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Serol M, Ahmad SM, Quintas A, Família C. Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues. Molecules 2023; 28:5550. [PMID: 37513421 PMCID: PMC10386329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of firearms is of paramount importance for investigating crimes involving firearms, as it establishes the link between a particular firearm and firearm-related elements found at a crime scene, such as projectiles and cartridge cases. This identification relies on the visual comparison of such elements against reference samples from suspect firearms or those existing in databases. Whenever this approach is not possible, the chemical analysis of the gunpowder and gunshot residue can provide additional information that may assist in establishing a link between samples retrieved at a crime scene and those from a suspect or in the identification of the corresponding model and manufacturer of the ammunition used. The most commonly used method for the chemical analysis of gunshot residue is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, which focuses on the inorganic elements present in ammunition formulation, particularly heavy metals. However, a change in the legal paradigm is pushing changes in these formulations to remove heavy metals due to their potential for environmental contamination and the health hazards they represent. For this reason, the importance of the analysis of organic compounds is leading to the adoption of a different set of analytical methodologies, mostly based on spectroscopy and chromatography. This manuscript reviews the constitution of primer and gunpowder formulations and the analytical methods currently used for detecting, characterising, and identifying their compounds. In addition, this contribution also explores how the information provided by these methodologies can be used in ammunition identification and how it is driving the development of novel applications within forensic ballistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Serol
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Samir Marcos Ahmad
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Família
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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Redouté Minzière V, Robyr O, Weyermann C. Should inorganic or organic gunshot residues be analysed first? Forensic Sci Int 2023:111600. [PMID: 36801088 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residues (GSR) collected during the investigation of firearm-related incidents can provide useful information for the reconstruction of the events. Two main types of GSR traces can be targeted by forensic scientists, the inorganic (IGSR) and the organic GSR (OGSR). Up to now, forensic laboratories have mainly focused on the detection of inorganic particles on the hands and clothes of a person of interest using carbon stubs analysed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Several approaches have been proposed to also analyse the organic compounds since they might bring additional information for the investigation. However, implementing such approaches might disrupt the detection of IGSR (and vice versa depending on the applied sequence of analysis). In this work, two sequences were compared for the combined detection of both types of residues. One carbon stub was used for collection, and the analysis was performed either by targeting the IGSR or the OGSR first. The aim was to evaluate which one allows maximum recovery of both types of GSR while minimising losses that might occur at different stages of the analysis process. SEM/EDS was used for the detection of IGSR particles while an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis of OGSR compounds. Extracting OGSR first required the implementation of an extraction protocol that did not interfere with the IGSR particles present on the stub. Both sequences allowed good recovery of the inorganic particles since no significant difference was observed in the detected concentrations. However, OGSR concentrations were lower after IGSR analysis than before for two compounds (ethyl and methylcentralite). Thus, it is advised to extract rapidly the OGSR before or after IGSR analysis to avoid losses during the storage and analysis processes. The data also indicated that there was a low correlation between IGSR and OGSR highlighting the potential of a combined detection and analysis of both types of GSR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Robyr
- Microscan Service SA, Chavannes-près-Renens, Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
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Airborne and Dermal Collection Methods of Gunshot Residue for Toxicity Studies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) has potential negative health effects on humans as a result of inhalation and dermal exposure to the chemical and physical characteristics of GSR such as Pb, Sb, Ba, nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and particulate size fraction. Filter (size selective) and double-sided tape (non-size selective) samples collected airborne GSR during single and triple firing of a 0.22 caliber revolver. Dermal exposures were considered using hand swabs and de-leading wipes, designed to remove the heavy metals. The samples underwent analysis to investigate physical (morphology, size distribution, zeta potential), chemical (black carbon and element concentrations), and potential to induce oxidative stress (oxidative potential via the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay). All sample types detected Pb concentrations higher than national ambient air standards. The de-leading wipes reduced the metal content on the hands of the shooter for Pb (15.57 ± 12.99 ppb and 3.13 ± 4.95 ppb). Filter samples provided health relevant data for airborne PM2.5 for all of the analysis methods except for GSR morphology. This work identified collection and analysis methods for GSR in an outdoor setting, providing protocols and considerations for future toxicological studies related to inhalation and dermal exposures to particulate GSR. Future studies should investigate the influence of meteorological factors on GSR exposure in an outdoor setting.
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Feeney W, Menking-Hoggatt K, Vander Pyl C, Ott CE, Bell S, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Detection of organic and inorganic gunshot residues from hands using complexing agents and LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3024-3039. [PMID: 34159965 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) refers to a conglomerate consisting of both organic molecules (OGSR) and inorganic species (IGSR). Historically, forensic examiners have focused only on identifying the IGSR particles by their morphology and elemental composition. Nonetheless, modern ammunition formulations and challenges with the GSR transference (such as secondary and tertiary transfer) have driven research efforts for more comprehensive examinations, requiring alternative analytical techniques. This study proposes the use of LC-MS/MS for chromatographic separation and dual detection of inorganic and organic residues. The detection of both target species in the same sample increases the confidence that chemical profiles came from a gun's discharge instead of non-firearm-related sources. This strategy implements supramolecular molecules that complex with the IGSR species, allowing them to elute from the column towards the mass spectrometer while retaining isotopic ratios for quick and unambiguous identification. The macrocycle (18-crown-6-ether) complexes with lead and barium, while antimony complexes with a chelating agent (tartaric acid). The total analysis time for OGSR and IGSR in one sample is under 20 minutes. This manuscript expands from a previous proof-of-concept publication by improving figures of merit, increasing the target analytes, testing the method's feasibility through a more extensive set of authentic specimens collected from the hands of both shooters and non-shooters, and comparing performance with other analytical techniques such as ICP-MS, electrochemical methods and LIBS. The linear dynamic ranges (LDR) spread across the low ppb range for OGSR (0.3-200 ppb) and low ppm range (0.1-6.0 ppm) for IGSR. The method's accuracy increased overall when both organic and inorganic profiles were combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Feeney
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Gunshot residue (GSR) is a shred of important trace evidence which helps forensic scientists solve a huge range of incidents related to firearms. The identification of the shooter to bullet identification from a gunshot wound help reconstruct a scene of the crime.
Main body
The review of this scientific paper is based on gunshot residue, its composition, and the growing advanced technology which allow us to study about how GSR analysis help to identify and detect residues. Various methods are acquired to identify and analyze organic and inorganic residues present when ammunition is fired. The review highlights the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis part which emphasize on all the methods developed so far. The use of conventional methods including colorimetric and instrumentation-based analysis and advanced technology including electrochemical technique for detecting residues from the last 50 years. Spot tests or chemical tests were performed but they degrade the sample and can sometimes cause hindrance with some other nearby material present at the crime scene. Instrumentation techniques including AAS, ICP-MS, SEM, SEM-EDX, GC, HPLC, etc. are discussed in detail. Mostly advanced electrochemical methods developed are for inorganic gunshot residues (IGSR), but some researchers worked on both residues. Also, the fabricated electrochemical cells are replaced by a single strip-based technique for easy detection. So, to combat these issues, various scientists are moving towards sensor-based methods for rapid and reliable detection. These methods are more user-friendly, sensitive, and cost-effective and provide rapid detection results.
Conclusions
This review results in the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis using sophisticated methods that emphasize all the methods developed so far and it also culminates the merits and demerits of all detection methods.
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Black O, Smith SC, Roper C. Advances and limitations in the determination and assessment of gunshot residue in the environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111689. [PMID: 33396021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) stemming from the discharge of firearms has been essential to advancements in the field of forensic science however the human and environmental health impacts from GSR are far less researched. GSR represents a multifaceted concern: it contains a complex mixture of inorganic and organic components and produces airborne particles with variable sizes, depositions, and fates. Herein we evaluate studies in the literature examining GSR collection, deposition, composition, environmental contamination, and potential remediation techniques within the last two decades (2000 - 2020). Throughout we reflect upon key findings and weaknesses in relation to environmental characterization of GSR and associated firearm contaminants. Research focused on techniques to analyze both inorganic and organic GSR simultaneously has begun, but requires additional effort. A vast majority of the available environmental characterization literature focuses on soil contamination at outdoor firing ranges for a select number of elements (Cu, Pb, Sb) with comparisons between ranges or at different collection distances and depths. There is limited ability for between study comparisons due to collection and analysis differences as well as a lack of background soil sampling. Notably, these studies lack direct quantification of the contribution of contaminants from GSR as well as analysis of organic compounds. Currently, there is a need for air monitoring to determine the composition, deposition, and fate of GSR, particularly in outdoor settings. This review summarizes the collection, characterization, and environmental studies related to GSR and highlights areas of research needed to establish the environmental health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Black
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samuel Cole Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Courtney Roper
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Feeney W, Vander Pyl C, Bell S, Trejos T. Trends in composition, collection, persistence, and analysis of IGSR and OGSR: A review. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Redouté Minzière V, Werner D, Schneider D, Manganelli M, Jung B, Weyermann C, Gassner A. Combined Collection and Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Gunshot Residues. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1102-1113. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Werner
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles University of Lausanne Bâtiment Batochime 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Daniela Schneider
- Forensic Science Laboratory Kantonspolizei Aargau Tellistrasse 85 5000 Aarau Switzerland
| | - Manuela Manganelli
- Forensic Science Laboratory Kantonspolizei Aargau Tellistrasse 85 5000 Aarau Switzerland
| | - Balthasar Jung
- Forensic Science Laboratory Kantonspolizei Aargau Tellistrasse 85 5000 Aarau Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles University of Lausanne Bâtiment Batochime 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Anne‐Laure Gassner
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles University of Lausanne Bâtiment Batochime 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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Gassner AL, Weyermann C. Prevalence of organic gunshot residues in police vehicles. Sci Justice 2020; 60:136-144. [PMID: 32111286 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the organic gunshot residue (OGSR) background level of police vehicles in Switzerland. Specimens from 64 vehicles belonging to two regional police services were collected and analysed by LC-MS in positive mode. The driver's and back seats were sampled separately to monitor potential differences between locations and to assess the risks of a suspect being contaminated by OGSR during transportation to a police station. The results showed that most of the 64 vehicles were uncontaminated (44 driver's seats and 38 back seats respectively). Up to six of the seven targeted compounds were detected in a single sample, once on a driver's seat and twice on back seats. The contamination frequency generally decreased as the number of compounds detected together increased. The amounts detected were in the low ng range and less than amounts generally detected just after discharge on a shooter. Our data indicated that detecting a combination of four or more compounds on a police vehicle seat appears to be a relatively rare occurrence. The background contamination observed was most probably due to secondary transfer from police officers (e.g. through recent participation in a shooting session or firearm manipulation) or from firearms stored in the vehicles. The present results might be used as a recommendation to minimize contact of a suspect with contaminated surfaces if OGSR is implemented in routine work in parallel to IGSR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Gassner
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Khandasammy SR, Rzhevskii A, Lednev IK. A Novel Two-Step Method for the Detection of Organic Gunshot Residue for Forensic Purposes: Fast Fluorescence Imaging Followed by Raman Microspectroscopic Identification. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11731-11737. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby R. Khandasammy
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Alexander Rzhevskii
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2 Radcliff Rd., Tewksbury, Massachusetts 01876, United States
| | - Igor K. Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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Goudsmits E, Blakey LS, Chana K, Sharples GP, Birkett JW. The analysis of organic and inorganic gunshot residue from a single sample. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 299:168-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Single shot, single sample, single instrument detection of IGSR and OGSR using LC/MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 299:215-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A forensic investigation on the persistence of organic gunshot residues. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 292:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Identification of polymers and organic gunshot residue in evidence from 3D-printed firearms using DART-mass spectrometry: A feasibility study. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fedick PW, Bain RM. Swab touch spray mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of organic gunshot residue from human hand and various surfaces using commercial and fieldable mass spectrometry systems. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hofstetter C, Maitre M, Beavis A, Roux CP, Weyermann C, Gassner AL. A study of transfer and prevalence of organic gunshot residues. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 277:241-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Determining the effect of cartridge case coatings on GSR using post-fire priming cup residue. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 276:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Brożek-Mucha Z. Trends in analysis of gunshot residue for forensic purposes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5803-5811. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Maitre M, Kirkbride K, Horder M, Roux C, Beavis A. Current perspectives in the interpretation of gunshot residues in forensic science: A review. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 270:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stability of smokeless powder compounds on collection devices. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 270:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Stevens B, Bell S, Adams K. Initial evaluation of inlet thermal desorption GC–MS analysis for organic gunshot residue collected from the hands of known shooters. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gassner AL, Ribeiro C, Kobylinska J, Zeichner A, Weyermann C. Organic gunshot residues: Observations about sampling and transfer mechanisms. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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The development and comparison of collection techniques for inorganic and organic gunshot residues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2567-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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López-López M, Fernández de la Ossa MÁ, García-Ruiz C. Fast Analysis of Complete Macroscopic Gunshot Residues on Substrates Using Raman Imaging. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:889-93. [PMID: 26036696 DOI: 10.1366/14-07816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a viable technique for the organic analysis of gunshot residues (GSRs), offering additional information to the well-established analysis using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). In this article, a Raman imaging system with an electron-multiplying coupled-charged device (EMCCD) camera was used to analyze complete GSR particles from both conventional and nontoxic ammunition fired at different cloth targets. The same cloths were then stained with blood to mimic real evidence and measured. The direct analysis using Raman imaging of the GSR particles collected with the stubs used for SEM-EDX analysis (the frequent method used for GSR collection) was evaluated. Multivariate curve-resolution and chemical-mapping methods were applied to the spectroscopic data to identify and highlight the signal corresponding to the GSR particles and differentiate them from the substrates. It was confirmed that both measurement approaches (on the targets and the stubs) could be used for the identification of GSR particles, even under unfavorable conditions such as the presence of blood. The results obtained demonstrate the huge potential of Raman imaging for the fast analysis of complete GSR particles and prove its complementary usefulness in the analysis of the stubs used by the well-established SEM-EDX technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- María López-López
- University of Alcalá, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Essendoubi M, Gobinet C, Reynaud R, Angiboust JF, Manfait M, Piot O. Human skin penetration of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights as probed by Raman spectroscopy. Skin Res Technol 2015; 22:55-62. [PMID: 25877232 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical delivery of molecules into the human skin is one of the main issues in dermatology and cosmetology. Several techniques were developed to study molecules penetration into the human skin. Although widely accepted, the conventional methods such as Franz diffusion cells are unable to provide the accurate localization of actives in the skin layers. A different approach based on Raman spectroscopy has been proposed to follow-up the permeation of actives. It presents a high molecular specificity to distinguish exogenous molecules from skin constituents. METHODS Raman micro-imaging was applied to monitor the skin penetration of hyaluronic acids (HA) of different molecular weights. The first step, was the spectral characterization of these HA. After, we have determined spectral features of HA by which they can be detected in the skin. In the second part, transverse skin sections were realized and spectral images were recorded. RESULTS Our results show a difference of skin permeation of the three HA. Indeed, HA with low molecular weight (20-300 kDa) passes through the stratum corneum in contrast of the impermeability of high molecular weight HA (1000-1400 kDa). CONCLUSION Raman spectroscopy represents an analytical, non-destructive, and dynamic method to evaluate the permeation of actives in the skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Essendoubi
- MEDyC Unit, MéDIAN Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, SFR CAP SANTE, CNRS UMR 7369, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne - Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - C Gobinet
- MEDyC Unit, MéDIAN Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, SFR CAP SANTE, CNRS UMR 7369, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne - Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - R Reynaud
- Soliance, Route de Bazancourt, Pomacle, France
| | - J F Angiboust
- MEDyC Unit, MéDIAN Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, SFR CAP SANTE, CNRS UMR 7369, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne - Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - M Manfait
- MEDyC Unit, MéDIAN Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, SFR CAP SANTE, CNRS UMR 7369, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne - Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - O Piot
- MEDyC Unit, MéDIAN Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, SFR CAP SANTE, CNRS UMR 7369, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne - Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
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