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Thind S, Lima D, Booy E, Trinh D, McKenna SA, Kuss S. Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency detection in human fibroblasts using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310288120. [PMID: 38154062 PMCID: PMC10769844 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310288120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency (COXD) is an inherited disorder characterized by the absence or mutation in the genes encoding for the cytochrome c oxidase protein (COX). COX deficiency results in severe muscle weakness, heart, liver, and kidney disorders, as well as brain damage in infants and adolescents, leading to death in many cases. With no cure for this disorder, finding an efficient, inexpensive, and early means of diagnosis is essential to minimize symptoms and long-term disabilities. Furthermore, muscle biopsy, the traditional detection method, is invasive, expensive, and time-consuming. This study demonstrates the applicability of scanning electrochemical microscopy to quantify COX activity in living human fibroblast cells. Taking advantage of the interaction between the redox mediator N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-para-phenylene-diamine, and COX, the enzymatic activity was successfully quantified by monitoring current changes using a platinum microelectrode and determining the apparent heterogeneous rate constant k0 using numerical modeling. This study provides a foundation for developing a diagnostic method for detecting COXD in infants, which has the potential to increase treatment effectiveness and improve the quality of life of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhneet Thind
- Laboratory for Bioanalytics and Electrochemical Sensing, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dhésmon Lima
- Laboratory for Bioanalytics and Electrochemical Sensing, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Evan Booy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dao Trinh
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur Pour l’Environnement, UMR CNRS 7356, Université de La Rochelle, Pôle Sciences et Technologie17042, La Rochelle, Cedex 1, France
| | - Sean A. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Sabine Kuss
- Laboratory for Bioanalytics and Electrochemical Sensing, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
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Jiang S, Chen X, Lin J, Huang P. Lactate-Oxidase-Instructed Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207951. [PMID: 36353879 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lactate oxidase (LOx) has attracted extensive interest in cancer diagnosis and therapy in recent years owing to its specific catalysis on l-lactate; its catalytic process consumes oxygen (O2 ) and generates a large amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and pyruvate. Given high levels of lactate in tumor tissues and its tight correlation with tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence, LOx-based biosensors including H2 O2 -based, O2 -based, pH-sensitive, and electrochemical have been designed for cancer diagnosis, and various LOx-based cancer therapy strategies including lactate-depletion-based metabolic cancer therapy/immunotherapy, hypoxia-activated chemotherapy, H2 O2 -based chemodynamic therapy, and multimodal synergistic cancer therapy have also been developed. In this review, the lactate-specific catalytic properties of LOx are introduced, and the recent advances on LOx-instructed cancer diagnostic or therapeutic platforms and corresponding biological applications are summarized. Additionally, the challenges and potential of LOx-based nanomedicines are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Choi SH, Lee JS, Choi WJ, Seo JW, Choi SJ. Nanomaterials for IoT Sensing Platforms and Point-of-Care Applications in South Korea. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:610. [PMID: 35062576 PMCID: PMC8781063 DOI: 10.3390/s22020610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, state-of-the-art research advances in South Korea regarding the development of chemical sensing materials and fully integrated Internet of Things (IoT) sensing platforms were comprehensively reviewed for verifying the applicability of such sensing systems in point-of-care testing (POCT). Various organic/inorganic nanomaterials were synthesized and characterized to understand their fundamental chemical sensing mechanisms upon exposure to target analytes. Moreover, the applicability of nanomaterials integrated with IoT-based signal transducers for the real-time and on-site analysis of chemical species was verified. In this review, we focused on the development of noble nanostructures and signal transduction techniques for use in IoT sensing platforms, and based on their applications, such systems were classified into gas sensors, ion sensors, and biosensors. A future perspective for the development of chemical sensors was discussed for application to next-generation POCT systems that facilitate rapid and multiplexed screening of various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Choi
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (J.-S.L.); (W.-J.C.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Joon-Seok Lee
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (J.-S.L.); (W.-J.C.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Won-Jun Choi
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (J.-S.L.); (W.-J.C.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Jae-Woo Seo
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (J.-S.L.); (W.-J.C.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Seon-Jin Choi
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (J.-S.L.); (W.-J.C.); (J.-W.S.)
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
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4
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Ren L, Lin C, Lei P. Catechol‐containing waterborne polyurethane adhesive inspired by mussel proteins. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longfang Ren
- College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Congcong Lin
- College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Pingchuan Lei
- College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
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Thapa M, Sung R, Heo YS. A Dual Electrode Biosensor for Glucose and Lactate Measurement in Normal and Prolonged Obese Mice Using Single Drop of Whole Blood. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120507. [PMID: 34940264 PMCID: PMC8699454 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the levels of glucose (G) and lactate (L) in blood can help us regulate various chronic health conditions such as obesity. In this paper, we introduced an enzyme-based electrochemical biosensor adopting glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase on two working screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) to sequentially determine glucose and lactate concentrations in a single drop (~30 µL) of whole blood. We developed a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model for 28 weeks and monitored the changes in blood glucose and lactate levels. A linear calibration curve for glucose and lactate concentrations in ranges from 0.5 to 35 mM and 0.5 to 25 mM was obtained with R-values of 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. A drastic increase in blood glucose and a small but significant increase in blood lactate were seen only in prolonged obese cases. The ratio of lactate concentration to glucose concentration (L/G) was calculated as the mouse’s gained weight. The results demonstrated that an L/G value of 0.59 could be used as a criterion to differentiate between normal and obesity conditions. With L/G and weight gain, we constructed a diagnostic plot that could categorize normal and obese health conditions into four different zones. The proposed dual electrode biosensor for glucose and lactate in mouse whole blood showed good stability, selectivity, sensitivity, and efficiency. Thus, we believe that this dual electrode biosensor and the diagnostic plot could be used as a sensitive analytical tool for diagnosing glucose and lactate biomarkers in clinics and for monitoring obesity.
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Song H, Zhou X, Zhu Z. An integrated NAD +-dependent dehydrogenase-based biosensor for xylose fermentation sample analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 193:113573. [PMID: 34425520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase-based biosensors usually suffer from the low accuracy due to the interference of cofactors in the complex environment, such as fermentation samples. Herein, we demonstrate the example of an integrated biosensor device that can be applied for analyzing xylose fermentation samples. The device is composed of one chamber for the elimination of NAD+ and NADH in the fermentation broth and another chamber for the sample analysis. In the first chamber, a cyclic voltammetry method coupled with Ni foam as a working electrode was proven to be effective in removing NAD+ and NADH in the fermentation broth. In the other chamber, xylose dehydrogenase, as the recognition element, and diaphorase, used for the regeneration of bioactive NAD+ mediated by vitamin K3, were co-immobilized on the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles, which was further coated onto a magnetic glassy carbon electrode. The detection range of the constructed biosensor was from 0.5 to 10 g L-1 with a detection limit of 0.01 g L-1 at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Moreover, the biosensor achieved high selectivity, recovery, reproducibility, and good long-time stability when analyzing real xylose fermentation samples, suggesting its promising application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Song
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Xigui Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, PR China.
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7
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Sugiyama K, Sasano Y, Komatsu S, Yoshida K, Ono T, Fujimura T, Iwabuchi Y, Kashiwagi Y, Sato K. Nitroxyl Radical/Copper-Catalyzed Electrooxidation of Alcohols and Amines at Low Potentials. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:1005-1009. [PMID: 34602569 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxyl radicals, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO), can catalyze the electrochemical oxidation of alcohols and amines. Because the oxidation current obtained in this process depends on the concentration of alcohols and amines, this process can be applied to their sensing. However, the relatively high oxidation potentials required by nitroxyl radicals can induce interfering oxidation currents from various reductive substances in biological samples, which affects the accuracy of analyte measurements. In this study, we examined the electrooxidation of alcohols and amines at a low potential by applying cooperative oxidation catalysis using a nitroxyl radical and a copper salt. Nortropine N-oxyl (NNO), which showed higher catalytic activity than TEMPO was used as the nitroxyl radical. An increase in the oxidation current was observed at the low potential, and this increase depended on the alcohol concentration. In the case of the electrooxidation of amines, a positive correlation between oxidation current and amine concentration was observed at low amine concentrations. Therefore, low-potential cooperative catalysis can be applied to alcohol and amine electrooxidation for the development of accurate sensors suitable for clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Sugiyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yusuke Sasano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Sachiko Komatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Tetsuya Ono
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University
| | - Tsutomu Fujimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | | | | | - Katsuhiko Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University.,Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka College
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Madden J, Barrett C, Laffir FR, Thompson M, Galvin P, O’ Riordan A. On-Chip Glucose Detection Based on Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on a Platinum-Modified, Gold Microband Electrode. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11080249. [PMID: 34436051 PMCID: PMC8392376 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the microfabrication and characterization of gold microband electrodes on silicon using standard microfabrication methods, i.e., lithography and etching techniques. A two-step electrodeposition process was carried out using the on-chip platinum reference and gold counter electrodes, thus incorporating glucose oxidase onto a platinum-modified, gold microband electrode with an o-phenylenediamine and ß-cyclodextrin mixture. The as-fabricated electrodes were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The two-step electrodeposition process was conducted in low sample volumes (50 µL) of both solutions required for biosensor construction. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were utilised for electrochemical characterization at each stage of the deposition process. The enzymatic-based microband biosensor demonstrated a linear response to glucose from 2.5-15 mM, using both linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometric measurements in buffer-based solutions. The biosensor performance was examined in 30 µL volumes of fetal bovine serum. Whilst a reduction in the sensor sensitivity was evident within 100% serum samples (compared to buffer media), the sensor demonstrated linear glucose detection with increasing glucose concentrations (5-17 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Madden
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (M.T.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (A.O.R.)
| | - Colm Barrett
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (M.T.); (P.G.)
| | - Fathima R. Laffir
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Michael Thompson
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (M.T.); (P.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Paul Galvin
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (M.T.); (P.G.)
| | - Alan O’ Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (M.T.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (A.O.R.)
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Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Reaction on a 4-Mercaptopyridine Self-Assembled Monolayer on Au(111) Metallized by Platinum Nanoislands. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-021-00647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA systematic investigation of the hydrogen peroxide oxidation reaction (HPOR) in phosphate buffer (pH = 7.3) on an Au(111) single crystal modified with a 4-mercaptopyridine self-assembled monolayer (SAM) has been conducted before and after metallization with Pt. While bare Au(111) shows considerable electrocatalytic activity towards the HPOR, the inhibition of the oxidation reaction after modification with the SAM implies that adsorbed 4-mercaptopyridine molecules do not catalyze the HPOR. However, SAM-modified Au(111) recovers catalytic activity for the HPOR already after a single metallization step fabricating Pt islands on-top. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) may then either react at the (non-metallic) Pt nanoislands or on reactivated Au sites, made accessible by structural changes of the SAM induced by the metallization. The shape of the voltammetric profiles for the HPOR on repeatedly metallized SAMs suggests that the contribution of Au to the total current density gradually diminishes with increasing Pt coverage while the contribution of the Pt islands increases. The electrochemical behavior is dominated by the Pt islands at a coverage of 0.5 ML obtained by three subsequent metallization steps.
Graphical abstract
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10
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Malel E, Mandler D. Biocatalytic metal nanopatterning through enzyme-modified microelectrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jayathilake NM, Koley D. Glucose Microsensor with Covalently Immobilized Glucose Oxidase for Probing Bacterial Glucose Uptake by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3589-3597. [PMID: 32000487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new dual-tip glucose sensing scanning electrochemical microcopy (SECM) probe by covalently immobilizing the glucose oxidase (GOD) enzyme onto an ultramicro electrode (UME) to measure the local glucose consumption of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms. GOD was immobilized on a novel enzyme immobilization matrix of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (ionic liquid/IL) packed into the etched Pt UME. The highly selective GOD-based SECM tip showed a high current density of 94.44 (±18.55) μA·mM-1·cm-2 from 0.10 to 1.0 mM at 37 °C as a result of the synergetic effects of f-MWCNTs and ionic liquid. The detection limit of the new 25 μm diameter glucose sensor is 10.0 μM with a linear range up to 4.0 mM. The sensor was successfully used to quantify the rate of glucose consumption of S. mutans biofilms in the presence of sucrose. S. mutans catabolizes both glucose and sucrose, producing lactic acid, reducing the local pH, and causing dental caries. With sucrose, S. mutans produces exopolysaccharides to enhance bacterial adhesion on the tooth surface; subsequent lactic acid production reduces the local pH, resulting in dental caries. Because of the high selectivity of the sensor, we were able to quantify glucose consumption in the presence of sucrose. S. mutans preferentially consumed sucrose in a mixed diet of both sucrose and glucose. Furthermore, using this unique fast-response (∼2 s) glucose sensor, we were for the first time able to map the distribution of the glucose consumption profile in the local environment of S. mutans biofilm. These findings provide insight into how the fast-growing S. mutans creates nutrient-depleted regions that affect the survival and metabolic behavior of other bacterial species within oral biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipankar Koley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Nolan JK, Nguyen TNH, Le KVH, DeLong LE, Lee H. Simple Fabrication of Flexible Biosensor Arrays Using Direct Writing for Multianalyte Measurement from Human Astrocytes. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:33-46. [PMID: 31766939 PMCID: PMC7263197 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319888442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous measurements of glucose, lactate, and neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate) in cell culture over hours and days can provide a more dynamic and longitudinal perspective on ways neural cells respond to various drugs and environmental cues. Compared with conventional microfabrication techniques, direct writing of conductive ink is cheaper, faster, and customizable, which allows rapid iteration for different applications. Using a simple direct writing technique, we printed biosensor arrays onto cell culture dishes, flexible laminate, and glass to enable multianalyte monitoring. The ink was a composite of PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer, silicone, activated carbon, and Pt microparticles. We applied 0.5% Nafion to the biosensors for selectivity and functionalized them with oxidase enzymes. We characterized biosensors in phosphate-buffered saline and in cell culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The biosensor arrays measured glucose, lactate, and glutamate simultaneously and continued to function after incubation in cell culture at 37 °C for up to 2 days. We cultured primary human astrocytes on top of the biosensor arrays and placed arrays into astrocyte cultures. The biosensors simultaneously measured glucose, glutamate, and lactate from astrocyte cultures. Direct writing can be integrated with microfluidic organ-on-a-chip platforms or as part of a smart culture dish system. Because we print extrudable and flexible components, sensing elements can be printed on any 3D or flexible substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Nolan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tran N. H. Nguyen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Khanh Vy H. Le
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Luke E. DeLong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Obeidat Y, Catandi G, Carnevale E, Chicco AJ, DeMann A, Field S, Chen T. A multi-sensor system for measuring bovine embryo metabolism. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:615-623. [PMID: 30508786 PMCID: PMC6661109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a multi-sensor platform capable of simultaneous measurement of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, glucose and lactate concentrations in a micro-chamber for real-time evaluation of metabolic flux in bovine embryos. A micro-chamber containing all three sensors (DO, glucose, and lactate) was made to evaluate metabolic flux of single oocytes or embryos at different stages of development in ≤ 120 µL of respiration buffer. The ability of the sensor to detect a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis was demonstrated in embryos by an ablation of oxygen consumption and an increase in lactate production following addition of oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. An increased reliance upon glycolysis relative to OXPHOS was demonstrated in embryos as they developed from morula to hatched blastocysts by a progressive increase in the lactate/oxygen flux ratio, consistent with isolated metabolic assessments reported previously. These studies highlight the utility of a metabolic multi-sensor for integrative real-time monitoring of aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism in bovine embryos, with potential applications in the study of metabolic processes in oocyte and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusra Obeidat
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Giovana Catandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Elaine Carnevale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - August DeMann
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Stuart Field
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tom Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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First Generation Amperometric Biosensing of Galactose with Xerogel-Carbon Nanotube Layer-By-Layer Assemblies. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 9:nano9010042. [PMID: 30597967 PMCID: PMC6359589 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A first-generation amperometric galactose biosensor has been systematically developed utilizing layer-by-layer (LbL) construction of xerogels, polymers, and carbon nanotubes toward a greater fundamental understanding of sensor design with these materials and the potential development of a more efficient galactosemia diagnostic tool for clinical application. The effect of several parameters (xerogel silane precursor, buffer pH, enzyme concentration, drying time and the inclusion of a polyurethane (PU) outer layer) on galactose sensitivity were investigated with the critical nature of xerogel selection being demonstrated. Xerogels formed from silanes with medium, aliphatic side chains were shown to exhibit significant enhancements in sensitivity with the addition of PU due to decreased enzyme leaching. Semi-permeable membranes of diaminobenzene and resorcinol copolymer and Nafion were used for selective discrimination against interferent species and the accompanying loss of sensitivity with adding layers was countered using functionalized, single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Optimized sensor performance included effective galactose sensitivity (0.037 μA/mM) across a useful diagnostic concentration range (0.5 mM to 7 mM), fast response time (~30 s), and low limits of detection (~80 μM) comparable to literature reports on galactose sensors. Additional modification with anionic polymer layers and/or nanoparticles allowed for galactose detection in blood serum samples and additional selectivity effectiveness.
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15
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Neves MMPDS, Martín-Yerga D. Advanced Nanoscale Approaches to Single-(Bio)entity Sensing and Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E100. [PMID: 30373209 PMCID: PMC6316691 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual (bio)chemical entities could show a very heterogeneous behaviour under the same conditions that could be relevant in many biological processes of significance in the life sciences. Conventional detection approaches are only able to detect the average response of an ensemble of entities and assume that all entities are identical. From this perspective, important information about the heterogeneities or rare (stochastic) events happening in individual entities would remain unseen. Some nanoscale tools present interesting physicochemical properties that enable the possibility to detect systems at the single-entity level, acquiring richer information than conventional methods. In this review, we introduce the foundations and the latest advances of several nanoscale approaches to sensing and imaging individual (bio)entities using nanoprobes, nanopores, nanoimpacts, nanoplasmonics and nanomachines. Several (bio)entities such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, vesicles and viruses are specifically considered. These nanoscale approaches provide a wide and complete toolbox for the study of many biological systems at the single-entity level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Conzuelo F, Schulte A, Schuhmann W. Biological imaging with scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 474:20180409. [PMID: 30839832 PMCID: PMC6237495 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful and versatile technique for visualizing the local electrochemical activity of a surface as an ultramicroelectrode tip is moved towards or over a sample of interest using precise positioning systems. In comparison with other scanning probe techniques, SECM not only enables topographical surface mapping but also gathers chemical information with high spatial resolution. Considerable progress has been made in the analysis of biological samples, including living cells and immobilized biomacromolecules such as enzymes, antibodies and DNA fragments. Moreover, combinations of SECM with comple-mentary analytical tools broadened its applicability and facilitated multi-functional analysis with extended life science capabilities. The aim of this review is to present a brief topical overview on recent applications of biological SECM, with particular emphasis on important technical improvements of this surface imaging technique, recommended applications and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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17
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Modena MM, Chawla K, Misun PM, Hierlemann A. Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1767-1784. [PMID: 29381325 PMCID: PMC5959007 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in microfabrication techniques in combination with organotypic cell and tissue models have enabled the realization of microphysiological systems capable of recapitulating aspects of human physiology in vitro with great fidelity. Concurrently, a number of analysis techniques has been developed to probe and characterize these model systems. However, many assays are still performed off-line, which severely compromises the possibility of obtaining real-time information from the samples under examination, and which also limits the use of these platforms in high-throughput analysis. In this review, we focus on sensing and actuation schemes that have already been established or offer great potential to provide in situ detection or manipulation of relevant cell or tissue samples in microphysiological platforms. We will first describe methods that can be integrated in a straightforward way and that offer potential multiplexing and/or parallelization of sensing and actuation functions. These methods include electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical biosensors, and the use of surface acoustic waves for manipulation and analysis of cells, tissue, and multicellular organisms. In the second part, we will describe two sensor approaches based on surface-plasmon resonance and mechanical resonators that have recently provided new characterization features for biological samples, although technological limitations for use in high-throughput applications still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ketki Chawla
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Welle TM, Alanis K, Colombo ML, Sweedler JV, Shen M. A high spatiotemporal study of somatic exocytosis with scanning electrochemical microscopy and nanoITIES electrodes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4937-4941. [PMID: 29938020 PMCID: PMC5994989 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-synaptic exocytosis is an essential component of cellular communication. A knowledge gap exists in the exocytosis of the non-redox active transmitter acetylcholine. Using the nano-interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), a high resolution spatiotemporal study of acetylcholine exocytosis is shown from an individual neuronal soma. The nanoelectrode was positioned ∼140 nm away from the release sites on the soma using an SECM. The quantitative study enables the obtaining of key information related to cellular communication, including extracellular concentration of the neurotransmitter, cellular permeability, Ca2+ dependence on somatic release, vesicle density, number of molecules released and the release dynamics. Measurements were achieved with a high signal to noise ratio of 6-19. The released neurotransmitter with a concentration of 2.7 (±1.0) μM was detected at the nanoelectrodes with radii of 750 nm to 860 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Welle
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Michelle L Colombo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
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19
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Advances and Perspectives in Chemical Imaging in Cellular Environments Using Electrochemical Methods. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Lin TE, Rapino S, Girault HH, Lesch A. Electrochemical imaging of cells and tissues. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4546-4554. [PMID: 29899947 PMCID: PMC5969511 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This minireview summarizes the recent achievements of electrochemical imaging platforms to map cellular functions in biological specimens using electrochemical scanning nano/micro-probe microscopy and 2D chips containing microelectrode arrays.
The technological and experimental progress in electrochemical imaging of biological specimens is discussed with a view on potential applications for skin cancer diagnostics, reproductive medicine and microbial testing. The electrochemical analysis of single cell activity inside cell cultures, 3D cellular aggregates and microtissues is based on the selective detection of electroactive species involved in biological functions. Electrochemical imaging strategies, based on nano/micrometric probes scanning over the sample and sensor array chips, respectively, can be made sensitive and selective without being affected by optical interference as many other microscopy techniques. The recent developments in microfabrication, electronics and cell culturing/tissue engineering have evolved in affordable and fast-sampling electrochemical imaging platforms. We believe that the topics discussed herein demonstrate the applicability of electrochemical imaging devices in many areas related to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
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21
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Miniature Fluidic Microtissue Culturing Device for Rapid Biological Detection. INTEGRATED ANALYTICAL SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64747-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Lactate-induced decomposition of layer-by-layer films composed of phenylboronic acid-modified poly(allylamine) and poly(vinyl alcohol) under extracellular tumor conditions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 510:302-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Valenti G, Scarabino S, Goudeau B, Lesch A, Jović M, Villani E, Sentic M, Rapino S, Arbault S, Paolucci F, Sojic N. Single Cell Electrochemiluminescence Imaging: From the Proof-of-Concept to Disposable Device-Based Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16830-16837. [PMID: 29064235 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report here the development of coreactant-based electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) as a surface-confined microscopy to image single cells and their membrane proteins. Labeling the entire cell membrane allows one to demonstrate that, by contrast with fluorescence, ECL emission is only detected from fluorophores located in the immediate vicinity of the electrode surface (i.e., 1-2 μm). Then, to present the potential diagnostic applications of our approach, we selected carbon nanotubes (CNT)-based inkjet-printed disposable electrodes for the direct ECL imaging of a labeled plasma receptor overexpressed on tumor cells. The ECL fluorophore was linked to an antibody and enabled to localize the ECL generation on the cancer cell membrane in close proximity to the electrode surface. Such a result is intrinsically associated with the unique ECL mechanism and is rationalized by considering the limited lifetimes of the electrogenerated coreactant radicals. The electrochemical stimulus used for luminescence generation does not suffer from background signals, such as the typical autofluorescence of biological samples. The presented surface-confined ECL microscopy should find promising applications in ultrasensitive single cell imaging assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry ''G. Ciamician'', University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Scarabino
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, EPFL Valais Wallis , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CP 440, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Milica Jović
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, EPFL Valais Wallis , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CP 440, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Elena Villani
- Department of Chemistry ''G. Ciamician'', University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Milica Sentic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Department of Chemistry ''G. Ciamician'', University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry ''G. Ciamician'', University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,ICMATE-CNR Bologna Associate Unit, University of Bologna , via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
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24
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Soldà A, Valenti G, Marcaccio M, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, Paolucci F, Rapino S. Glucose and Lactate Miniaturized Biosensors for SECM-Based High-Spatial Resolution Analysis: A Comparative Study. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1310-1318. [PMID: 28836760 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of developing miniaturized enzymatic biosensors suitable for in vitro diagnostic applications, such as monitoring of metabolites at single cell level, glucose and lactate biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing enzymes (glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase, respectively) on 10 μm Pt ultramicroelectrodes. These electrodes are meant to be employed as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), which is a unique technique for high-spatial-resolution electrochemical-based analysis. The use of enzymatic moieties improves sensitivity, time scale response, and information content of the microprobes; however, protein immobilization is a key step in the biosensor preparation that greatly affects the overall performance. A crucial aspect is the miniaturization of the sensing, preserving their sensitivity. In this work, we investigated the most common enzyme immobilization techniques. Several fabrication routes are reported and the main figures of merit, such as sensitivity, detection limit, response time, reproducibility, spatial resolution, biosensor efficiency, permeability, selectivity, and the ability to block electro-active interfering species, are investigated and compared. With the intent of using the microprobes for in vitro functional imaging of single living cells, we carefully evaluate the spatial resolution achieved by our modified electrodes on 2D SECM imaging. Metabolic activity of single MCF10A cells were obtained by monitoring the glucose concentrations in close proximity of single living cell, using the UME-based biosensor probes prepared. A voltage-switch approach was implemented to disentangle the topographical contribution of the cells enabling quantitative measurements of cellular uptakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Soldà
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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25
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Polcari D, Perry SC, Pollegioni L, Geissler M, Mauzeroll J. Localized Detection of d
-Serine by using an Enzymatic Amperometric Biosensor and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University, 8; 01 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, QC H3 A 0B8 Canada
| | - Samuel C. Perry
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University, 8; 01 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, QC H3 A 0B8 Canada
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi deII'Insubria; via J. H. Dunant 3 21100 Varese ltaly
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; Università degli Studi deII'Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Matthias Geissler
- Life Sciences Division; National Research Council of Canada; 75 de Mortagne Boulevard Boucherville, QC 4B 6Y4 Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University, 8; 01 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, QC H3 A 0B8 Canada
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26
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Ikegami M, Hirano Y, Mie Y, Komatsu Y. Fabrication and characterization of nanoporous gold on microelectrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Polcari D, Dauphin-Ducharme P, Mauzeroll J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13234-13278. [PMID: 27736057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Philippe Dauphin-Ducharme
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
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28
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Simmons AD, Williams C, Degoix A, Sikavitsas VI. Sensing metabolites for the monitoring of tissue engineered construct cellularity in perfusion bioreactors. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 90:443-449. [PMID: 27825527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As the field of tissue engineering progresses ever-further toward realizing clinical implementation of tissue-engineered constructs for wound regeneration, perhaps the most significant hurdle remains the establishment of non-destructive means for real-time in vitro assessment. In order to address this barrier, the study presented herein established the viability of the development of correlations between metabolic rates (specifically oxygen uptake, glucose consumption, and lactate production) and the cellularity of tissue-engineered cultures comprised of rat mesenchymal stem cells dynamically seeded on 85% porous nonwoven spunbonded poly(l-lactic acid) fiber mesh scaffolds. Said scaffolds were cultured for up to 21 days in a flow perfusion bioreactor system wherein α-MEM (supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic) was perfused directly through each scaffold at low flow rates (~0.15mL/min). Metabolite measurements were obtained intermittently through the use of a fiber-optic probe (for the case of oxygen) and biochemical assays (for glucose and lactate). Such measurements were subsequently correlated with cellularity data obtained utilizing current-standard destructive means. The resulting correlations, all exhibiting high R2 values, serve as a proof-on-concept for the use of metabolic data for the determination of scaffold cellularity in real-time non-destructively. This study can be easily adapted for use with various cell types, media formulations, and potentially different bioreactor systems. Implementation of more advanced in situ measurement devices could be easily accommodated to allow for true real-time, on-line metabolite monitoring and cellularity estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Simmons
- School of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 E Boyd Room T-301, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Cortes Williams
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, Carson Engineering Center, 202 W Boyd St. Room 107, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Antoine Degoix
- School of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 E Boyd Room T-301, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Vassilios I Sikavitsas
- School of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 E Boyd Room T-301, Norman, OK 73019, USA; Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, Carson Engineering Center, 202 W Boyd St. Room 107, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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29
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Hirano Y, Ikegami M, Kowata K, Komatsu Y. Bienzyme reactions on cross-linked DNA scaffolds for electrochemical analysis. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 113:15-19. [PMID: 27611764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes play an essential role in various detection technologies. We show here that interstrand cross-linked oligodeoxynucleotides (CL-ODNs) can provide stable scaffolds for efficiently coupling two types of enzymatic reactions on an electrode. Glucose can be electrochemically detected using glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). When both GOx and HRP were immobilized on an electrode surface by attachment at the termini of CL-ODNs, the current value was markedly increased compared with that obtained on a standard ODN scaffold. The relative orientation of the enzymes on the electrode strongly affected the current intensities. The CL-ODN also allowed GOx-HRP to form a complex on the tiny surface of a microelectrode, resulting in the imaging of local glucose distribution. These results suggest that CL-ODNs have potential utility in other sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hirano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masiki Ikegami
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keiko Kowata
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Komatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Japan.
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30
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31
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Bakalis E, Soldà A, Kosmas M, Rapino S, Zerbetto F. Complex Media and Enzymatic Kinetics. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5790-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Bakalis
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alice Soldà
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marios Kosmas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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32
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Mongersun A, Smeenk I, Pratx G, Asuri P, Abbyad P. Droplet Microfluidic Platform for the Determination of Single-Cell Lactate Release. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3257-63. [PMID: 26900621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells release high levels of lactate that has been correlated to increased metastasis and tumor recurrence. Single-cell measurements of lactate release can identify malignant cells and help decipher metabolic cancer pathways. We present here a novel droplet microfluidic method that allows the fast and quantitative determination of lactate release in many single cells. Using passive forces, droplets encapsulated cells are positioned in an array. The single-cell lactate release rate is determined from the increase in droplet fluorescence as the lactate is enzymatically converted to a fluorescent product. The method is used to measure the cell-to-cell variance of lactate release in K562 leukemia and U87 glioblastoma cancer cell lines and under the chemical inhibition of lactate efflux. The technique can be used in the study of cancer biology, but more broadly in cell biology, to capture the full range of stochastic variations in glycolysis activity in heterogeneous cell populations in a repeatable and high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Mongersun
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University , Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Ian Smeenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Division of Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California 94304, United States
| | - Prashanth Asuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University , Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Paul Abbyad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
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33
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The Study of Thin Films by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. NANOSTRUCTURES AND THIN FILMS FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30198-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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34
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Misun PM, Rothe J, Schmid YR, Hierlemann A, Frey O. Multi-analyte biosensor interface for real-time monitoring of 3D microtissue spheroids in hanging-drop networks. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:16022. [PMID: 31057823 PMCID: PMC6444714 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is becoming a technology of growing interest for building microphysiological systems with integrated read-out functionalities. Here we present the integration of enzyme-based multi-analyte biosensors into a multi-tissue culture platform for 'body-on-a-chip' applications. The microfluidic platform is based on the technology of hanging-drop networks, which is designed for the formation, cultivation, and analysis of fluidically interconnected organotypic spherical three-dimensional (3D) microtissues of multiple cell types. The sensor modules were designed as small glass plug-ins featuring four platinum working electrodes, a platinum counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. They were placed directly into the ceiling substrate from which the hanging drops that host the spheroid cultures are suspended. The electrodes were functionalized with oxidase enzymes to enable continuous monitoring of lactate and glucose through amperometry. The biosensors featured high sensitivities of 322±41 nA mM-1 mm-2 for glucose and 443±37 nA mM-1 mm-2 for lactate; the corresponding limits of detection were below 10 μM. The proposed technology enabled tissue-size-dependent, real-time detection of lactate secretion from single human colon cancer microtissues cultured in the hanging drops. Furthermore, glucose consumption and lactate secretion were monitored in parallel, and the impact of different culture conditions on the metabolism of cancer microtissues was recorded in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
- ()
| | - Jörg Rothe
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Yannick R.F. Schmid
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Frey
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
- ()
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Microfluidics Integrated Biosensors: A Leading Technology towards Lab-on-a-Chip and Sensing Applications. SENSORS 2015; 15:30011-31. [PMID: 26633409 PMCID: PMC4721704 DOI: 10.3390/s151229783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor can be defined as a compact analytical device or unit incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensitive recognition element immobilized on a physicochemical transducer to measure one or more analytes. Microfluidic systems, on the other hand, provide throughput processing, enhance transport for controlling the flow conditions, increase the mixing rate of different reagents, reduce sample and reagents volume (down to nanoliter), increase sensitivity of detection, and utilize the same platform for both sample preparation and detection. In view of these advantages, the integration of microfluidic and biosensor technologies provides the ability to merge chemical and biological components into a single platform and offers new opportunities for future biosensing applications including portability, disposability, real-time detection, unprecedented accuracies, and simultaneous analysis of different analytes in a single device. This review aims at representing advances and achievements in the field of microfluidic-based biosensing. The review also presents examples extracted from the literature to demonstrate the advantages of merging microfluidic and biosensing technologies and illustrate the versatility that such integration promises in the future biosensing for emerging areas of biological engineering, biomedical studies, point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and precision agriculture.
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36
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Holzinger A, Steinbach C, Kranz C. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM): Fundamentals and Applications in Life Sciences. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has made significant contributions to the life sciences. Innovative developments focusing on high-resolution imaging, developing novel operation modes, and combining SECM with complementary optical or scanning probe techniques renders SECM an attractive analytical approach. This chapter gives an introduction to the essential instrumentation and operation principles of SECM for studying biologically-relevant systems. Particular emphasis is given to applications aimed at imaging the activity of biochemical constituents such as enzymes, antibodies, and DNA, which play a pivotal role in biomedical diagnostics. Furthermore, the unique advantages of SECM and combined techniques for studying live cells is highlighted by discussion of selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Holzinger
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Charlotte Steinbach
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
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Kai T, Chen S, Monterroso E, Zhou F. Continuous Nanoflow-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Voltammetric Characterization and Application for Accurate and Reproducible Imaging of Enzyme-Labeled Protein Microarrays. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4523-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Kai
- College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Shu Chen
- College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Estuardo Monterroso
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
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38
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Poulos NG, Hall JR, Leopold MC. Functional layer-by-layer design of xerogel-based first-generation amperometric glucose biosensors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:1547-1555. [PMID: 25562760 DOI: 10.1021/la504358t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Xerogel-based first-generation amperometric glucose biosensors, constructed through specific layer-by-layer assembly of films featuring glucose oxidase doped xerogel, a diffusion-limiting xerogel layer, and capped with both electropolymerized polyphenol and blended polyurethane semipermeable membranes, are presented. The specific combination of xerogels formed from specific silane precursors, including propyl-trimethoxysilane, isobutyl-trimethoxysilane, octyl-trimethoxysilane, and hydroxymethyl-triethoxysilane, exhibit impressive dynamic and linear ranges of detection (e.g., ≥24-28 mM glucose) and low response times, as well as significant discrimination against common interferent species such as acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, sodium nitrite, oxalic acid, and uric acid as determined by selectivity coefficients. Additionally, systematic electrochemical and contact angle studies of different xerogel silane precursors, varying in structure, chain length, and/or functional group, reveal that sensor performance is more dependent on the tunable porosity/permeability of the layered interfaces rather than the hydrophobic character or functional groups within the films. While the sensing performance largely exceeds that of existing electrochemical glucose sensing schemes in the literature, the presented layered approach establishes the specific functionality of each layer working in concert with each other and suggests that the strategy may be readily adaptable to other clinically relevant targets and is amenable to miniaturization for eventual in situ or in vivo sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Poulos
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond , Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
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39
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Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene I, Genys P, Ramanaviciene A, Ramanavicius A. Scanning electrochemical impedance microscopy for investigation of glucose oxidase catalyzed reaction. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 126:598-602. [PMID: 25620444 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this research biointerface based on immobilized glucose oxidase (GOx) was evaluated by scanning electrochemical impedance microscopy (SEIM), which consisted of merged scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The gluconolactone, which is quickly hydrolyzed to gluconic acid, is produced during the enzyme-catalyzed glucose oxidation reaction. Gluconic acid formed above an enzyme-modified not-conducting plastic surface, was evaluated by EIS technique. A two electrode cell consisting of a scanning probe, which was based on 10 μm diameter ultramicroelectrode and stationary platinum counter/reference electrode was applied for the measurement. Locally measured solution impedance depends on the gluconic acid concentration close to the ultramicroelectrode surface and on the ion diffusion, which is hindered when the electrode is approaching close to the GOx-modified surface. EIS results were evaluated by applying an equivalent circuit consisting of elements representing solution resistance, double-layer capacitance, charge-transfer resistance and Warburg impedance. Solution resistance was calculated and showed to be dependent on the position of ultramicroelectrode. Also it was observed that the thickness of the conducting layer and gluconic acid concentration both are changing in time. The results indicate that here proposed SEIM technique could become a valuable tool for the investigation and characterization of enzyme-modified surfaces of biosensors and biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - P Genys
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - A Ramanaviciene
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - A Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Pribil MM, Cortés-Salazar F, Andreyev EA, Lesch A, Karyakina EE, Voronin OG, Girault HH, Karyakin AA. Rapid optimization of a lactate biosensor design using soft probes scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Kranz C. Recent advancements in nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes used in combined scanning electrochemical microscopy techniques. Analyst 2014; 139:336-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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42
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Shinawi TF, Kimmel DW, Cliffel DE. Multianalyte microphysiometry reveals changes in cellular bioenergetics upon exposure to fluorescent dyes. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11677-80. [PMID: 24228839 PMCID: PMC3900241 DOI: 10.1021/ac402764x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes have been designed for internal cellular component specificity and have been used extensively in the scientific community as a means to monitor cell growth, location, morphology, and viability. However, it is possible that the introduction of these dyes influences the basal function of the cell and, in turn, the results of these studies. Electrochemistry provides a noninvasive method for probing the unintended cellular affects of these dyes. The multianalyte microphysiometer (MAMP) is capable of simultaneous electrochemical measurement of extracellular metabolites in real-time. In this study, analytes central to cellular metabolism, glucose, lactate, oxygen, as well as extracellular acidification were monitored to determine the immediate metabolic effects of nuclear stains, including SYTO, DAPI dilactate, Hoechst 33342, and FITC dyes upon the pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. The experimental results revealed that the SYTO dye 13 significantly decreased glucose and oxygen consumption and increased extracellular acidification and lactate production in both cell lines, indicating a shift to anaerobic respiration. No other dyes caused significantly definitive changes in cellular metabolism upon exposure. This study shows that fluorescent dyes can have unintended effects on cellular metabolism and care should be taken when using these probes to investigate cellular function and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesniem F. Shinawi
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1809, USA
| | - Danielle W. Kimmel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1809, USA
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1809, USA
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43
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Gdor E, Katz E, Mandler D. Biomolecular AND Logic Gate Based on Immobilized Enzymes with Precise Spatial Separation Controlled by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:16058-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4095672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Gdor
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13676, United States
| | - Daniel Mandler
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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44
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Wikswo JP, Curtis EL, Eagleton ZE, Evans BC, Kole A, Hofmeister LH, Matloff WJ. Scaling and systems biology for integrating multiple organs-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3496-511. [PMID: 23828456 PMCID: PMC3818688 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50243k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Coupled systems of in vitro microfabricated organs-on-a-chip containing small populations of human cells are being developed to address the formidable pharmacological and physiological gaps between monolayer cell cultures, animal models, and humans that severely limit the speed and efficiency of drug development. These gaps present challenges not only in tissue and microfluidic engineering, but also in systems biology: how does one model, test, and learn about the communication and control of biological systems with individual organs-on-chips that are one-thousandth or one-millionth of the size of adult organs, or even smaller, i.e., organs for a milliHuman (mHu) or microHuman (μHu)? Allometric scaling that describes inter-species variation of organ size and properties provides some guidance, but given the desire to utilize these systems to extend and validate human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models in support of drug discovery and development, it is more appropriate to scale each organ functionally to ensure that it makes the suitable physiological contribution to the coupled system. The desire to recapitulate the complex organ-organ interactions that result from factors in the blood and lymph places a severe constraint on the total circulating fluid (~5 mL for a mHu and ~5 μL for a μHu) and hence on the pumps, valves, and analytical instruments required to maintain and study these systems. Scaling arguments also provide guidance on the design of a universal cell-culture medium, typically without red blood cells. This review presents several examples of scaling arguments and discusses steps that should ensure the success of this endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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45
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Kimmel DW, Meschievitz ME, Hiatt LA, Cliffel DE. Multianalyte Microphysiometry of Macrophage Responses to Phorbol Myristate Acetate, Lipopolysaccharide, and Lipoarabinomannan. ELECTROANAL 2013; 25:1706-1712. [PMID: 25798034 PMCID: PMC4365790 DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the hypothesis that mycobacterial antigens generate different metabolic responses in macrophages as compared to gram-negative effectors and macrophage activators. The metabolic activation of macrophages by PMA is a useful tool for studying virulent agents and can be compared to other effectors. While phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) is commonly used to study macrophage activation, the concentration used to create this physiological response varies. The response of RAW-264.7 macrophages is concentration-dependent, where the metabolic response to high concentrations of PMA decreases suggesting deactivation. The gram-negative effector, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was seen to promote glucose and oxygen production which were used to produce a delayed onset of oxidative burst. Pre-incubation with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) increased the effect on cell metabolism, where the synergistic effects of IFN-γ and LPS immediately initiated oxidative burst. These studies exhibited a stark contrast with lipoarabinomannan (LAM), an antigenic glycolipid component associated with the bacterial genus Mycobacterium. The presence of LAM effectively inhibits any metabolic response preventing consumption of glucose and oxygen for the promotion of oxidative burst and to ensure pathogenic proliferation. This study demonstrates for the first time the immediate inhibitory metabolic effects LAM has on macrophages, suggesting implications for future intervention studies with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David E. Cliffel
- Corresponding Author: Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822; Phone: (615) 343-3937;
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46
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Schmidt AR, Nguyen NDT, Leopold MC. Nanoparticle film assemblies as platforms for electrochemical biosensing--factors affecting the amperometric signal enhancement of hydrogen peroxide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:4574-83. [PMID: 23473024 DOI: 10.1021/la400359x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting the enhanced amperometric signal observed at electrodes modified with polyelectrolyte-gold nanoparticle (Au-NP) composite films, which are potential interfaces for first-generation biosensors, were systematically investigated and optimized for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection. Polyelectrolyte multilayer films embedded with citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles exhibited high sensitivity toward the oxidation of H2O2. From this Au-NP film assembly, the importance of Au-NP ligand protection, film permeability, the density of Au-NPs within the film, and electronic coupling between Au-NPs (interparticle) and between the film and the electrode (interfacial) were evaluated. Using alternative Au-NPs, including those stabilized with thiols, polymers, and bulky ligands, suggests that the amperometric enhancement of H2O2 is optimized at poly-L-lysine-linked film assemblies embedded with Au-NPs possessing small, charged, and conductive (conjugated) peripheral ligands. As a potential application of these Au-NP film assemblies, an enhanced amperometric signal for H2O2 oxidation was shown for modified "needle" electrodes. The overall aim of this research is to gain a greater understanding of designing electrochemical sensing strategies that incorporate Au-NPs and target specific analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, USA
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47
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Freeman MH, Hall JR, Leopold MC. Monolayer-protected nanoparticle doped xerogels as functional components of amperometric glucose biosensors. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4057-65. [PMID: 23472762 DOI: 10.1021/ac3037188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
First-generation amperometric glucose biosensors incorporating alkanethiolate-protected gold nanoparticles, monolayer protected clusters (MPCs), within a xerogel matrix are investigated as model systems for nanomaterial-assisted electrochemical sensing strategies. The xerogel biosensors are comprised of platinum electrodes modified with composite films of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy silane xerogel embedded with glucose oxidase enzyme, doped with Au225(C6)75 MPCs, and coated with an outer polyurethane layer. Electrochemistry and scanning/transmission electron microscopy, including cross-sectional TEM, show sensor construction, humidity effects on xerogel structure, and successful incorporation of MPCs. Analytical performance of the biosensor scheme with and without MPC doping of the xerogel is determined from direct glucose injection during amperometry. MPC-doped xerogels yield significant enhancement of several sensor attributes compared to analogous films without nanoparticles: doubling of the linear range, sensitivity enhancement by an order of magnitude, and 4-fold faster response times accompany long-term stability and resistance to common interfering agents that are competitive with current glucose biosensing literature. Ligand chain length and the MPC/silane ratio studies suggest the MPC-induced enhancements are critically related to structure-function relationships, particularly those affecting interparticle electronic communication where the MPC network behaves as a three-dimensional extension of the working electrode into the xerogel film, reducing the system's dependence on diffusion and maximizing efficiency of the sensing mechanism. The integration of MPCs as a functional component of amperometric biosensor schemes has implications for future development of biosensors targeting clinically relevant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
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48
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Li X, Zhao L, Chen Z, Lin Y, Yu P, Mao L. Continuous Electrochemical Monitoring of Extracellular Lactate Production from Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes following Myocardial Hypoxia. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5285-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300354z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianchan Li
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenling Chen
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
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49
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Abstract
Traditional ‘macroscopic’ pharmacokinetics (PK) investigates the fate of drugs or toxicants administered externally to living organisms, described by the extent and rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. However, how a single cell affects a specific pharmaceutical after administration still remains a largely untouched area, primarily due to the technical restrictions imposed by minute amounts of chemicals involved. With the fast development of high-temporal and spatial-resolution detection techniques and single-cell handling techniques, it becomes possible to pursue single-cell PK. This review summarizes useful methodological and experimental techniques to investigate PK at the level of the single cell, including the microfluidics-based single-cell manipulation and the MS and electrochemical methods for single-cell analysis.
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50
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Shakir I, Shahid M, Yang HW, Cherevko S, Chung CH, Kang DJ. α-MoO3 nanowire-based amperometric biosensor for l-lactate detection. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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