1
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D'Alton L, Nguyen P, Carrara S, Hogan CF. Intense near-infrared electrochemiluminescence facilitated by energy transfer in bimetallic Ir-Ru metallopolymers. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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2
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Halawa MI, Mostafa IM, Tolba MM, El-Shabrawy Y, Li BS. Development of Ru(bpy)32+-amisulpride electrogenerated chemiluminescence system for ultrasensitive and selective detection of amisulpride in pharmaceuticals and real plasma. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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3
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Metallopolymers as Nanostructured Solid‐State Platforms for Electrochemiluminescence Applications. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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Zhuo Y, Wang HJ, Lei YM, Zhang P, Liu JL, Chai YQ, Yuan R. Electrochemiluminescence biosensing based on different modes of switching signals. Analyst 2018; 143:3230-3248. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00276b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted much attention in various fields of analysis owing to low background signals, high sensitivity, and excellent controllability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Yan-Mei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Ya-Qin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
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5
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Bist I, Bhakta S, Jiang D, Keyes TE, Martin A, Forster RJ, Rusling JF. Evaluating Metabolite-Related DNA Oxidation and Adduct Damage from Aryl Amines Using a Microfluidic ECL Array. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12441-12449. [PMID: 29083162 PMCID: PMC5777145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Damage to DNA from the metabolites of drugs and pollutants constitutes a major human toxicity pathway known as genotoxicity. Metabolites can react with metal ions and NADPH to oxidize DNA or participate in SN2 reactions to form covalently linked adducts with DNA bases. Guanines are the main DNA oxidation sites, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is the initial product. Here we describe a novel electrochemiluminescent (ECL) microwell array that produces metabolites from test compounds and measures relative rates of DNA oxidation and DNA adduct damage. In this new array, films of DNA, metabolic enzymes, and an ECL metallopolymer or complex assembled in microwells on a pyrolytic graphite wafer are housed in dual microfluidic chambers. As reactant solution passes over the wells, metabolites form and can react with DNA in the films to form DNA adducts. These adducts are detected by ECL from a RuPVP polymer that uses DNA as a coreactant. Aryl amines also combine with Cu2+ and NADPH to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) that oxidize DNA. The resulting 8-oxodG was detected selectively by ECL-generating bis(2,2'-bipyridine)-(4-(1,10-phenanthrolin-6-yl)-benzoic acid)Os(II). DNA/enzyme films on magnetic beads were oxidized similarly, and 8-oxodG determined by LC/MS/MS enabled array standardization. The array limit of detection for oxidation was 720 8-oxodG per 106 nucleobases. For a series of aryl amines, metabolite-generated DNA oxidation and adduct formation turnover rates from the array correlated very well with rodent 1/TD50 and Comet assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itti Bist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Snehasis Bhakta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Di Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Aaron Martin
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Robert J. Forster
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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6
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High-throughput assay development for combined in vitro toxicity screening of hit compounds and their metabolites in early drug-discovery stage. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:959-961. [PMID: 28708435 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-4997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Guo W, Liu Y, Cao Z, Su B. Imaging Analysis Based on Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-017-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Kadimisetty K, Malla S, Rusling JF. Automated 3-D Printed Arrays to Evaluate Genotoxic Chemistry: E-Cigarettes and Water Samples. ACS Sens 2017; 2:670-678. [PMID: 28723166 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel, automated, low cost, three-dimensional (3-D) printed microfluidic array was developed to detect DNA damage from metabolites of chemicals in environmental samples. The electrochemiluminescent (ECL) detection platform incorporates layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled films of microsomal enzymes, DNA and an ECL-emitting ruthenium metallopolymer in ∼10 nm deep microwells. Liquid samples are introduced into the array, metabolized by the human enzymes, products react with DNA if possible, and DNA damage is detected by ECL with a camera. Measurements of relative DNA damage by the array assess the genotoxic potential of the samples. The array analyzes three samples simultaneously in 5 min. Measurement of cigarette and e-cigarette smoke extracts and polluted water samples was used to establish proof of concept. Potentially genotoxic reactions from e-cigarette vapor similar to smoke from conventional cigarettes were demonstrated. Untreated wastewater showed a high genotoxic potential compared to negligible values for treated wastewater from a pollution control treatment plant. Reactivity of chemicals known to produce high rates of metabolite-related DNA damage were measured, and array results for environmental samples were expressed in terms of equivalent responses from these standards to assess severity of possible DNA damage. Genotoxic assessment of wastewater samples during processing also highlighted future on-site monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karteek Kadimisetty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Spundana Malla
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Material Science, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department
of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
- School
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galaway, Ireland
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9
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Trumbo-White CM, Hvastkovs EG. Electrochemical Assessment of Sequence Selective DNA Damage from Myoglogin and Cytochrome P450 Bioactivated Benzo[ a]pyrene at TP53 Oligomers. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli G. Hvastkovs
- Department of Chemistry; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC
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10
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Bano K, Rusling JF. Electrochemiluminescence Arrays for Studies of Metabolite-related Toxicity. ELECTROANAL 2016; 28:2636-2643. [PMID: 28592918 DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent progress from our laboratory in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) arrays designed for screening toxicity-related chemistry of chemical and drug candidates. Cytochrome P450s and metabolic bioconjugation enzymes convert lipophilic chemicals in our bodies by oxidation and bioconjugation that can lead to toxic metabolites. DNA can be used as an easily measurable toxicity-related endpoint, targeting DNA oxidation and addcut formation with metabolites. ECL using guanosines in the DNA strands as co-reactants have been used in high throughput arrays utilizing DNA-enzyme films fabricated layer-by-layer. This review describes approaches developed to provide new high throughput ECL arrays to aid in toxicity assessment for drug and chemical product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,School of Chemistry, NationalUniversity of Ireland at Galway, Ireland
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11
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Nerimetla R, Krishnan S. Electrocatalysis by subcellular liver fractions bound to carbon nanostructures for stereoselective green drug metabolite synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11681-4. [PMID: 26103056 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03364k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel, reusable, cofactor-free, and mediator-free human liver microsomal bioreactor constructed on carbon nanostructure electrodes for stereoselective green syntheses of drug metabolites and specialty chemicals is reported here for the first time. Drug metabolites are useful for examining pharmaceutical and pharmacological properties of new drugs under development.
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12
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Ding C, Zhang W, Wang W, Chen Y, Li X. Amplification strategies using electrochemiluminescence biosensors for the detection of DNA, bioactive molecules and cancer biomarkers. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Xu L, Zhou Z, Zhang C, He Y, Su B. Electrochemiluminescence imaging of latent fingermarks through the immunodetection of secretions in human perspiration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9097-100. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03466j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combined use of electrochemiluminescence imaging and enzyme immunoassay allows both identification of latent fingermarks and recognition of protein/polypeptide secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linru Xu
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Congzhe Zhang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yayun He
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
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14
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Wasalathanthri DP, Malla S, Bist I, Tang CK, Faria RC, Rusling JF. High-throughput metabolic genotoxicity screening with a fluidic microwell chip and electrochemiluminescence. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4554-62. [PMID: 24113555 PMCID: PMC3901045 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A high throughput electrochemiluminescent (ECL) chip was fabricated and integrated into a fluidic system for screening toxicity-related chemistry of drug and pollutant metabolites. The chip base is conductive pyrolytic graphite onto which are printed 64 microwells capable of holding one-μL droplets. Films combining DNA, metabolic enzymes and an ECL-generating ruthenium metallopolymer (Ru(II)PVP) are fabricated in these microwells. The system runs metabolic enzyme reactions, and subsequently detects DNA damage caused by reactive metabolites. The performance of the chip was tested by measuring DNA damage caused by metabolites of the well-known procarcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Liver microsomes and cytochrome P450 (cyt P450) enzymes were used with and without epoxide hydrolase (EH), a conjugative enzyme required for multi-enzyme bioactivation of B[a]P. DNA adduct formation was confirmed by determining specific DNA-metabolite adducts using similar films of DNA/enzyme on magnetic bead biocolloid reactors, hydrolyzing the DNA, and analyzing by capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (CapLC-MS/MS). The fluidic chip was also used to measure IC50-values of inhibitors of cyt P450s. All results show good correlation with reported enzyme activity and inhibition assays.
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15
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Hao N, Xiong M, Zhang JD, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Portable Thermo-Powered High-Throughput Visual Electrochemiluminescence Sensor. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11715-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403215g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hao
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Meng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jia-dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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16
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Mani V, Kadimisetty K, Malla S, Joshi AA, Rusling JF. Paper-based electrochemiluminescent screening for genotoxic activity in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1937-44. [PMID: 23331021 PMCID: PMC3578158 DOI: 10.1021/es304426j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A low cost, microfluidic paper electrochemical device (μPED) was fabricated using screen printing of electrodes and heat transfer of patterned wax paper onto filter paper. The μPED features films of a light-emitting ruthenium metallopolymer, microsomal metabolic enzymes, and DNA to detect potential genotoxic pollutant activity in environmental samples. Unlike conventional analytical methods that detect specific pollutant compounds, the μPED was designed to rapidly measure the presence of genotoxic equivalents in environmental samples with the signal related to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) as a reference standard. The analytical end point is the detection of DNA damage from metabolites produced in the device using an electrochemiluminescence output measured with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Proof-of-concept of this measurement was established for smoke, water, and food samples. The μPED provides a rapid screening tool for on-site environmental monitoring that specifically monitors the genotoxic reactivity of metabolites of toxic compounds present in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Mani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA 06269
| | | | - Spundana Malla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA 06269
| | - Amit A. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA 06269
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA 06269
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA 06032
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway
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17
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Satterwhite JE, Trumbo CM, Danell AS, Hvastkovs EG. Electrochemical study on the effects of epigenetic cytosine methylation on anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide damage at TP53 oligomers. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1183-91. [PMID: 23244159 DOI: 10.1021/ac303077h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-benzo[a]pyrene-r-7,t-8-dihydrodiol-t-9,10-epoxide (anti-BPDE) is a known carcinogen that damages DNA, and this damage is influenced by the DNA sequence and epigenetic factors. The influence of epigenetic cytosine methylation on the reaction with anti-BPDE at a known hotspot DNA damage site was studied electrochemically. Gold electrodes were modified with thiolated DNA oligomers spanning codons 270-276 of the TP53 gene. The oligomers exhibited 5-carbon cytosine methylation at the codon 273 location on the bound probe, the acquired complementary target, or both. Redox active diviologen compounds of the form C(12)H(25)V(2+)C(6)H(12)V(2+)C(12)H(25) (V(2+) = 4,4'-bipyridyl or viologen, C12-Viologen) were employed to detect anti-BPDE damage to DNA. DNA was exposed to racemic (±)- or enantiomerically pure (+)-anti-BPDE solutions followed by electrochemical interrogation in the presence of C12-Viologen. Background subtracted square wave voltammograms (SWV) showed the appearance of two peaks at approximately -0.38 V and -0.55 V vs Ag/AgCl upon anti-BPDE exposure. The acquired voltammetry is consistent with singly reduced C12-Viologen dimers bound at two different DNA environments, which arise from BPDE damage and are influenced by cytosine methylation and BPDE stereochemical considerations. UV spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods employed to validate the electrochemical responses showed that (+)-anti-BPDE primarily adopts a minor groove bound orientation within the oligomers while selectively targeting the nontranscribed ssDNA sequence within the duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Satterwhite
- East Carolina University, Department of Chemistry, 300 Science and Technology Building, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA
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18
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Deng S, Ju H. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of nanomaterials for bioanalysis. Analyst 2013; 138:43-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Xu L, Li Y, Wu S, Liu X, Su B. Imaging latent fingerprints by electrochemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8068-72. [PMID: 22865566 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linru Xu
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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20
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Xu L, Li Y, Wu S, Liu X, Su B. Imaging Latent Fingerprints by Electrochemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Hvastkovs EG, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Metabolic toxicity screening using electrochemiluminescence arrays coupled with enzyme-DNA biocolloid reactors and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2012; 5:79-105. [PMID: 22482786 PMCID: PMC3399491 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
New chemicals or drugs must be guaranteed safe before they can be marketed. Despite widespread use of bioassay panels for toxicity prediction, products that are toxic to a subset of the population often are not identified until clinical trials. This article reviews new array methodologies based on enzyme/DNA films that form and identify DNA-reactive metabolites that are indicators of potentially genotoxic species. This molecularly based methodology is designed in a rapid screening array that utilizes electrochemiluminescence (ECL) to detect metabolite-DNA reactions, as well as biocolloid reactors that provide the DNA adducts and metabolites for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. ECL arrays provide rapid toxicity screening, and the biocolloid reactor LC-MS approach provides a valuable follow-up on structure, identification, and formation rates of DNA adducts for toxicity hits from the ECL array screening. Specific examples using this strategy are discussed. Integration of high-throughput versions of these toxicity-screening methods with existing drug toxicity bioassays should allow for better human toxicity prediction as well as more informed decision making regarding new chemical and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli G. Hvastkovs
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858;
| | - John B. Schenkman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06269;
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06269;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269;
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22
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Wasalathanthri DP, Mani V, Tang CK, Rusling JF. Microfluidic electrochemical array for detection of reactive metabolites formed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9499-506. [PMID: 22040095 DOI: 10.1021/ac202269t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel, simple, rapid microfluidic array using bioelectronically driven cytochrome P450 enzyme catalysis for reactive metabolite screening is reported for the first time. The device incorporates an eight-electrode screen-printed carbon array coated with thin films of DNA, [Ru(bpy)(2)(PVP)(10)](ClO(4)) {RuPVP}, and rat liver microsomes (RLM) as enzyme sources. Catalysis features electron donation to cyt P450 reductase in the RLMs and subsequent cyt P450 reduction while flowing an oxygenated substrate solution past sensor electrodes. Metabolites react with DNA in the film if they are able, and damaged DNA is detected by catalytic square wave voltammetry (SWV) utilizing the RuPVP polymer. The microfluidic device was tested for a set of common pollutants known to form DNA-reactive metabolites. Logarithmic turnover rates based on SWV responses gave excellent correlation with the rodent liver TD(50) toxicity metric, supporting the utility of the device for toxicity screening. The microfluidic array gave much better S/N and reproducibility than single-electrode sensors based on similar principles.
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23
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Sardesai NP, Barron JC, Rusling JF. Carbon nanotube microwell array for sensitive electrochemiluminescent detection of cancer biomarker proteins. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6698-703. [PMID: 21728322 DOI: 10.1021/ac201292q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes fabrication of a novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor array featuring capture-antibody-decorated single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) forests residing in the bottoms of 10-μL wells with hydrophobic polymer walls. Silica nanoparticles containing [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) and secondary antibodies (RuBPY-silica-Ab(2)) are employed in this system for highly sensitive two-analyte detection. Antibodies to prostate specific antigen (PSA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were attached to the same RuBPY-silica-Ab(2) particle. The array was fabricated by forming the wells on a conductive pyrolytic graphite chip (1 in. × 1 in.) with a single connection to a potentiostat to achieve ECL. The sandwich immunoassay protocol employs antibodies attached to SWCNTs in the wells to capture analyte proteins. Then RuBPY-silica-Ab(2) is added to bind to the captured proteins. ECL is initiated in the microwells by electrochemical oxidation of tripropyl amine (TprA), which generates excited state [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) in the 100-nm particles, and is measured with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Separation of the analytical spots by the hydrophobic wall barriers enabled simultaneous immunoassays for two proteins in a single sample without cross-contamination. The detection limit (DL) for PSA was 1 pg mL(-1) and for IL-6 was 0.25 pg mL(-1) (IL-6) in serum. Array determinations of PSA and IL-6 in patient serum were well-correlated with single-protein ELISAs. These microwell SWCNT immunoarrays provide a simple, sensitive approach to the detection of two or more proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimish P Sardesai
- Department of Chemistry (U-3060), University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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24
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Krishnan S, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Bioelectronic delivery of electrons to cytochrome P450 enzymes. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8371-80. [PMID: 21591685 DOI: 10.1021/jp201235m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (cyt P450s) are the major oxidative enzymes in human oxidative metabolism of drugs and xenobiotic chemicals. In nature, the iron heme cyt P450s utilize oxygen and electrons delivered from NADPH by a reductase enzyme to oxidize substrates stereo- and regioselectively. Significant research has been directed toward achieving these events electrochemically. This Feature Article discusses the direct electrochemistry of cyt P450s in thin films and the utilization of such films for electrochemically driven biocatalysis. Maintaining and confirming structural integrity and catalytic activity of cyt P450s in films is an essential feature of these efforts. We highlight here our efforts to elucidate the influence of iron heme spin state and secondary structure of human cyt P450s on voltammetric and biocatalytic properties, using methodologies to quantitatively describe the dynamics of these processes in thin films. We also describe the first cyt P450/reductase films that accurately mimic the natural biocatalytic pathway and show how they can be used with voltammetry to elucidate key mechanistic features. Such bioelectronic cyt P450 systems have high value for future drug development, toxicity screening, fundamental investigations, and chemical synthesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Chen XM, Su BY, Song XH, Chen QA, Chen X, Wang XR. Recent advances in electrochemiluminescent enzyme biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Satterwhite JE, Pugh AM, Danell AS, Hvastkovs EG. Electrochemical detection of anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide DNA damage on TP53 codon 273 oligomers. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3327-35. [PMID: 21428456 DOI: 10.1021/ac103091v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage from (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) at a hotspot TP53 gene sequence was electrochemically detected. BPDE was exposed to gold electrode immobilized double-stranded DNA oligomers followed by voltammetric measurements in the presence of redox-active C(12)H(25)V(2+)C(6)H(12)V(2+)C(12)H(25) (V(2+) = 4,4'-bipyridyl or viologen, C12-viologen). Square wave voltammograms from BPDE-exposed DNA-modified electrodes showed the emergence of a C12-viologen-DNA complex at -0.37 V versus Ag/AgCl. The peak current intensity of this redox wave was dependent on both BPDE concentration and exposure time. Controls with alternate xenobiotics and DNA sequences showed this redox wave to be primarily due to BPDE damage at the wild-type DNA sequence. The detection limit was determined to be approximately 170 nM BPDE. Mass spectrometry and UV thermal melting experiments provided insight into the BPDE reaction and mirrored the sensor results. This report demonstrates that an electrochemical hybridization sensor can be used to detect sequence-related xenobiotic DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Satterwhite
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
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Pan S, Zhao L, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Evaluation of electrochemiluminescent metabolic toxicity screening arrays using a multiple compound set. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2754-60. [PMID: 21395325 DOI: 10.1021/ac200050n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arrays for screening metabolite-generated toxicity utilizing spots containing DNA, enzyme, and electroluminescent (ECL) polymer ([Ru(bpy)(2)PVP(10)](2+)) were extended to include a fully representative set of metabolic enzymes from human and rat liver microsomes, human and rat liver cytosol, and mouse liver S9 fractions. Array use involves two steps: (1) enzyme activation of the test chemical and metabolite reaction with DNA, and then, (2) capture of ECL resulting from DNA damage using a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. Plots of ECL increase vs enzyme reaction time monitor relative rates of DNA damage and were converted into turnover rates for enzymic production of DNA-reactive metabolites. ECL turnover rates were defined by R, the initial slope of ECL increase versus enzyme reaction time normalized for amounts of enzyme and test chemical. R-values were used to establish correlations for 11 toxic compounds with the standard toxicity metrics rodent liver TD(50) and lethal dose (LD(50)), Ames tests, and Comet assays for in vitro DNA damage. Results support the value of the ECL genotoxicity arrays together with toxicity bioassays for early screening of new chemicals and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenmin Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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Milutinovic M, Suraniti E, Studer V, Mano N, Manojlovic D, Sojic N. Photopatterning of ultrathin electrochemiluminescent redox hydrogel films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9125-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Swanick KN, Dodd DW, Price JT, Brazeau AL, Jones ND, Hudson RHE, Ding Z. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of triazole-modified deoxycytidine analogues in N,N-dimethylformamide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:17405-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Zhao L, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. High-throughput metabolic toxicity screening using magnetic biocolloid reactors and LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2010; 82:10172-8. [PMID: 21090635 DOI: 10.1021/ac102317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An inexpensive, high-throughput genotoxicity screening method was developed by using magnetic particles coated with cytosol/microsome/DNA films as biocolloid reactors in a 96-well plate format coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Incorporation of both microsomal and cytosolic enzymes in the films provides a broad spectrum of metabolic enzymes representing a range of metabolic pathways for bioactivation of chemicals. Reactive metabolites generated via this process are trapped by covalently binding to DNA in the film. The DNA is then hydrolyzed and nucleobase adducts are collected using filters in the bottom for the 96-well plate of analysis by capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The magnetic particles facilitate simple and rapid sample preparation and workup. Major DNA adducts from ethylene dibromide, N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene and styrene were identified in proof-of-concept studies. Relative formation rates of DNA adducts correlated well with rodent genotoxicity metric TD(50) for the three compounds. This method has the potential for high-throughput genotoxicity screening, providing chemical structure information that is complementary to toxicity bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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Shin IS, Bae SW, Kim H, Hong JI. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescent Anion Sensing: Selective Recognition and Sensing of Pyrophosphate. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8259-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1017293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Soo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Se Won Bae
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Hasuck Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Jong-In Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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Bajrami B, Zhao L, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Rapid LC-MS drug metabolite profiling using microsomal enzyme bioreactors in a parallel processing format. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9921-9. [PMID: 19904994 DOI: 10.1021/ac9015853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticle bioreactors featuring thin films of enzymes and polyions were utilized in a novel high-throughput 96-well plate format for drug metabolism profiling. The utility of the approach was illustrated by investigating the metabolism of the drugs diclofenac (DCF), troglitazone (TGZ), and raloxifene, for which we observed known metabolic oxidation and bioconjugation pathways and turnover rates. A broad range of enzymes was included by utilizing human liver (HLM), rat liver (RLM) and bicistronic human-cyt P450 3A4 (bicis.-3A4) microsomes as enzyme sources. This parallel approach significantly shortens sample preparation steps compared to an earlier manual processing with nanoparticle bioreactors, allowing a range of significant enzyme reactions to be processed simultaneously. Enzyme turnover rates using the microsomal bioreactors were 2-3 fold larger compared to using conventional microsomal dispersions, most likely because of better accessibility of the enzymes. Ketoconazole (KET) and quinidine (QIN), substrates specific to cyt P450 3A enzymes, were used to demonstrate applicability to establish potentially toxic drug-drug interactions involving enzyme inhibition and acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besnik Bajrami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
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Buchinger S, Grill P, Morosow V, Ben-Yoav H, Shacham-Diamand Y, Biran A, Pedahzur R, Belkin S, Reifferscheid G. Evaluation of chrono-amperometric signal detection for the analysis of genotoxicity by a whole cell biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 659:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Progress in Ru(bpy)32+ Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(08)60139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhao L, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Screening for reactive metabolites using electro-optical arrays featuring human liver cytosol and microsomal enzyme sources and DNA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5386-8. [PMID: 19724793 PMCID: PMC3475954 DOI: 10.1039/b909372a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time the combination of human liver cytosol and microsomal enzyme sources into an electro-optical array to screen for reactive metabolites produced in multi-enzyme metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - John B. Schenkman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
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Li X, Tian Y, Xia P, Luo Y, Rui Q. Fabrication of TiO2 and Metal Nanoparticle−Microelectrode Arrays by Photolithography and Site-Selective Photocatalytic Deposition. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8249-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9009879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peipei Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongping Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Rui
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
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Zhao L, Krishnan S, Zhang Y, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Differences in metabolite-mediated toxicity of tamoxifen in rodents versus humans elucidated with DNA/microsome electro-optical arrays and nanoreactors. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:341-7. [PMID: 19166339 DOI: 10.1021/tx8004295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, a therapeutic and chemopreventive breast cancer drug, was chosen as a model compound because of acknowledged species specific toxicity differences. Emerging approaches utilizing electro-optical arrays and nanoreactors based on DNA/microsome films were used to compare metabolite-mediated toxicity differences of tamoxifen in rodents versus humans. Hits triggered by liver enzyme metabolism were first provided by arrays utilizing a DNA damage end point. The arrays feature thin-film spots containing an electrochemiluminescent (ECL) ruthenium polymer ([Ru(bpy)(2)PVP(10)](2+); PVP, polyvinylpyridine), DNA, and liver microsomes. When DNA damage resulted from reactions with tamoxifen metabolites, it was detected by an increase in light from the oxidation of the damaged DNA by the ECL metallopolymer. The slope of ECL generation versus enzyme reaction time correlated with the rate of DNA damage. An approximate 2-fold greater ECL turnover rate was observed for spots with rat liver microsomes compared to that with human liver microsomes. These results were supported by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of reaction products using nanoreactors featuring analogous films on silica nanoparticles, allowing the direct measurement of the relative formation rate for alpha-(N(2)-deoxyguanosinyl)tamoxifen. We observed 2-5-fold more rapid formation rates for three major metabolites, i.e., alpha-hydroxytamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and tamoxifen N-oxide, catalyzed by rat liver microsomes compared to human liver microsomes. Comparable formation rates were observed for N-desmethyl tamoxifen with rat and human liver microsomes. A better detoxifying capacity for human liver microsomes than rat liver microsomes was confirmed utilizing glucuronyltransferase in microsomes together with UDP-glucuronic acid. Taken together, lower genotoxicity and higher detoxication rates presented by human liver microsomes correlate with the lower risk of tamoxifen in causing liver carcinoma in humans, provided the glucuronidation pathway is active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, 55 N. Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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Krishnan S, Bajrami B, Mani V, Pan S, Rusling JF. Comparison of DNA-Reactive Metabolites from Nitrosamine and Styrene Using Voltammetric DNA/Microsomes Sensors. ELECTROANAL 2009; 21:1005-1013. [PMID: 23100998 DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Voltammetric sensors made with films of polyions, double-stranded DNA and liver microsomes adsorbed layer-by-layer onto pyrolytic graphite electrodes were evaluated for reactive metabolite screening. This approach features simple, inexpensive screening without enzyme purification for applications in drug or environmental chemical development. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) in the liver microsomes were activated by an NADPH regenerating system or by electrolysis to metabolize model carcinogenic compounds nitrosamine and styrene. Reactive metabolites formed in the films were trapped as adducts with nucleobases on DNA. The DNA damage was detected by square-wave voltammetry (SWV) using [Formula: see text] as a DNA-oxidation catalyst. These sensors showed a larger rate of increase in signal vs. reaction time for a highly toxic nitrosamine than for the moderately toxic styrene due to more rapid reactive metabolite-DNA adduct formation. Results were consistent with reported in vivo TD(50) data for the formation of liver tumors in rats. Analogous polyion/ liver microsome films prepared on 500 nm silica nanoparticles (nanoreactors) and reacted with nitrosamine or styrene, provided LC-MS or GC analyses of metabolite formation rates that correlated well with sensor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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Hull DO, Bajrami B, Jansson I, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Characterizing metabolic inhibition using electrochemical enzyme/DNA biosensors. Anal Chem 2009; 81:716-24. [PMID: 19099359 PMCID: PMC2684828 DOI: 10.1021/ac802179s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies of metabolic enzyme inhibition are necessary in drug development and toxicity investigations as potential tools to limit or prevent appearance of deleterious metabolites formed, for example, by cytochrome (cyt) P450 enzymes. In this paper, we evaluate the use of enzyme/DNA toxicity biosensors as tools to investigate enzyme inhibition. We have examined DNA damage due to cyt P450cam metabolism of styrene using DNA/enzyme films on pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes monitored via Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-mediated DNA oxidation. Styrene metabolism initiated by hydrogen peroxide was evaluated with and without the inhibitors, imidazole, imidazole-4-acetic acid, and sulconazole (in micromolar range) to monitor DNA damage inhibition. The initial rates of DNA damage decreased with increased inhibitor concentrations. Linear and nonlinear fits of Michaelis-Menten inhibition models were used to determine apparent inhibition constants (K(I)*) for the inhibitors. Elucidation of the best fitting inhibition model was achieved by comparing correlation coefficients and the sum of the square of the errors (SSE) from each inhibition model. Results confirmed the utility of the enzyme/DNA biosensor for metabolic inhibition studies. A simple competitive inhibition model best approximated the data for imidazole, imidazole-4-acetic acid and sulconazole with K(I)* of 268.2, 142.3, and 204.2 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic O. Hull
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, 55 N. Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Besnik Bajrami
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, 55 N. Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Ingela Jansson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032
| | - John B. Schenkman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, 55 N. Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032
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Rusling JF. Electrochemiluminescent Arrays For Toxicity Screening. ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INTERFACE 2009; 18:34-39. [PMID: 24639601 PMCID: PMC3955387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Krishnan S, Hvastkovs EG, Bajrami B, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Human cyt P450 mediated metabolic toxicity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) evaluated using electrochemiluminescent arrays. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2008; 5:163-9. [PMID: 19156262 DOI: 10.1039/b815910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) arrays containing polymer ([Ru(bpy)(2)(PVP)(10)](2+), PVP = polyvinylpyridine), DNA, and selected enzymes were employed to elucidate cytochrome (cyt) P450 dependent metabolism of the tobacco specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Bioactivated NNK metabolites formed upon H(2)O(2)-enzymatic activation were captured as DNA adducts and detected simultaneously from 36 spot arrays by capturing and quantifying emitted ECL with an overhead CCD camera. Increased ECL emission was dependent on NNK exposure time. Of the enzymes tested, the activity toward NNK bioactivation was cyt P450 1A2 > 2E1 > 1B1 approximately chloroperoxidase (CPO) > myoglobin (Mb) in accordance with reported in vivo studies. Cyt P450/polyion films were also immobilized on 500 nm diameter silica nanospheres for product analysis by LC-MS. Analysis of the nanosphere film reaction media provided ECL array validation and quantitation of the bioactivated NNK hydrolysis product 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (HPB) confirming production of reactive metabolites in the films. Chemical screening in this fashion allows rapid clarification of enzymes responsible for genotoxic activation as well as offering insight into cyt P450-related toxicity and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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