provided novel modalities for the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In particular, nanoparticles (NPs) can be engineered at a low cost for drug loading and delivery. For example, silica NPs have proven useful as a controlled release platform for anti-inflammatory drugs. Despite the wide-ranging potential applications for NPs, robust characterization across all size ranges remains elusive. Electron microscopy (EM) is the conventional tool for measuring NP diameters. However, imitations in throughput and the inability to provide comprehensive information on physical properties, such as mass and density, without underlying assumptions, hinder a complete analysis. In addition, assessing sample heterogeneity, aggregation, or coalescence in solution by traditional EM analysis is not possible. Resistive-pulse sensing (RPS) provides a high throughput, solution-phase method for characterizing particle heterogeneity based on volume. Complementing these methods, charge detection mass spectrometry (CD-MS), a single particle technique, provides accurate mass information for heterogeneous samples including NPs. By combining EM, RPS and CD-MS, accurate volume, mass, and densities were obtained for silica NPs of various sizes. The results show that the density for 20 nm silica NPs is close to the density of fused silica (2.2 g/cm3). Larger silica NPs were found to have densities that were either smaller or larger, while also falling outside the range of densities usually found for silica colloids and NPs (1.9-2.3 g/cm3). Lower densities are attributed to pores (i.e., porous particles). For one sample, the mass distribution showed two components attributed to two populations of particles in the sample with different densities. The synergistic combination of EM, RPS, and CD-MS measurements outlined here for NP samples, allows much more extensive information to be obtained than from any of the techniques alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohra M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Tanner W Young
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin E Draper
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Xingchen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Stephen C Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Atia MA, Smejkal P, Gupta V, Haddad PR, Breadmore MC. Chemical vapour deposition in narrow capillaries: Electro-osmotic flow control in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1280:341847. [PMID: 37858546 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In capillary electrophoresis (CE), the inner surface of fused-silica capillaries is commonly covalently modified with liquid silanes to control electroosmotic flow (EOF). This liquid phase deposition (LPD) approach is challenging for long and narrow-diameter capillaries (≥1 m, ≤25 μm ID) inhibiting commercial production. Here, we use chemical vapour deposition (CVD) to covalently modify capillaries with different silanes. Using a home-built CVD device, capillaries were modified with neutral (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), the weak base (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS), the weak acid 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and the neutral hydrophobic trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl) silane (PFOCTS). Gas-phase modification of GPTMS with acid and ammonia allowed further modification of the surface prior to molecular layer deposition (MLD) of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) using the self-limiting sequential reaction between terephthalaldehyde (TA) and p-phenylenediamine (PD) vapours. RESULTS Capillaries coated with GPTMS by CVD showed a greater reduction in EOF at all pH values than the conventional LPD. APTMS showed a reduction of the EOF at pH 9, with EOF reversal observed below pH 6. MPTMS provided a slightly lower EOF than an unmodified capillary at high pH, and a slightly higher EOF at lower pH. PFOCTS provided the most consistent EOF as a function of pH. The deposition of successive layers of PPTA resulted in increased surface coverage of the polymer and a greater reduction in EOF at pH higher than 5. The stability of a 10 μm ID GPTMS coated capillary was tested at pH 8.8 in a 200 mM CHES/Tris BGE for the separation of inorganic anions. Over 1.5 months of continuous operation (≈4130 runs), the reproducibility of the apparent mobilities for chloride, nitrite, nitrate and sulfate were 2.43%, 2.56%, 2.63% and 3.05%, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day column-to-column reproducibility and batch-to-batch reproducibility for all the coated capillaries ranged between 0.34% and 3.95%. SIGNIFICANCE The study demonstrates the superior performance of CVD coating for suppressing the EOF compared to LPD allowing the easy modification of long lengths of narrow capillary. The variation in silane, and the ability of MLD to modify and control the surface chemistry, provides a simple and facile method for surface modification. The stability of these coatings will allow long-term capillary electrophoresis monitoring of water chemistry, such as for monitoring fertiliser run-off in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Atia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan University, 11795, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Petr Smejkal
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Vipul Gupta
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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Ward CL, Cornejo MA, Peli Thanthri SH, Linz TH. A review of electrophoretic separations in temperature-responsive Pluronic thermal gels. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1276:341613. [PMID: 37573098 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Gel electrophoresis is a ubiquitous bioanalytical technique used in research laboratories to validate protein and nucleic acid samples. Polyacrylamide and agarose have been the gold standard gel materials for decades, but an alternative class of polymer has emerged with potentially superior performance. Pluronic thermal gels are water-soluble polymers that possess the unique ability to undergo a change in viscosity in response to changing temperature. Thermal gels can reversibly convert between low-viscosity liquids and high-viscosity solid gels using temperature as an adjustable parameter. The properties of thermal gels provide unmatched flexibility as a dynamic separations matrix to measure analytes ranging from small molecules to cells. This review article describes the physical and chemical properties of Pluronic thermal gels to provide a fundamental overview of polymer behavior. The performance of thermal gels is then reviewed to highlight their applications as a gel matrix for electrokinetic separations in capillary, microfluidic, and slab gel formats. The use of dynamic temperature-responsive gels in bioanalytical separations is an underexplored area of research but one that holds exciting potential to achieve performance unattainable with conventional static polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Mario A Cornejo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Thomas H Linz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Schmidt AJ, Zamuruyev KO, LeVasseur MK, Fung S, Anishchenko IM, Kenyon NJ, Davis CE. Stable electrospray signal on a microfabricated glass chip with three-dimensional open edge and tiered depth geometries. MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 2023; 276:111997. [PMID: 39301435 PMCID: PMC11412618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mee.2023.111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the microfabrication and performance of a three-dimensional electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter tip made from glass, which achieves stable current signals important for chemical analysis. Our novel microfabrication process and custom-built signal conditioning hardware provides the advantage of providing accurate features and steady signals. The fabrication process relies on standard microfabrication techniques (i.e., deposition, photolithography, and wet etching). This fabrication method involves the novel application of two layers of positive and negative photoresists in addition to Parafilm® wax tape. Open edge and tiered depth details were successfully created from a multilayer planar mask. This is a benefit for integrated miniaturized and microfluidic systems that often require micro features for their functionality but relatively large millimeter size features for their physical periphery. We demonstrate the fundamental performance of electrospray with this microfluidic chip. The emitter tip was fixed on a linear axis stage with high resolution (10 μm) to finely control the tip distance from a metal counter electrode plate. A custom printed circuit board system was built to safely control four voltages applied to the microchip ports from a single high voltage power supply. To readily form the electrospray, non-aqueous solvents were used for their low viscosity and a constant voltage of +2.7 kV was applied to the sheath electrospray microchannel. The liquid being sprayed was 80/20 (v/v) methanol/acetonitrile with 0.1% acetic acid in the sheath microchannel and with ammonium acetate (10-40 mM) in its remaining microchannels. The electrospray signal was measured in response to varying the distance (1.4 to 1.6 mm) between the electrospray emitter tip and a metal counter electrode plate in addition to the varying concentration of the background electrolyte, ammonium acetate. Stable and repeatable electrospray signal showed linear relationships with emitter tip distance and concentration (r2≥0.95).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Schmidt
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis CA, USA
| | - Konstantin O Zamuruyev
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis CA, USA
| | - Michael K LeVasseur
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis CA, USA
| | - Ilya M Anishchenko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis CA, USA
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento CA, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis CA, USA
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather CA, USA
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5
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Naghdi E, Moran GE, Reinau ME, De Malsche W, Neusüß C. Concepts and recent advances in microchip electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry: Technologies and applications. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:246-267. [PMID: 35977423 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The online coupling of microchip electrophoresis (ME) as a fast, highly efficient, and low-cost miniaturized separation technique to mass spectrometry (MS) as an information-rich and sensitive characterization technique results in ME-MS an attractive tool for various applications. In this paper, we review the basic concepts and latest advances in technology for ME coupled to MS during the period of 2016-2021, covering microchip materials, structures, fabrication techniques, and interfacing to electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS. Two critical issues in coupling ME and ESI-MS include the electrical connection used to define the electrophoretic field strength along the separation channel and the generation of the electrospray for MS detection, as well as, a miniaturized ESI-tip. The recent commercialization of ME-MS in zone electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing modes has led to the widespread application of these techniques in academia and industry. Here we summarize recent applications of ME-MS for the separation and detection of antibodies, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, metabolites, and so on. Throughout the paper these applications are discussed in the context of benefits and limitations of ME-MS in comparison to alternative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Naghdi
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
| | - Griffin E Moran
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Wim De Malsche
- µFlow group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Shao X, Huang Y, Wang G. Microfluidic devices for protein analysis using intact and top‐down mass spectrometry. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20220032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Shao
- Institute for Cell Analysis Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen China
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center Peking University Beijing China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Institute for Cell Analysis Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen China
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center Peking University Beijing China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Guanbo Wang
- Institute for Cell Analysis Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen China
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center Peking University Beijing China
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7
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Madren S, Yi L. Microchip electrophoresis separation coupled to mass spectrometry (MCE-MS) for the rapid monitoring of multiple quality attributes of monoclonal antibodies. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2453-2465. [PMID: 36027045 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly heterogeneous as a result of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) during bioprocessing and storage. The modifications that impact mAb product quality are regarded as critical quality attributes and require monitoring. The conventional LC-mass spectrometer (MS) method used for product quality monitoring may require protein A purification prior to analysis. In this paper, we present a high-throughput microchip electrophoresis (<4 min) in-line with MS (MCE-MS) that enables baseline separation and characterization of Fc, Fd', and light chain (LC) domains of IdeS-treated mAb sample directly from bioreactor. The NISTmAb was used to optimize the MCE separation and to assess its capability of multiple attribute monitoring. The MCE-MS can uniquely separate and characterize deamidated species at domain level compared to LC-MS method. Two case studies were followed to demonstrate the method capability of monitoring product quality of mAb samples from stability studies or directly from bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Madren
- Analytical Development Department, Biogen, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda Yi
- Analytical Development Department, Biogen, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Grinias JP, Godinho JM. Liquid Chromatography Column Design and Dimensional Analysis of the van Deemter Equation. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.kh7671g4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental mechanisms of band broadening are usually introduced to students through the van Deemter equation. Dimensional analysis of this equation can give physical meaning to the equation coefficients and enhance our understanding relative to qualitative descriptions. This approach can also guide improvements to future liquid chromatography (LC) column designs.
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9
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Li W, Chaihu L, Jiang J, Wu B, Zheng X, Dai R, Tian Y, Huang Y, Wang G, Men Y. Microfluidic Platform for Time-Resolved Characterization of Protein Higher-Order Structures and Dynamics Using Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7520-7527. [PMID: 35584038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of protein higher-order structures and dynamics is essential for understanding the biological functions of proteins and revealing the underlying mechanisms. Top-down mass spectrometry (MS) accesses structural information at both the intact protein level and the peptide fragment level. Native top-down MS allows analysis of a protein complex's architecture and subunits' identity and modifications. Top-down hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) MS offers high spatial resolution for conformational or binding interface analysis and enables conformer-specific characterization. A microfluidic chip can provide superior performance for front-end reactions useful for these MS workflows, such as flexibility in manipulating multiple reactant flows, integrating various functional modules, and automation. However, most microchip-MS devices are designed for bottom-up approaches or top-down proteomics. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for designing a microchip for top-down MS analysis of protein higher-order structures and dynamics. It is suitable for time-resolved native MS and HDX MS, with designs aiming for efficient ionization of intact protein complexes, flexible manipulation of multiple reactant flows, and precise control of reaction times over a broad range of flow rates on the submicroliter per minute scale. The performance of the prototype device is demonstrated by measurements of systems including monoclonal antibodies, antibody-antigen complexes, and coexisting protein conformers. This strategy may benefit elaborate structural analysis of biomacromolecules and inspire method development using the microchip-MS approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingxiao Chaihu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Institute of Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Jialu Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bizhu Wu
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rongrong Dai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Institute of Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Institute of Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.,Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guanbo Wang
- Institute of Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.,Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongfan Men
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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10
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Recent advances in optical biosensors for specific detection of E. coli bacteria in food and water. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Interfacing microfluidics with information-rich detection systems for cells, bioparticles, and molecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4575-4589. [PMID: 35389095 PMCID: PMC8987515 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of elegant and numerous microfluidic manipulations has enabled significant advances in the processing of small volume samples and the detection of minute amounts of biomaterials. Effective isolation of single cells in a defined volume as well as manipulations of complex bioparticle or biomolecule mixtures allows for the utilization of information-rich detection methods including mass spectrometry, electron microscopy imaging, and amplification/sequencing. The art and science of translating biosamples from microfluidic platforms to highly advanced, information-rich detection system is the focus of this review, where we term the translation between the microfluidics elements to the external world “off-chipping.” When presented with the challenge of presenting sub-nanoliter volumes of manipulated sample to a detection scheme, several delivery techniques have been developed for effective analysis. These techniques include spraying (electrospray, nano-electrospray, pneumatic), meniscus-defined volumes (droplets, plugs), constrained volumes (narrow channels, containers), and phase changes (deposition, freezing). Each technique has been proven effective in delivering highly defined samples from microfluidic systems to the detection elements. This review organizes and presents selective publications that illustrate the advancements of these delivery techniques with respect to the type of sample analyzed, while introducing each strategy and providing historical perspective. The publications highlighted in this review were chosen due to their significance and relevance in the development of their respective off-chip technique.
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Chen Y, Xia L, Xiao X, Li G. Enhanced capillary zone electrophoresis in cyclic olefin copolymer microchannels using the combination of dynamic and static coatings for rapid analysis of carnosine and niacinamide in cosmetics. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2045-2054. [PMID: 35324077 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetics having medicinal effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, have become a daily care routine consumption. The peptide additives, such as carnosine and nicotinamide, were frequently used to realize these medicinal effects. To accomplish rapid and effective quantitation of carnosine and niacinamide in cosmetics, a capillary zone electrophoresis was executed in cyclic olefin copolymer microchips having both dynamic and static coatings. The static coating of cyclic olefin copolymer microchannel was constructed from bovine albumin adsorption, immobilization and active site closure, while the dynamic coating was formed by adding surfactant into running buffer of capillary zone electrophoresis. The static coating can improve the hydrophilicity of cyclic olefin copolymer surface and avoid nonspecific peptide adsorption. The dynamic coating of sodium dodecyl sulfate in running buffer proved to be useful in flow velocity adjustment and the column efficiency enhancement in capillary zone electrophoresis separation channel of the cyclic olefin copolymer microchip device. A separation resolution up to 4.24 on the mixture of carnosine and nicotinamide was obtained. Moreover, an analysis method was established and applied to simultaneous carnosine and nicotinamide determination in a liquid whitening essence and a solid antiglycation pill and the results were verified by comparison with HPLC methods, indicating its potential in complex sample analysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaohua Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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13
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Abrams AS, Eden A, Zhou L, Wang B, Huber DE, Pennathur S. Real-Time Zeta Potential Analysis of Microchannel Surfaces during Aminosilane Deposition and Exposure Using Current Monitoring. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16512-16519. [PMID: 34851604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface coatings are extensively used in capillary electrophoresis to increase separation efficiency and resolution. The stability of these coatings across a wide pH range is desirable to achieve repeatable migration times; therefore, a comprehensive understanding of coating degradation timescales is needed. We present a novel platform for automated zeta potential analysis based upon current monitoring that delivers improved time resolution over the existing methods. Using our platform, we measure the zeta potential continuously during aminosilane coating reactions and infer changes in the surface composition. We found that the change in the zeta potential after coating depended on the monomer type and solvent, while its stability was influenced by the coating solvent and exposure pH. Our versatile platform provides an elegant approach for evaluating the molecular composition, reactivity, and stability of surfaces in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin S Abrams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Alexander Eden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - David E Huber
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sumita Pennathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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14
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Austin Pickens C, Isenberg SL, Cuthbert C, Petritis K. Combining First and Second-Tier Newborn Screening in a Single Assay Using High-Throughput Chip-Based Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2021; 67:1709-1720. [PMID: 34606607 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most first-tier newborn screening (NBS) biomarkers are evaluated by a 2-min flow injection analysis coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS) assay. The absence of separation prior to MS/MS analysis can lead to false positives and inconclusive results due to interferences by nominal isobars and isomers. Therefore, many presumptive positive specimens require confirmation by a higher specificity second-tier assay employing separations, which require additional time and resources prior to patient follow-up. METHODS A 3.2-mm punch was taken from dried blood spot (DBS) specimens and extracted using a solution containing isotopically labeled internal standards for quantification. Analyses were carried out in positive mode using a commercially available microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (CE) system coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS). RESULTS The CE-HRMS platform quantified 35 first- and second-tier biomarkers from a single injection in <2-min acquisition time, thus, successfully multiplexing first- and second-tier NBS for over 20 disorders in a single DBS punch. The CE-HRMS platform resolved problematic isobars and isomers that affect first-tier FIA-MS/MS assay specificity, while achieving similar quantitative results and assay linearity. CONCLUSIONS Our CE-HRMS assay is capable of multiplexing first- and second-tier NBS biomarkers into a single assay with an acquisition time of <2 min. Such an assay would reduce the volume of false positives and inconclusive specimens flagged for second-tier screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Austin Pickens
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA, USA
| | - Samantha L Isenberg
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA, USA
| | - Carla Cuthbert
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA, USA
| | - Konstantinos Petritis
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA, USA
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Ha NS, de Raad M, Han LZ, Golini A, Petzold CJ, Northen TR. Faster, better, and cheaper: harnessing microfluidics and mass spectrometry for biotechnology. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1331-1351. [PMID: 34704041 PMCID: PMC8496484 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening technologies are widely used for elucidating biological activities. These typically require trade-offs in assay specificity and sensitivity to achieve higher throughput. Microfluidic approaches enable rapid manipulation of small volumes and have found a wide range of applications in biotechnology providing improved control of reaction conditions, faster assays, and reduced reagent consumption. The integration of mass spectrometry with microfluidics has the potential to create high-throughput, sensitivity, and specificity assays. This review introduces the widely-used mass spectrometry ionization techniques that have been successfully integrated with microfluidics approaches such as continuous-flow system, microchip electrophoresis, droplet microfluidics, digital microfluidics, centrifugal microfluidics, and paper microfluidics. In addition, we discuss recent applications of microfluidics integrated with mass spectrometry in single-cell analysis, compound screening, and the study of microorganisms. Lastly, we provide future outlooks towards online coupling, improving the sensitivity and integration of multi-omics into a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel S Ha
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
| | - Markus de Raad
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
| | - La Zhen Han
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
| | - Amber Golini
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA USA
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16
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Non-aqueous electrophoresis integrated with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry on a thiol-ene polymer-based microchip device. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4195-4205. [PMID: 33954829 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) on microfluidic chips is still a comparatively little explored area, despite the inherent advantages of this technique and its application potential for, in particular, lipophilic compounds. A main reason is probably the fact that implementation of NACE on microchips largely precluded the use of polymeric substrate materials. Here, we report non-aqueous electrophoresis on a thiol-ene-based microfluidic chip coupled to mass spectrometry via an on-chip ESI interface. Microchips with an integrated ESI emitter were fabricated using a double-molding approach. The durability of thiol-ene, when exposed to different organic solvents, was investigated with respect to swelling and decomposition of the polymer. Thiol-ene exhibited good stability against organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, N-methylformamide, and formamide, which allows for a wide range of background electrolyte compositions. The integrated ESI emitter provided a stable spray with RSD% of the ESI signal ≤8%. Separation efficiency of the developed microchip electrophoresis system in different non-aqueous buffer solutions was tested with a mixture of several drugs of abuse. Ethanol- and methanol-based buffers provided comparable high theoretical plate numbers (≈ 6.6 × 104-1.6 × 105 m-1) with ethanol exhibiting the best separation efficiency. Direct coupling of non-aqueous electrophoresis to mass spectrometry allowed for fast analysis of hydrophobic compounds in the range of 0.1-5 μg mL-1 and 0.2-10 μg mL-1 and very good sensitivities (LOD ≈ 0.06-0.28 μg mL-1; LOQ ≈ 0.20-0.90 μg mL-1). The novel combination of non-aqueous CE on a microfluidic thiol-ene device and ESI-MS provides a mass-producible and highly versatile system for the analysis of, in particular, lipophilic compounds in a wide range of organic solvents. This offers promising potential for future applications in forensic, clinical, and environmental analysis. Graphical abstract.
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17
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Ou X, Chen P, Huang X, Li S, Liu B. Microfluidic chip electrophoresis for biochemical analysis. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:258-270. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti‐Cancer Active IngredientsCollege of Chemistry and Life ScienceHubei University of Education Wuhan P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xizhi Huang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Shunji Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Bi‐Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics‐Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratorySystems Biology ThemeDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
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18
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Advances in capillary electrophoresis for the life sciences. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1118-1119:116-136. [PMID: 31035134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) played an important role in developments in the life sciences. The technique is nowadays used for the analysis of both large and small molecules in applications where it performs better than or is complementary to liquid chromatographic techniques. In this review, principles of different electromigration techniques, especially capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), capillary gel (CGE) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), are described and recent developments in instrumentation, with an emphasis on mass spectrometry (MS) coupling and microchip CE, are discussed. The role of CE in the life sciences is shown with applications in which it had a high impact over the past few decades. In this context, current practice for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals (therapeutic proteins) is shown with CIEF, CGE and CZE using different detection techniques, including MS. Subsequently, the application of CGE and CZE, in combination with laser induced fluorescence detection and CZE-MS are demonstrated for the analysis of protein-released glycans in the characterization of biopharmaceuticals and glycan biomarker discovery in biological samples. Special attention is paid to developments in capillary coatings and derivatization strategies for glycans. Finally, routine CE analysis in clinical chemistry and latest developments in metabolomics approaches for the profiling of small molecules in biological samples are discussed. The large number of CE applications published for these topics in recent years clearly demonstrates the established role of CE in life sciences.
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19
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Gilliland WM, Ramsey JM. Development of a Microchip CE-HPMS Platform for Cell Growth Monitoring. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13000-13006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Belov AM, Zang L, Sebastiano R, Santos MR, Bush DR, Karger BL, Ivanov AR. Complementary middle-down and intact monoclonal antibody proteoform characterization by capillary zone electrophoresis - mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2069-2082. [PMID: 29749064 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution capillary zone electrophoresis - mass spectrometry (CZE-MS) has been of increasing interest for the analysis of biopharmaceuticals. In this work, a combination of middle-down and intact CZE-MS analyses has been implemented for the characterization of a biotherapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) with a variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs) and glycosylation structures. Middle-down and intact CZE separations were performed in an acidified methanol-water background electrolyte on a capillary with a positively charged coating (M7C4I) coupled to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer using a commercial sheathless interface (CESI). Middle-down analysis of the IdeS-digested mAb provided characterization of PTMs of digestion fragments. High resolution CZE enabled separation of charge variants corresponding to 2X-deamidated, 1X-deamidated, and non-deamidated forms at baseline resolution. In the course of the middle-down CZE-MS analysis, separation of glycoforms of the FC /2 fragment was accomplished due to hydrodynamic volume differences. Several identified PTMs were confirmed by CZE-MS2 . Incorporation of TCEP-HCl reducing agent in the sample solvent resulted in successful analysis of reduced forms without the need for alkylation. CZE-MS studies on the intact mAb under denaturing conditions enabled baseline separation of the 2X-glycosylated, 1X-glycosylated, and aglycosylated populations as a result of hydrodynamic volume differences. The presence of a trace quantity of dissociated light chain was also detected in the intact protein analysis. Characterization of the mAb under native conditions verified identifications achieved via intact analysis and allowed for quantitative confirmation of proteoforms. Analysis of mAbs using CZE-MS represents a complementary approach to the more conventional liquid-chromatography - mass spectrometry-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy M Belov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Zang
- Analytical Development Department, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Sebastiano
- Department of Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Polytechnic of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Barry L Karger
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Tsao CW, Lei IC, Chen PY, Yang YL. A piezo-ring-on-chip microfluidic device for simple and low-cost mass spectrometry interfacing. Analyst 2018; 143:981-988. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01548h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) interfacing technology provides the means for incorporating microfluidic processing with post MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Tsao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- National Central University
- Taoyuan
- Taiwan
| | - I-Chao Lei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- National Central University
- Taoyuan
- Taiwan
| | - Pi-Yu Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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22
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Gilliland WM, Mellors JS, Ramsey JM. Coupling Microchip Electrospray Ionization Devices with High Pressure Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13320-13325. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Ramos-Payán M, Ocaña-Gonzalez JA, Fernández-Torres RM, Llobera A, Bello-López MÁ. Recent trends in capillary electrophoresis for complex samples analysis: A review. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:111-125. [PMID: 28791719 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CE has been a continuously evolving analytical methodology since its first introduction in the 1980s of the last century. The development of new CE separation procedures, the coupling of these systems to more sensitive and versatile detection systems, and the advances in miniaturization technology have allowed the application of CE to the resolution of new and complex analytical problems, overcoming the traditional disadvantages associated with this method. In the present work, different recent trends in CE and their application to the determination of high complexity samples (as biological fluids, individual cells, etc.) will be reviewed: capillary modification by different types of coatings, microfluidic CE, and online microextraction CE. The main advantages and disadvantages of the different proposed approaches will be discussed with examples of most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan A Ocaña-Gonzalez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Llobera
- Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Technology & Innovation, Aalen, Germany
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24
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High resolution separations of charge variants and disulfide isomers of monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates using ultra-high voltage capillary electrophoresis with high electric field strength. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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Jiang Y, He MY, Zhang WJ, Luo P, Guo D, Fang X, Xu W. Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry instrumentation and methodology. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Pedde RD, Li H, Borchers CH, Akbari M. Microfluidic-Mass Spectrometry Interfaces for Translational Proteomics. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:954-970. [PMID: 28755975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interfacing mass spectrometry (MS) with microfluidic chips (μchip-MS) holds considerable potential to transform a clinician's toolbox, providing translatable methods for the early detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of noncommunicable diseases by streamlining and integrating laborious sample preparation workflows on high-throughput, user-friendly platforms. Overcoming the limitations of competitive immunoassays - currently the gold standard in clinical proteomics - μchip-MS can provide unprecedented access to complex proteomic assays having high sensitivity and specificity, but without the labor, costs, and complexities associated with conventional MS sample processing. This review surveys recent μchip-MS systems for clinical applications and examines their emerging role in streamlining the development and translation of MS-based proteomic assays by alleviating many of the challenges that currently inhibit widespread clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Daniel Pedde
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada; University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, 3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC, V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Huiyan Li
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, 3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC, V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, 3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC, V8Z 7X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Suite 720, Montreal, QC, H4A 3T2, Canada; Proteomics Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada; Centre for Biomedical Research (CBR), University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada; Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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27
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Khatri K, Klein JA, Haserick JR, Leon DR, Costello CE, McComb ME, Zaia J. Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Glycopeptides. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6645-6655. [PMID: 28530388 PMCID: PMC5554952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycomics and glycoproteomics analyses by mass spectrometry require efficient front-end separation methods to enable deep characterization of heterogeneous glycoform populations. Chromatography methods are generally limited in their ability to resolve glycoforms using mobile phases that are compatible with online liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The adoption of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry methods (CE-MS) for glycomics and glycoproteomics is limited by the lack of convenient interfaces for coupling the CE devices to mass spectrometers. Here, we describe the application of a microfluidics-based CE-MS system for analysis of released glycans, glycopeptides and monosaccharides. We demonstrate a single CE method for three different modalities, thus contributing to comprehensive glycoproteomics analyses. In addition, we explored compatible sample derivatization methods. We used glycan TMT-labeling to improve electrophoretic migration and enable multiplexed quantitation by tandem MS. We used sialic acid linkage-specific derivatization methods to improve separation and the level of information obtained from a single analytical step. Capillary electrophoresis greatly improved glycoform separation for both released glycans and glycopeptides over that reported for chromatography modes more frequently employed for such analyses. Overall, the CE-MS method described here enables rapid setup and analysis of glycans and glycopeptides using mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Joshua A. Klein
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John R. Haserick
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Deborah R. Leon
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mark E. McComb
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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28
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Dawod M, Arvin NE, Kennedy RT. Recent advances in protein analysis by capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Analyst 2017; 142:1847-1866. [PMID: 28470231 PMCID: PMC5516626 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00198c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This review article describes the significant recent advances in the analysis of proteins by capillary and microchip electrophoresis during the period from mid-2014 to early 2017. This review highlights the progressions, new methodologies, innovative instrumental modifications, and challenges for efficient protein analysis in human specimens, animal tissues, and plant samples. The protein analysis fields covered in this review include analysis of native, reduced, and denatured proteins in addition to Western blotting, protein therapeutics and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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29
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Wang Y, Gan N, Zhou Y, Li T, Hu F, Cao Y, Chen Y. Novel label-free and high-throughput microchip electrophoresis platform for multiplex antibiotic residues detection based on aptamer probes and target catalyzed hairpin assembly for signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 97:100-106. [PMID: 28578167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Novel label-free and multiplex aptasensors have been developed for simultaneous detection of several antibiotics based on a microchip electrophoresis (MCE) platform and target catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) for signal amplification. Kanamycin (Kana) and oxytetracycline (OTC) were employed as models for testing the system. These aptasensors contained six DNA strands termed as Kana aptamer-catalysis strand (Kana apt-C), Kana inhibit strand (Kana inh), OTC aptamer-catalysis strand (OTC apt-C), OTC inhibit strand (OTC inh), hairpin structures H1 and H2 which were partially complementary. Upon the addition of Kana or OTC, the binding event of aptamer and target triggered the self-assembly between H1 and H2, resulting in the formation of many H1-H2 complexes. They could show strong signals which represented the concentration of Kana or OTC respectively in the MCE system. With the help of the well-designed and high-quality CHA amplification, the assay could yield 300-fold amplified signal comparing that from non-amplified system. Under optimal conditions, this assay exhibited a linear correlation in the ranges from 0.001ngmL-1 to 10ngmL-1, with the detection limits of 0.7pgmL-1 and 0.9pgmL-1 (S/N=3) toward Kana and OTC, respectively. The platform has the following advantages: firstly, the aptamer probes can be fabricated easily without labeling signal tags for MCE detection; Secondly, the targets can just react with probes and produce the amplified signal in one-pot. Finally, the targets can be simultaneously detected within 10min in different channels, thus high-throughput measurement can be achieved. Based on this work, it is estimated that this detection platform will be universally served as a simple, sensitive and portable platform for antibiotic contaminants detection in biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ning Gan
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - You Zhou
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tianhua Li
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Futao Hu
- Faculty of Marine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yinji Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210000, China
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30
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Analysis of proteins and peptides by electromigration methods in microchips. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:228-250. [PMID: 27704694 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the developments and applications of microchip electromigration methods in the separation and analysis of peptides and proteins in the period 2011-mid-2016. The developments in sample preparation and preconcentration, microchannel material, and surface treatment are described. Separations by various microchip electromigration methods (zone electrophoresis in free and sieving media, affinity electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) are demonstrated. Advances in detection methods are reported and novel applications in the areas of proteomics and peptidomics, quality control of peptide and protein pharmaceuticals, analysis of proteins and peptides in biomatrices, and determination of physicochemical parameters are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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31
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Wang L, Wang Y, Jiang S, Ye M, Su P, Xiong B. Microfluidic nitrogen-assisted nanoelectrospray emitter: A monolithic interface for accurate mass measurements based on a single nozzle. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1470:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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32
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Djuric SW, Hutchins CW, Talaty NN. Current status and future prospects for enabling chemistry technology in the drug discovery process. F1000Res 2016; 5:2426. [PMID: 27781094 PMCID: PMC5054812 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9515.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers recent advances in the implementation of enabling chemistry technologies into the drug discovery process. Areas covered include parallel synthesis chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, automated synthesis and purification methods, flow chemistry methodology including photochemistry, electrochemistry, and the handling of "dangerous" reagents. Also featured are advances in the "computer-assisted drug design" area and the expanding application of novel mass spectrometry-based techniques to a wide range of drug discovery activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan W Djuric
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nari N Talaty
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
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33
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Redman EA, Ramos-Payan M, Mellors JS, Ramsey JM. Analysis of Hemoglobin Glycation Using Microfluidic CE-MS: A Rapid, Mass Spectrometry Compatible Method for Assessing Diabetes Management. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5324-30. [PMID: 27100069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes has become a significant health problem worldwide with the rate of diagnosis increasing rapidly in recent years. Measurement of glycated blood proteins, particularly glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), is an important diagnostic tool used to detect and manage the condition in patients. Described here is a method using microfluidic capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry detection (CE-MS) to assess hemoglobin glycation in whole blood lysate. Using denaturing conditions, the hemoglobin (Hb) tetramer dissociates into the alpha and beta subunits (α- and β-Hb), which are then separated via CE directly coupled to MS detection. Nearly baseline resolution is achieved between α-Hb, β-Hb, and glycated β-Hb. A second glycated β-Hb isomer that is partially resolved from β-Hb is detected in extracted ion electropherograms for glycated β-Hb. Glycation on α-Hb is also detected in the α-Hb mass spectrum. Additional modifications to the β-Hb are detected, including acetylation and a +57 Da species that could be the addition of a glyoxal moiety. Patient blood samples were analyzed using the microfluidic CE-MS method and a clinically used immunoassay to measure HbA1c. The percentage of glycated α-Hb and β-Hb was calculated from the microfluidic CE-MS data using peak areas generated from extracted ion electropherograms. The values for glycated β-Hb were found to correlate well with the HbA1c levels derived in the clinic, giving a slope of 1.20 and an R(2) value of 0.99 on a correlation plot. Glycation of human serum albumin (HSA) can also be measured using this technique. It was observed that patients with elevated glycated Hb levels also had higher levels of HSA glycation. Interestingly, the sample with the highest HbA1c levels did not have the highest levels of glycated HSA. Because the lifetime of HSA is shorter than Hb, this could indicate a recent lapse in glycemic control for that patient. The ability to assess both Hb and HSA glycation has the potential to provide a more complete picture of a patient's glycemic control in the months leading up to blood collection. The results presented here demonstrate that the microfluidic CE-MS method is capable of rapidly assessing Hb and HSA glycation from low volumes of whole blood with minimal sample preparation and has the potential to provide more information in a single analysis step than current technologies.
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Weerakoon-Ratnayake KM, Uba FI, Oliver-Calixte NJ, Soper SA. Electrophoretic Separation of Single Particles Using Nanoscale Thermoplastic Columns. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3569-77. [PMID: 26963496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenomena associated with microscale electrophoresis separations cannot, in many cases, be applied to the nanoscale. Thus, understanding the electrophoretic characteristics associated with the nanoscale will help formulate relevant strategies that can optimize the performance of separations carried out on columns with at least one dimension below 150 nm. Electric double layer (EDL) overlap, diffusion, and adsorption/desorption properties and/or dielectrophoretic effects giving rise to stick/slip motion are some of the processes that can play a role in determining the efficiency of nanoscale electrophoretic separations. We investigated the performance characteristics of electrophoretic separations carried out in nanoslits fabricated in poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, devices. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used as the model system with tracking of their transport via dark field microscopy and localized surface plasmon resonance. AgNPs capped with citrate groups and the negatively charged PMMA walls (induced by O2 plasma modification of the nanoslit walls) enabled separations that were not apparent when these particles were electrophoresed in microscale columns. The separation of AgNPs based on their size without the need for buffer additives using PMMA nanoslit devices is demonstrated herein. Operational parameters such as the electric field strength, nanoslit dimensions, and buffer composition were evaluated as to their effects on the electrophoretic performance, both in terms of efficiency (plate numbers) and resolution. Electrophoretic separations performed at high electric field strengths (>200 V/cm) resulted in higher plate numbers compared to lower fields due to the absence of stick/slip motion at the higher electric field strengths. Indeed, 60 nm AgNPs could be separated from 100 nm particles in free solution using nanoscale electrophoresis with 100 μm long columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumuditha M Weerakoon-Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Lousiana 70803, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Franklin I Uba
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nyoté J Oliver-Calixte
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Lousiana 70803, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Steven A Soper
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Lousiana 70803, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Center of Biomodular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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35
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Munshi AS, Martin RS. Microchip-based electrochemical detection using a 3-D printed wall-jet electrode device. Analyst 2016; 141:862-9. [PMID: 26649363 PMCID: PMC5011427 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01956g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three dimensional (3-D) printing technology has evolved dramatically in the last few years, offering the capability of printing objects with a variety of materials. Printing microfluidic devices using this technology offers various advantages such as ease and uniformity of fabrication, file sharing between laboratories, and increased device-to-device reproducibility. One unique aspect of this technology, when used with electrochemical detection, is the ability to produce a microfluidic device as one unit while also allowing the reuse of the device and electrode for multiple analyses. Here we present an alternate electrode configuration for microfluidic devices, a wall-jet electrode (WJE) approach, created by 3-D printing. Using microchip-based flow injection analysis, we compared the WJE design with the conventionally used thin-layer electrode (TLE) design. It was found that the optimized WJE system enhances analytical performance (as compared to the TLE design), with improvements in sensitivity and the limit of detection. Experiments were conducted using two working electrodes - 500 μm platinum and 1 mm glassy carbon. Using the 500 μm platinum electrode the calibration sensitivity was 16 times higher for the WJE device (as compared to the TLE design). In addition, use of the 1 mm glassy carbon electrode led to limit of detection of 500 nM for catechol, as compared to 6 μM for the TLE device. Finally, to demonstrate the versatility and applicability of the 3-D printed WJE approach, the device was used as an inexpensive electrochemical detector for HPLC. The number of theoretical plates was comparable to the use of commercially available UV and MS detectors, with the WJE device being inexpensive to utilize. These results show that 3-D-printing can be a powerful tool to fabricate reusable and integrated microfluidic detectors in configurations that are not easily achieved with more traditional lithographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash S Munshi
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
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36
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A review on recent developments for biomolecule separation at analytical scale using microfluidic devices. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 906:7-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Redman EA, Mellors JS, Starkey JA, Ramsey JM. Characterization of Intact Antibody Drug Conjugate Variants Using Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2220-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Xiong B, Wang L, Wang Y, Bao Y, Jiang S, Ye M. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing microfluidic emitter: a strategy to inhibit sample ion expansion in nanoelectrospray ionization. Analyst 2016; 141:177-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01619c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A proposed 3D HFNE was used to generate a wrapped electrospray to achieve the inhibition of sample ion expansion, thus restraining injection loss in electrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yajing Bao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Shichang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Mingyue Ye
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
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39
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Fekete S, Guillarme D, Sandra P, Sandra K. Chromatographic, Electrophoretic, and Mass Spectrometric Methods for the Analytical Characterization of Protein Biopharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2015; 88:480-507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pat Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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40
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Patabadige DEW, Jia S, Sibbitts J, Sadeghi J, Sellens K, Culbertson CT. Micro Total Analysis Systems: Fundamental Advances and Applications. Anal Chem 2015; 88:320-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damith E. W. Patabadige
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Shu Jia
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jay Sibbitts
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jalal Sadeghi
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- Laser & Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Kathleen Sellens
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Christopher T. Culbertson
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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41
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Three-Dimensional Electro-Sonic Flow Focusing Ionization Microfluidic Chip for Mass Spectrometry. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Black WA, Stocks BB, Mellors JS, Engen JR, Ramsey JM. Utilizing Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization for Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6280-7. [PMID: 25992468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen exchange (HX) mass spectrometry (MS) of complex mixtures requires a fast, reproducible, and high peak capacity separation prior to MS detection. The current paradigm relies on liquid chromatography (LC) with fast gradients performed at low temperatures to minimize back exchange. Unfortunately, under these conditions, the efficiency of LC is limited due to resistance to mass transfer, reducing the capability to analyze complex samples. Capillary electrophoresis (CE), on the other hand, is not limited by resistance to mass transfer, enabling very rapid separations that are not adversely affected by low temperature. Previously, we have demonstrated an integrated microfluidic device coupling CE with electrospray ionization (ESI) capable of very rapid and high efficiency separations. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of this microchip CE-ESI device for HX MS. High speed CE-ESI of a bovine hemoglobin pepsin digestion was performed in 1 min with a peak capacity of 62 versus a similar LC separation performed in 7 min with peak capacity of 31. A room temperature CE method performed in 1.25 min provided similar deuterium retention as an 8.5 min LC method conducted at 0 °C. Separation of a complex mixture with CE was done with considerably better speed and nearly triple the peak capacity than the equivalent separation by LC. Overall, the results indicate the potential utility of microchip CE-ESI for HX MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley B Stocks
- ∥Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - John R Engen
- ∥Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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43
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Tang D, Zhuang X, Zhang C, Cheng B, Li X. Generation of nanofibers via electrostatic-Induction-assisted solution blow spinning. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingyou Tang
- College of Textiles; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Xupin Zhuang
- College of Textiles; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Zhang
- College of Textiles; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Cheng
- College of Textiles; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- College of Textiles; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
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44
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Qian X, Xu J, Yu C, Chen Y, Yu Q, Ni K, Wang X. A reliable and simple method for fabricating a poly(dimethylsiloxane) electrospray ionization chip with a corner-integrated emitter. SENSORS 2015; 15:8931-44. [PMID: 25894936 PMCID: PMC4431197 DOI: 10.3390/s150408931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Monolithically integrated emitters have been increasingly applied to microfluidic devices that are coupled to mass spectrometers (MS) as electrospray ionization sources (ESI). A new method was developed to fabricate a duplicable structure which integrated the emitter into a poly(dimethylsiloxane) chip corner. Two photoresist layers containing a raised base which guaranteed the precise integration of the electrospray tip emitter and ensured that the cutting out of the tip exerted no influence even during repeated prototyping were used to ease the operation of the process. Highly stable ESI-MS performance was obtained and the results were compared with those of a commercial fused-silica capillary source. Furthermore, chip-to-chip and run-to-run results indicated both reliability and reproducibility during repeated fabrication. These results reveal that the proposed chip can provide an ideal ion source for MS across many applications, especially with the perspective to be widely used in portable MS during on-site analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qian
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Cilong Yu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Quan Yu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Kai Ni
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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45
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Fischer T, Dietrich PM, Streeck C, Ray S, Nutsch A, Shard A, Beckhoff B, Unger WES, Rurack K. Quantification of Variable Functional-Group Densities of Mixed-Silane Monolayers on Surfaces via a Dual-Mode Fluorescence and XPS Label. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2685-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503850f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Fischer
- Division
1.9 Chemical and Optical Sensing, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul M. Dietrich
- Division
6.8 Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Streeck
- X-ray
and IR Spectrometry Group, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt PTB, Abbestrasse
2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Santanu Ray
- Surface
and Nanoanalysis Group, Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Nutsch
- X-ray
and IR Spectrometry Group, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt PTB, Abbestrasse
2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex Shard
- Surface
and Nanoanalysis Group, Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Burkhard Beckhoff
- X-ray
and IR Spectrometry Group, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt PTB, Abbestrasse
2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. S. Unger
- Division
6.8 Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Rurack
- Division
1.9 Chemical and Optical Sensing, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Redman EA, Batz NG, Mellors JS, Ramsey JM. Integrated Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization Devices with Online MS Detection for the Separation and Characterization of Intact Monoclonal Antibody Variants. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2264-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503964j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Redman
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Batz
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - J. Scott Mellors
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - J. Michael Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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47
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Present state of microchip electrophoresis: state of the art and routine applications. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1382:66-85. [PMID: 25529267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis (MCE) was one of the earliest applications of the micro-total analysis system (μ-TAS) concept, whose aim is to reduce analysis time and reagent and sample consumption while increasing throughput and portability by miniaturizing analytical laboratory procedures onto a microfluidic chip. More than two decades on, electrophoresis remains the most common separation technique used in microfluidic applications. MCE-based instruments have had some commercial success and have found application in many disciplines. This review will consider the present state of MCE including recent advances in technology and both novel and routine applications in the laboratory. We will also attempt to assess the impact of MCE in the scientific community and its prospects for the future.
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48
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Wang X, Yi L, Mukhitov N, Schrell AM, Dhumpa R, Roper MG. Microfluidics-to-mass spectrometry: a review of coupling methods and applications. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1382:98-116. [PMID: 25458901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices offer great advantages in integrating sample processes, minimizing sample and reagent volumes, and increasing analysis speed, while mass spectrometry detection provides high information content, is sensitive, and can be used in quantitative analyses. The coupling of microfluidic devices to mass spectrometers is becoming more common with the strengths of both systems being combined to analyze precious and complex samples. This review summarizes select achievements published between 2010 and July 2014 in novel coupling between microfluidic devices and mass spectrometers. The review is subdivided by the types of ionization sources employed, and the different microfluidic systems used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Lian Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Nikita Mukhitov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Adrian M Schrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Raghuram Dhumpa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Michael G Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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49
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Lab-on-a-Chip hyphenation with mass spectrometry: strategies for bioanalytical applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 31:79-85. [PMID: 25232996 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Lab-on-a-Chip concept aims at miniaturizing laboratory processes to enable automation and/or parallelization via microfluidic chips that are capable of handling minute sample volumes. Mass spectrometry is nowadays the detection method of choice, because of its selectivity, sensitivity and wide application range. We review the most interesting examples over the last two-and-a-half years where the two techniques were used for bioanalytical applications. Furthermore, we discuss the merits and limitations of such hyphenated systems. We inventorize the reported applications and approaches. We see an ongoing trend towards chip-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry usage and small volume analysis applications, particularly in the field of proteomics where bottom-up approaches profit from chip-based technologies and hyphenation with complex cell cultures.
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