1
|
Gu S, Zhuang J, Wang T, Hu S, Song W, Liao X. The target region focused imaging method for scanning ion conductance microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 257:113910. [PMID: 38091869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has developed rapidly and has wide applications in biomedicine, single-cell science and other fields. SICM scanning speed is limited by the conventional raster-type scanning method, which spends most of time on imaging the substrate and does not focus enough on the target area. In order to solve this problem, a target region focused (TRF) method is proposed, which can effectively avoid the scanning of unnecessary substrate areas and enables SICM to image the target area only to achieve high-speed and effective local scanning. TRF method and conventional hopping mode scanning method are compared in the experiments using breast cancer cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells as experimental materials. It was demonstrated that our method can reduce the scanning time for a single sample image significantly without losing scanning information or compromising the quality of imaging. The TRF method developed in this paper can provide an efficient and fast scanning strategy for improving the imaging performance of SICM systems, which can be applied to the dynamic features of cell samples in the fields of biology and pharmacology analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
| | - Tianying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Shiting Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Weilun Song
- Shaanxi Province Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgery Engineering Research, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, PR China; National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scanning gel electrochemical microscopy: Combination with quartz crystal microbalance for studying the electrolyte residue. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
3
|
Wang D, Sun L, Okuda S, Yamamoto D, Nakayama M, Oshima H, Saito H, Kouyama Y, Mimori K, Ando T, Watanabe S, Oshima M. Nano-scale physical properties characteristic to metastatic intestinal cancer cells identified by high-speed scanning ion conductance microscope. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121256. [PMID: 34794825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have indicated relationships between gene mutations and colon cancer phenotypes. However, how physical properties of tumor cells are changed by genetic alterations has not been elucidated. We examined genotype-defined mouse intestinal tumor-derived cells using a high-speed scanning ion conductance microscope (HS-SICM) that can obtain high-resolution live images of nano-scale topography and stiffness. The tumor cells used in this study carried mutations in Apc (A), Kras (K), Tgfbr2 (T), Trp53 (P), and Fbxw7 (F) in various combinations. Notably, high-metastatic cancer-derived cells carrying AKT mutations (AKT, AKTP, and AKTPF) showed specific ridge-like morphology with active membrane volume change, which was not found in low-metastatic and adenoma-derived cells. Furthermore, the membrane was significantly softer in the metastatic AKT-type cancer cells than other genotype cells. Importantly, a principal component analysis using RNAseq data showed similar distributions of expression profiles and physical properties, indicating a link between genetic alterations and physical properties. Finally, the malignant cell-specific physical properties were confirmed by an HS-SICM using human colon cancer-derived cells. These results indicate that the HS-SICM analysis is useful as a novel diagnostic strategy for predicting the metastatic ability of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Satoru Okuda
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakayama
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Yuta Kouyama
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Japan; Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu C, Jagdale G, Gandolfo A, Alanis K, Abney R, Zhou L, Bish D, Raff JD, Baker LA. Surface Charge Measurements with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Provide Insights into Nitrous Acid Speciation at the Kaolin Mineral-Air Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12233-12242. [PMID: 34449200 PMCID: PMC9277718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Unique surface properties of aluminosilicate clay minerals arise from anisotropic distribution of surface charge across their layered structures. Yet, a molecular-level understanding of clay mineral surfaces has been hampered by the lack of analytical techniques capable of measuring surface charges at the nanoscale. This is important for understanding the reactivity, colloidal stability, and ion-exchange capacity properties of clay minerals, which constitute a major fraction of global soils. In this work, scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is used for the first time to visualize the surface charge and topography of dickite, a well-ordered member of the kaolin subgroup of clay minerals. Dickite displayed a pH-independent negative charge on basal surfaces whereas the positive charge on edges increased from pH 6 to 3. Surface charges responded to malonate addition, which promoted dissolution/precipitation reactions. Results from SICM were used to interpret heterogeneous reactivity studies showing that gas-phase nitrous acid (HONO) is released from the protonation of nitrite at Al-OH2+ groups on dickite edges at pH well above the aqueous pKa of HONO. This study provides nanoscale insights into mineral surface processes that affect environmental processes on the local and global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Gargi Jagdale
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Adrien Gandolfo
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Rebecca Abney
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lushan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - David Bish
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Jonathan D Raff
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiao Y, Zhuang J, Zhang T, He L. Research on the Adaptive Sensitivity Scanning Method for Ion Conductance Microscopy with High Efficiency and Reliability. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12296-12304. [PMID: 34347443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a type of in situ measurement technology for noncontact detection of samples in electrolytes with nanoscale resolution and has been used increasingly in biomedical and electrochemical fields in recent years. However, there is an inherent contradiction in the technique that makes SICM's sensitivity and accuracy difficult to balance. Higher sensitivity allows for faster probe speeds and higher scanning reliability but leads to lower accuracy, and vice versa. To resolve this problem, an adaptive sensitivity scanning method is proposed here that is designed to increase SICM's imaging efficiency without reducing its scanning reliability and accuracy. In the proposed scanning method, the sensitivity is automatically switched via the bias voltage based on the probe-sample distance. When the probe is located far away from the sample, the probe then predetects the sample position rapidly with high sensitivity. When the sample has been sensed in the high-sensitivity phase, the probe then detects the sample with low sensitivity. The basic theory and the feasibility of the alterable sensitivity detection strategy is also studied using the finite element method (FEM) and by performing experiments in this work. Finally, through testing of the standard silicon and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples, the proposed method is shown to increase SICM imaging efficiency significantly by up to 5 times relative to the conventional hopping mode without sacrificing the scanning accuracy and reliability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangbohan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Langchong He
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Swiatlowska P, Sanchez-Alonso JL, Mansfield C, Scaini D, Korchev Y, Novak P, Gorelik J. Short-term angiotensin II treatment regulates cardiac nanomechanics via microtubule modifications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16315-16329. [PMID: 32720664 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02474k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of single myocytes contribute to the whole heart performance, but the measurement of mechanics in living cells at high resolution with minimal force interaction remains challenging. Angiotensin II (AngII) is a peptide hormone that regulates a number of physiological functions, including heart performance. It has also been shown to contribute to cell mechanics by inducing cell stiffening. Using non-contact high-resolution Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM), we determine simultaneously cell topography and membrane transverse Young's modulus (YM) by a constant pressure application through a nanopipette. While applying pressure, the vertical position is recorded and a deformation map is generated from which YM can be calculated and corrected for the uneven geometry. High resolution of this method also allows studying specific membrane subdomains, such as Z-grooves and crests. We found that short-term AngII treatment reduces the transversal YM in isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes acting via an AT1 receptor. Blocking either a TGF-β1 receptor or Rho kinase abolishes this effect. Analysis of the cytoskeleton showed that AngII depletes microtubules by decreasing long-lived detyrosinated and acetylated microtubule populations. Interestingly, in the failing cardiomyocytes, which are stiffer than controls, the short-term AngII treatment also reduces the YM, thus normalizing the mechanical state of cells. This suggests that the short-term softening effect of AngII on cardiac cells is opposite to the well-characterized long-term hypertrophic effect. In conclusion, we generate a precise nanoscale indication map of location-specific transverse cortical YM within the cell and this can substantially advance our understanding of cellular mechanics in a physiological environment, for example in isolated cardiac myocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Swiatlowska
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Jose L Sanchez-Alonso
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Catherine Mansfield
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Denis Scaini
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK and International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yuri Korchev
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK and Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Pavel Novak
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK and National University of Science and Technology, MISiS, Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Julia Gorelik
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiao Y, Zhuang J, Zheng Q, Liao X. A High Accuracy Ion Conductance Imaging Method Based on the Approach Curve Spectrum. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 215:113025. [PMID: 32485394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), as an emerging non-contact in situ topography measurement tool with nano resolution, has been increasingly used in recent years in biomedicine, electrochemistry and materials science. In the conventional measurement method of SICM, the sample topography is constructed according to the position of the probe at the feedback threshold of the ion current. Nevertheless, for different structures, a constant threshold cannot maintain a constant probe-sample distance. This phenomenon makes the measurement topography inconsistent with the real sample surface. In order to solve this problem and improve the measurement accuracy of SICM, a new ion conductance imaging method based on the approach curve spectrum is proposed in this work. In the new method, the local feature around the measurement point is firstly evaluated according to the change rate of ion current. Secondly, based on the local feature, the corresponding approach curve is searched from the prior approach curve spectrum to accurately evaluate the distance between the probe and the sample. Finally, the sample topography is constructed by the probe position subtracting the probe-sample distance. In this paper, we verify the feasibility of the new imaging method by combining finite element theory and experiments. To examine the measurement accuracy, the standard strip silicon and cylindrical polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples are tested, and the improved imaging method can obtain the topography closer to the real samples and reduce the volumetric measurement error by 5.4%. The implementation of the new imaging method will further promote SICM application in related research fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangbohan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qiangqiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaobo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dang N, Etienne M, Walcarius A, Liu L. Scanning Gel Electrochemical Microscopy (SGECM): Lateral Physical Resolution by Current and Shear Force Feedback. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6415-6422. [PMID: 32233427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scanning gel electrochemical microscopy (SGECM) is a novel technique measuring local electrochemistry based on a gel probe. The gel probe, which is fabricated by electrodeposition of hydrogel on a microdisk electrode, immobilizes the electrolyte, and constitutes a two-electrode system upon contact with the sample. The contact area determines the lateral physical resolution of the measurement, and considering the soft nature of the gel it is essential to be well analyzed. In this work, the lateral physical resolution of SGECM is quantitatively studied from two aspects: (1) marking single sampling points by locally oxidizing Ag to AgCl and measuring their size; (2) line scan over reference samples with periodic topography and composition. The gel probe is approached to the sample by either current or shear force feedback, and the physical resolution of them is compared. For the optimal gel probe based on 25 μm diameter Pt disk electrode of Rg ≈ 2, the lateral physical resolution of SGECM at contact position is ca. 50 μm for current feedback and ca. 63 μm for shear force feedback. More importantly, the lateral physical resolution of SGECM can be flexibly tuned in the range of 14-78 μm by pulling or pressing the gel probe after touching the sample. In general, current feedback is more sensitive to gel-sample contact than shear force feedback. But the latter is more versatile, which is also applicable to nonconductive samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dang
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Mathieu Etienne
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Alain Walcarius
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Liang Liu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), F-54000 Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Watanabe S, Kitazawa S, Sun L, Kodera N, Ando T. Development of high-speed ion conductance microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:123704. [PMID: 31893861 DOI: 10.1063/1.5118360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) can image the surface topography of specimens in ionic solutions without mechanical probe-sample contact. This unique capability is advantageous for imaging fragile biological samples but its highest possible imaging rate is far lower than the level desired in biological studies. Here, we present the development of high-speed SICM. The fast imaging capability is attained by a fast Z-scanner with active vibration control and pipette probes with enhanced ion conductance. By the former, the delay of probe Z-positioning is minimized to sub-10 µs, while its maximum stroke is secured at 6 μm. The enhanced ion conductance lowers a noise floor in ion current detection, increasing the detection bandwidth up to 100 kHz. Thus, temporal resolution 100-fold higher than that of conventional systems is achieved, together with spatial resolution around 20 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoko Kitazawa
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tognoni E, Orsini P, Pellegrino M. Nonlinear indentation of single human erythrocytes under application of a localized mechanical force. Micron 2019; 127:102760. [PMID: 31614267 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the accepted notion that erythrocytes are uniquely deformable cells, the apparent Young's modulus values reported in the literature do not differ so much from those of other cells. We devised to measure the local deformability of living immobilized human erythrocytes at a low force, in contact-free mode, using an application of Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM) previously developed in our laboratory. Reversible indentations were induced by forces of up to few hundreds pN. The indentation did not grow linearly with the force. The apparent Young's modulus varied from 0.2 to 1.5 kPa applying forces from 20 to 500 pN on a cell surface area of about 0.2 μm2, exhibiting a progressive stiffening at increasing force. Control measurements showed that A549 cells exhibit a constant value of the apparent Young's modulus (about 2 kPa) for forces up to about 800 pN. These findings show that SICM is a suitable tool to investigate cell mechanical properties, when forces in the range of tens of pN are required, in the absence of mechanical contact between probe and sample. The nonlinear deformation of the erythrocyte has to be taken into account in modeling the complex regulation mechanism of the microvascular beds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Tognoni
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paolo Orsini
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, via S. Zeno 31, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Pellegrino
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dang N, Etienne M, Walcarius A, Liu L. Scanning gel electrochemical microscopy (SGECM): The potentiometric measurements. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
12
|
Liu L, Etienne M, Walcarius A. Scanning Gel Electrochemical Microscopy for Topography and Electrochemical Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8889-8895. [PMID: 30003777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe techniques have been widely applied for analyzing the local electrochemical activity of surfaces and interfaces. In this work, we develop a new concept of carrying out local electrochemical measurements by localizing both the electrode and the electrolyte. This is achieved through a gel probe, which is prepared by electrodepositing chitosan-gelatin gel on a microdisk electrode. It is positioned in contact with the sample surface by shear force feedback. The preliminary results indicate that the topography of the sample can be mapped by tapping the probe and recording the coordinates at a given normalized shear force signal, while the local electrochemical activity can be retrieved from local measurements with the probe touching the sample surface. The technique is denoted as scanning gel electrochemical microscopy. As compared with existing techniques, it has a major advantage of operating in air with the electrolyte immobilized in gel. This would prevent the spreading and leakage of solution on the sample surface and may lead to field applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME) , UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy 54600 , France
| | - Mathieu Etienne
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME) , UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy 54600 , France
| | - Alain Walcarius
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME) , UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy 54600 , France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hagemann P, Gesper A, Happel P. Correlative Stimulated Emission Depletion and Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5807-5815. [PMID: 29791140 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Correlation microscopy combining fluorescence and scanning probe or electron microscopy is limited to fixed samples due to the sample preparation and nonphysiological imaging conditions required by most probe or electron microscopy techniques. Among the few scanning probe techniques that allow imaging of living cells under physiological conditions, scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has been shown to be the technique that minimizes the impact on the investigated sample. However, combinations of SICM and fluorescence microscopy suffered from the mismatch in resolution due to the limited resolution of conventional light microscopy. In the last years, the diffraction limit of light microscopy has been circumvented by various techniques, one of which is stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. Here, we aimed at demonstrating the combination of STED and SICM. We show that both methods allow recording a living cellular specimen and provide a SICM and STED image of the same sample, which allowed us to correlate the membrane surface topography and the distribution of the cytoskeletal protein actin. Our proof-of-concept study exemplifies the benefit of correlating SICM with a subdiffraction fluorescence method and might form the basis for the development of a combined instrument that would allow the simultaneous recording of subdiffraction fluorescence and topography information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hagemann
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Astrid Gesper
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Patrick Happel
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhuang J, Wang Z, Li Z, Liang P, Vincent M. Smart Scanning Ion-Conductance Microscopy Imaging Technique Using Horizontal Fast Scanning Method. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:264-276. [PMID: 29877171 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To solve extended acquisition time issues inherent in the conventional hopping-scanning mode of scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM), a new transverse-fast scanning mode (TFSM) is proposed. Because the transverse motion in SICM is not the detection direction and therefore presents no collision problem, it has the ability to move at high speed. In TSFM, the SICM probe gradually descends in the vertical/detection direction and rapidly scans in the transverse/nondetection direction. Further, the highest point that decides the hopping height of each scanning line can be quickly obtained. In conventional hopping mode, however, the hopping height is artificially set without a priori knowledge and is typically very large. Consequently, TFSM greatly improves the scanning speed of the SICM imaging system by effectively reducing the hopping height of each pixel. This study verifies the feasibility of this novel scanning method via theoretical analysis and experimental study, and compares the speed and quality of the scanning images obtained in the TFSM with that of the conventional hopping mode. The experimental results indicate that the TFSM method has a faster scanning speed than other SICM scanning methods while maintaining the quality of the images. Therefore, TFSM provides the possibility to quickly obtain high-resolution three-dimensional topographical images of extremely complex samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhuang
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Zhiwu Wang
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Zeqing Li
- 2School of Mechanical Engineering,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Pengbo Liang
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Mugubo Vincent
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Takahashi Y, Ida H, Matsumae Y, Komaki H, Zhou Y, Kumatani A, Kanzaki M, Shiku H, Matsue T. 3D electrochemical and ion current imaging using scanning electrochemical-scanning ion conductance microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26728-26733. [PMID: 28951914 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Local cell-membrane permeability and ionic strength are important factors for maintaining the functions of cells. Here, we measured the spatial electrochemical and ion concentration profile near the sample surface with nanoscale resolution using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) combined with scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM). The ion current feedback system is an effective way to control probe-sample distance without contact and monitor the kinetic effect of mediator regeneration and the chemical concentration profile. For demonstrating 3D electrochemical and ion concentration mapping, we evaluated the reaction rate of electrochemical mediator regeneration on an unbiased conductor and visualized inhomogeneous permeability and the ion concentration 3D profile on a single fixed adipocyte cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 980-8577, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou Y, Saito M, Miyamoto T, Novak P, Shevchuk AI, Korchev YE, Fukuma T, Takahashi Y. Nanoscale Imaging of Primary Cilia with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2891-2895. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaki Saito
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Pavel Novak
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I Shevchuk
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rheinlaender J, Schäffer TE. An Accurate Model for the Ion Current–Distance Behavior in Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Allows for Calibration of Pipet Tip Geometry and Tip–Sample Distance. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11875-11880. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rheinlaender
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman E. Schäffer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Scanning ion conductance microscopy for visualizing the three-dimensional surface topography of cells and tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:125-131. [PMID: 28939037 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), which belongs to the family of scanning probe microscopy, regulates the tip-sample distance by monitoring the ion current through the use of an electrolyte-filled nanopipette as the probing tip. Thus, SICM enables "contact-free" imaging of cell surface topography in liquid conditions. In this paper, we applied hopping mode SICM for obtaining topographical images of convoluted tissue samples such as trachea and kidney in phosphate buffered saline. Some of the SICM images were compared with the images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after drying the same samples. We showed that the imaging quality of hopping mode SICM was excellent enough for investigating the three-dimensional surface structure of the soft tissue samples. Thus, SICM is expected to be used for imaging a wide variety of cells and tissues - either fixed or alive- at high resolution under physiologically relevant liquid conditions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Gesper A, Hagemann P, Happel P. A low-cost, large field-of-view scanning ion conductance microscope for studying nanoparticle-cell membrane interactions. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14172-14183. [PMID: 28905955 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04306f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have the potential to become versatile tools in the medical and life sciences. One potential application is delivering drugs or other compounds to the cell cytoplasm, which requires the nanoparticles to bind to or cross the cell membrane. However, there are only a few tools available which allow studying the interaction of nanoparticles and the cell membrane of living cells in a physiological environment. Currently, the tool which least biases living cells is Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM). Specialized SICMs allow imaging at high resolution, however, they are cost intensive, particularly when providing a large field-of-view. In contrast, less cost intensive SICMs which provide a large field-of-view do not allow imaging at high resolutions. We have developed a SICM setup consisting of a compact three-axis piezo system and an additional fast shear-force piezo actor. This combination allows imaging fields-of-view of up to 80 μm × 80 μm, recording sections of living cells with a temporal resolution in the range of minutes as well as imaging with a spatial resolution of below 70 nm. Using our SICM we found that the cell membrane of HeLa cells treated with carboxylated latex nanoparticles was significantly more convoluted compared to control cells. The SICM setup we introduce here combines high resolution imaging with a large field-of-view at low costs. Our setup only requires a mounting adapter to extend existing inverted light microscopes, thus it could be a valuable and cost effective tool for researchers in all fields of the medical and life sciences performing investigations at the nanometer scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Gesper
- Nanoscopy Group, Central Unit for Ion beams and Radionuclides (RUBION), Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraβe 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
In the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, proteins and lipids are organized in clusters, the latter ones often called lipid domains or "lipid rafts." Recent findings highlight the dynamic nature of such domains and the key role of membrane geometry and spatial boundaries. In this study, we used porous substrates with different pore radii to address precisely the extent of the geometric constraint, permitting us to modulate and investigate the size and mobility of lipid domains in phase-separated continuous pore-spanning membranes (PSMs). Fluorescence video microscopy revealed two types of liquid-ordered (lo) domains in the freestanding parts of the PSMs: (i) immobile domains that were attached to the pore rims and (ii) mobile, round-shaped lo domains within the center of the PSMs. Analysis of the diffusion of the mobile lo domains by video microscopy and particle tracking showed that the domains' mobility is slowed down by orders of magnitude compared with the unrestricted case. We attribute the reduced mobility to the geometric confinement of the PSM, because the drag force is increased substantially due to hydrodynamic effects generated by the presence of these boundaries. Our system can serve as an experimental test bed for diffusion of 2D objects in confined geometry. The impact of hydrodynamics on the mobility of enclosed lipid domains can have great implications for the formation and lateral transport of signaling platforms.
Collapse
|
21
|
Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Multifunctional scanning ion conductance microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160889. [PMID: 28484332 PMCID: PMC5415692 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a nanopipette-based technique that has traditionally been used to image topography or to deliver species to an interface, particularly in a biological setting. This article highlights the recent blossoming of SICM into a technique with a much greater diversity of applications and capability that can be used either standalone, with advanced control (potential-time) functions, or in tandem with other methods. SICM can be used to elucidate functional information about interfaces, such as surface charge density or electrochemical activity (ion fluxes). Using a multi-barrel probe format, SICM-related techniques can be employed to deposit nanoscale three-dimensional structures and further functionality is realized when SICM is combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), with simultaneous measurements from a single probe opening up considerable prospects for multifunctional imaging. SICM studies are greatly enhanced by finite-element method modelling for quantitative treatment of issues such as resolution, surface charge and (tip) geometry effects. SICM is particularly applicable to the study of living systems, notably single cells, although applications extend to materials characterization and to new methods of printing and nanofabrication. A more thorough understanding of the electrochemical principles and properties of SICM provides a foundation for significant applications of SICM in electrochemistry and interfacial science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Klausen LH, Fuhs T, Dong M. Mapping surface charge density of lipid bilayers by quantitative surface conductivity microscopy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12447. [PMID: 27561322 PMCID: PMC5007656 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Local surface charge density of lipid membranes influences membrane–protein interactions leading to distinct functions in all living cells, and it is a vital parameter in understanding membrane-binding mechanisms, liposome design and drug delivery. Despite the significance, no method has so far been capable of mapping surface charge densities under physiologically relevant conditions. Here, we use a scanning nanopipette setup (scanning ion-conductance microscope) combined with a novel algorithm to investigate the surface conductivity near supported lipid bilayers, and we present a new approach, quantitative surface conductivity microscopy (QSCM), capable of mapping surface charge density with high-quantitative precision and nanoscale resolution. The method is validated through an extensive theoretical analysis of the ionic current at the nanopipette tip, and we demonstrate the capacity of QSCM by mapping the surface charge density of model cationic, anionic and zwitterionic lipids with results accurately matching theoretical values. Surface charges on lipid bilayers deeply influence the way proteins interact with cellular membranes, yet their precise quantification has proven challenging. Here, the authors report on a quantitative method to map and evaluate surface charge densities under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Hyldgaard Klausen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Thomas Fuhs
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhuang J, Li Z, Jiao Y. Double micropipettes configuration method of scanning ion conductance microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:073703. [PMID: 27475561 DOI: 10.1063/1.4958643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new double micropipettes configuration mode of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is presented to better overcome ionic current drift and further improve the performance of SICM, which is based on a balance bridge circuit. The article verifies the feasibility of this new configuration mode from theoretical and experimental analyses, respectively, and compares the quality of scanning images in the conventional single micropipette configuration mode and the new double micropipettes configuration mode. The experimental results show that the double micropipettes configuration mode of SICM has better effect on restraining ionic current drift and better performance of imaging. Therefore, this article not only proposes a new direction of overcoming the ionic current drift but also develops a new method of SICM stable imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhuang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqing Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangbohan Jiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Characterization of tip size and geometry of the pipettes used in scanning ion conductance microscopy. Micron 2016; 83:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
26
|
Ossola D, Dorwling-Carter L, Dermutz H, Behr P, Vörös J, Zambelli T. Simultaneous Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy with Microchanneled Cantilevers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:238103. [PMID: 26684144 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.238103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We combined scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) into a single tool using AFM cantilevers with an embedded microchannel flowing into the nanosized aperture at the apex of the hollow pyramid. An electrode was positioned in the AFM fluidic circuit connected to a second electrode in the bath. We could thus simultaneously measure the ionic current and the cantilever bending (in optical beam deflection mode). First, we quantitatively compared the SICM and AFM contact points on the approach curves. Second, we estimated where the probe in SICM mode touches the sample during scanning on a calibration grid and applied the finding to image a network of neurites on a Petri dish. Finally, we assessed the feasibility of a double controller using both the ionic current and the deflection as input signals of the piezofeedback. The experimental data were rationalized in the framework of finite elements simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Ossola
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Livie Dorwling-Carter
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Dermutz
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Behr
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gesper A, Thatenhorst D, Wiese S, Tsai T, Dietzel ID, Happel P. Long-term, long-distance recording of a living migrating neuron by scanning ion conductance microscopy. SCANNING 2015; 37:226-231. [PMID: 25728639 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bias-free, three-dimensional imaging of entire living cellular specimen is required for investigating shape and volume changes that occur during cellular growth or migration. Here we present fifty consecutive recordings of a living cultured neuron from a mouse dorsal root ganglion obtained by Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). We observed a saltatory migration of the neuron with a mean velocity of approximately 20 μm/h. These results demonstrate the non-invasiveness of SICM, which makes it unique among the scanning probe microscopes. In contrast to SICM, most scanning probe techniques require a usually denaturating preparation of the cells, or they exert a non-negligible force on the cellular membrane, impeding passive observation. Moreover, the present series of recordings demonstrates the potential use of SICM for the detailed investigation of cellular migration and membrane surface dynamics even of such delicate samples as living neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Gesper
- Department of Biochemisty II, Electrobiochemistry of Neural Cells, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Central Unit for Ionbeams and Radionuclides (RUBION), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denis Thatenhorst
- Department of Biochemisty II, Electrobiochemistry of Neural Cells, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Wiese
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Irmgard D Dietzel
- Department of Biochemisty II, Electrobiochemistry of Neural Cells, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Happel
- Central Unit for Ionbeams and Radionuclides (RUBION), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Scheenen WJJM, Celikel T. Nanophysiology: Bridging synapse ultrastructure, biology, and physiology using scanning ion conductance microscopy. Synapse 2015; 69:233-41. [PMID: 25655013 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic communication is at the core of neural circuit function, and its plasticity allows the nervous system to adapt to the changes in its environment. Understanding the mechanisms of this synaptic (re)organization will benefit from novel methodologies that enable simultaneous study of synaptic ultrastructure, biology, and physiology in identified circuits. Here, we describe one of these methodologies, i.e., scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), for electrical mapping of the membrane anatomy in tens of nanometers resolution in living neurons. When combined with traditional patch-clamp and fluorescence microscopy techniques, and the newly emerging nanointerference methodologies, SICM has the potential to mechanistically bridge the synaptic structure and function longitudinally throughout the life of a synapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim J J M Scheenen
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|