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Kuehne H, Davis JM, Merewether L, McQueen M, Valentine E, Young G, Andrews BT, Diaz D, Miller KJ. Demonstration of Physicochemical and Functional Similarity of Biosimilar Pegfilgrastim-cbqv to Pegfilgrastim. Drugs R D 2024; 24:285-301. [PMID: 38958918 PMCID: PMC11315836 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-024-00471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pegfilgrastim-cbqv/CHS-1701 (UDENYCA®) (hereafter referred to as pegfilgrastim-cbqv) was approved in 2018 by the US Food and Drug Administration as a biosimilar for pegfilgrastim (Neulasta®) (hereafter referred to as pegfilgrastim). Both pegfilgrastim-cbqv and pegfilgrastim are conjugates of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (r-metHuG-CSF) with a 20 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) indicated to decrease the incidence of infection, as manifested by febrile neutropenia, in patients receiving myelosuppressive anticancer drugs. The demonstration of analytical similarity for PEG-protein conjugates presents unique challenges since both the protein and PEG attributes must be characterized. OBJECTIVE The current study demonstrates the analytical similarity of pegfilgrastim-cbqv and the reference product, pegfilgrastim. In addition to the physicochemical and functional characterization of the protein, the study assessed attributes specific to PEGylation including PEG size and polydispersity, site of attachment, linker composition, and PEGylation process-related variants. METHODS The structural, functional, and stability attributes of pegfilgrastim-cbqv and pegfilgrastim were compared using state-of-the-art analytical methods. For the protein, the primary structure, disulfide structure, and secondary and tertiary structures were assessed using traditional protein characterization techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS), circular dichroism (CD), intrinsic fluorescence, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as more advanced techniques such as two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX). For the PEG moiety, the site of attachment, occupancy, linker composition, size and polydispersity were compared using mass spectrometry (both intact and after endoprotease digestion), multiangle light scattering detection (MALS), and Edman degradation. Purity assessments included the assessment of both protein variants and PEGylation variants using chromatographic and electrophoretic analytical separation techniques. The functional similarity between pegfilgrastim-cbqv and pegfilgrastim was compared using both a cell-based bioassay and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The degradation rates and stability profiles were compared under accelerated and stressed conditions. RESULTS Biosimilarity was demonstrated by a thorough assessment of physiochemical and functional attributes, as well as comparative stability, of pegfilgrastim-cbqv relative to pegfilgrastim. These studies demonstrated identical primary structure and disulfide structure, highly similar secondary and tertiary structure, as well as functional similarity. The impurity profile of pegfilgrastim-cbqv was comparable to that of pegfilgrastim with only minor differences in PEGylation variants and a slight offset in the PEG molar mass. These differences were not clinically relevant. The degradation profiles were qualitatively and quantitatively similar under accelerated and stress conditions. CONCLUSION The structural, functional, and stability data demonstrate that pegfilgrastim-cbqv is highly similar to the reference product, pegfilgrastim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Kuehne
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Janice M Davis
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | | | - Matthew McQueen
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Valentine
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
- Halozyme Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Glen Young
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Benjamin T Andrews
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dimitri Diaz
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
- Avidity Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen J Miller
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA.
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2
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Skjærvø Ø, Togle A, Sutton H, Han X, Rauniyar N. Dimethyl sulfoxide as a gas phase charge-reducing agent for the determination of PEGylated proteins' intact mass. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024. [PMID: 38685882 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00660g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Determination of PEGylated proteins' intact mass by mass spectrometry is challenging due to the molecules' large size, excessive charges, and instrument limitations. Previous efforts have been reported. However, signal variability, ion coalescence, and a generally low degree of robustness have been observed. In this work, we have explored the capabilities of post-column infusion of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) following reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (RP-LCMS) to determine PEG-filgrastim' intact mass, and to characterize its PEG moiety. The method was optimized around reproducibility (six preparations, and three injection replicates) with an in-house prepared PEG-filgrastim standard. The method showed a mass accuracy of ≤1.2 Da. The average molecular weight (MWEO=483) was 40 147.9 Da. The number average molecular weight (Mn) and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) were observed to be 40 101.1 and 40 113.9 Da, respectively, both with an RSD of 0.03%. The molecular weight distribution of ethylene oxide (EO), the polydispersity index (PDI), was 1.0003 for all preparations with a minimum and maximum number of EO units of 448 ± 2 and 516 ± 2, respectively. The method was finally applied to commercially available Neulasta® lots where the Mn and Mw were 39 995.8 and 40 008.8 Da, respectively, both with an RSD of 0.1%. The minimum and maximum EO units across the lots were observed to be 444.5 ± 1.5 and 514 ± 3, respectively. The PDI for all Neulasta® lots was 1.0003. This study provides an insightful characterization of Neulasta® and describes a robust LC-MS methodology for the characterization of the PEGylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Skjærvø
- Tanvex BioPharma USA, Inc., 10394 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Alyssa Togle
- Tanvex BioPharma USA, Inc., 10394 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Haley Sutton
- Tanvex BioPharma USA, Inc., 10394 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Xuemei Han
- Tanvex BioPharma USA, Inc., 10394 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Navin Rauniyar
- Tanvex BioPharma USA, Inc., 10394 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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3
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Bento C, Katz M, Santos MMM, Afonso CAM. Striving for Uniformity: A Review on Advances and Challenges To Achieve Uniform Polyethylene Glycol. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:860-890. [PMID: 38660381 PMCID: PMC11036406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the polymer of choice in drug delivery systems due to its biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. For over 20 years, this polymer has been widely used in the drug delivery of small drugs, proteins, oligonucleotides, and liposomes, improving the stability and pharmacokinetics of many drugs. However, despite the extensive clinical experience with PEG, concerns have emerged related to its use. These include hypersensitivity, purity, and nonbiodegradability. Moreover, conventional PEG is a mixture of polymers that can complicate drug synthesis and purification leading to unwanted immunogenic reactions. Studies have shown that uniform PEGylated drugs may be more effective than conventional PEGylated drugs as they can overcome issues related to molecular heterogeneity and immunogenicity. This has led to significant research efforts to develop synthetic procedures to produce uniform PEGs (monodisperse PEGs). As a result, iterative step-by-step controlled synthesis methods have been created over time and have shown promising results. Nonetheless, these procedures have presented numerous challenges due to their iterative nature and the requirement for multiple purification steps, resulting in increased costs and time consumption. Despite these challenges, the synthetic procedures went through several improvements. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in the synthesis of uniform PEGs and its derivatives with a focus on overall yields, scalability, and purity of the polymers. Additionally, the available characterization methods for assessing polymer monodispersity are discussed as well as uniform PEG applications, side effects, and possible alternative polymers that can overcome the drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bento
- Hovione
Farmaciência S.A., Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício
R, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marianna Katz
- Hovione
Farmaciência S.A., Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício
R, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M. M. Santos
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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4
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Rauniyar N, Togle AJ, Ronci RA, Reyes D, Han X. Characterization of PEGylation sites in Neulasta and a biosimilar candidate with a combined fragmentation strategy in mass spectrometry analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5017. [PMID: 38517094 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In the development of biosimilar products to Neulasta, it is essential to determine the intact molecular mass and confirm precise PEGylation sites. In this study, we applied a combination of techniques, including post-column addition of triethylamine in reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS) to determine the intact molecular mass, and in-source fragmentation (ISF) and higher-energy collision dissociation-tandem mass spectrometry (HCD-MS/MS) to identify the PEGylation site. Our results show that both the pegfilgrastim biosimilar candidate and Neulasta lots are mono-PEGylated at the N-terminal end. Furthermore, we show that the combined ISF and HCD-MS/MS method can be used for identifying the PEGylation sites in the diPEGylated variant of pegfilgrastim. The diPEGylated variant has modification sites at the N-terminal end and a lysine at position 35 in the protein sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diego Reyes
- Tanvex BioPharma USA, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xuemei Han
- Tanvex BioPharma USA, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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5
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Hyldbakk A, Hansen T, Hak S, Borgos SEF. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a broad applicability marker for LC-MS/MS-based biodistribution analysis of nanomedicines. J Control Release 2024; 366:611-620. [PMID: 38215988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugation (PEGylation) is a well-established strategy to improve the pharmacokinetic and biocompatibility properties of a wide variety of nanomedicines and therapeutic peptides and proteins. This broad use makes PEG an attractive 'allround' candidate marker for the biodistribution of such PEGylated compounds. This paper presents the development of a novel strategy for PEG quantification in biological matrices. The methodology is based on sample hydrolysis which both decomposes the sample matrix and degrades PEGylated analytes to specific molecular fragments more suitable for detection by LC-MS/MS. Method versatility was demonstrated by applying it to a wide variety of PEGylated compounds, including polymeric poly(ethylbutyl cyanoacrylate) (PEBCA) nanoparticles, lipidic nanoparticles (Doxil®, LipImage 815™ and lipid nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery) and the antibody Cimzia®. Method applicability was assessed by analyzing plasma and tissue samples from a comprehensive drug biodistribution study in rats, of both PEBCA and LipImage 815™ nanoparticles. The results demonstrated the method's utility for biodistribution studies on PEG. Importantly, by using the method described herein in tandem with quantification of nanoparticle payloads, we showed that this approach can provide detailed understanding of various critical aspects of the in vivo behavior of PEGylated nanomedicines, such as drug release and particle stability. Together, the presented results demonstrate the novel method as a robust, versatile and generic approach for biodistribution analysis of PEGylated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hyldbakk
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terkel Hansen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sjoerd Hak
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sven Even F Borgos
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway.
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6
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Zarkovic TM, Borden SA, Krogh ET, Gill CG. A passive membrane system for on-line mass spectrometry reagent addition. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9487. [PMID: 36739105 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Post-separation addition of chemical modifiers in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is widely used for improving ionization sensitivity and selectivity. This is typically accomplished using a post-column T-junction, which can result in sample dilution and imperfect mixing. We present a passive semi-permeable hollow fiber membrane approach for the addition of chemical modifiers that avoids these issues. METHODS Model compounds were directly infused by flow injection to an electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer after passing through a polydimethylsiloxane hollow fiber membrane. Ionization enhancement reagents were introduced into the flowing stream by membrane permeation from aqueous solutions. Ionization enhancement from volatile acids and bases in positive and negative electrospray ionization was evaluated to assess the feasibility of this approach. RESULTS The membrane-based apparatus resulted in relative ionization enhancement factors of up to 14×, depending upon the analyte, reagent, and ionization mode used. Ionization enhancement signal stability is reasonable (relative standard deviation of 5-7%) for extended periods from the same reagent solution, and minimal analyte dilution is observed. A proof-of-concept demonstration of the chromatographic "trifluoroacetic acid fix" strategy is presented. CONCLUSIONS An on-line mass spectrometry ionization reagent addition method with potential post-chromatography reagent addition applications was developed using a hollow fiber polydimethylsiloxane membrane. This approach offers a promising alternative to traditional methods requiring additional hardware such as pumps and T-junctions that can result in sample dilution and imperfect reagent mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taelor M Zarkovic
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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7
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Zheng X, Sutton AT, Yang RS, Miller DV, Pagels B, Rustandi RR, Welch J, Payne A, Haverick M. Extensive Characterization of Polysorbate 80 Oxidative Degradation Under Stainless Steel Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:779-789. [PMID: 36252652 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate-80 (PS-80) is a common surfactant used in biologics formulations. However, the tendency of oxidation to PS-80 when exposed to stainless steel surfaces brings various challenges during manufacturing processes, such as inconsistent shelf-life of PS-80 solutions, which can further impact the biologics and vaccines production. In this work, the root causes of PS-80 oxidation when in contact with stainless steel conditions were thoroughly investigated through the use of various complementary analytical techniques including U/HPLC-CAD, LC-MS, ICP-MS, peroxide assay, and EPR spectroscopy. The analytical tool kit used in this work successfully revealed a PS-80 degradation mechanism from the perspective of PS-80 content, PS-80 profile, iron content, peroxide production, and radical species. The combined datasets reveal that PS-80 oxidative degradation occurs in the presence of histidine and iron in addition to being combined with the hydroperoxides in PS-80 material. The oxidative pathway and potential degradants were identified by LC-MS. The PS-80 profile based on the U/HPLC-CAD assay provided an effective way to identify early-signs of PS-80 degradation. The results from a peroxide assay observed increased hydroperoxide along with PS-80 degradation. EPR spectra confirmed the presence of histidine-related radicals during PS-80 oxidation identifying how histidine is involved in the oxidation. All assays and findings introduced in this work will provide insight into how PS-80 oxidative degradation can be avoided, controlled, or detected. It will also provide valuable evaluations on techniques that can be used to identify PS-80 degradation related events that occur during the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Zheng
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
| | - Adam T Sutton
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Becca Pagels
- Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Welch
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Anne Payne
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark Haverick
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
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8
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Bandyopadhyay A, Kosanam H, Yang RS, Gupta B, Naralakattu N, Pakhale S, Kress J, Richardson D, Ly J. Low-molecular-weight impurity in Poloxamer 188 responsible for atypical cell culture performance for mAb production. J Biotechnol 2022; 351:13-22. [PMID: 35483475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During a recent manufacturing campaign for a monoclonal antibody using a fed-batch process, poor cell culture performance was observed across two manufacturing sites with similar scales and equipment. Root cause analysis indicated that the poor cell culture performance was linked to the production basal media. Genealogy of the precursor raw materials used in the media revealed that a particular lot of Poloxamer 188 (P188) was the common link to the poor-performing media lots. P188 serves a critical role in protecting cells against shear in cell culture bioprocesses. However, the small-scale studies suggested that the poor cell culture performance was cytostatic in nature rather than being caused due to lack of shear protection. Several P188 lots were tested analytically using SEC-MS and RP-LC-MS methods and a unique low molecular weight species was identified in the suspect lot of poloxamer. The impurity was identified to be polypropylene oxide (PPO), a reaction intermediate in P188 synthesis. Spiking studies with PPO further confirmed its cytostatic nature. This case study highlights yet another scenario where lot-to-lot variability continues to impact bioprocesses and re-emphasizes the need for robust analytical and cell-culture raw material screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Bandyopadhyay
- Biologics Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hari Kosanam
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc, Westpoint, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Balrina Gupta
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Naja Naralakattu
- Global Technical Operations - Raw Materials Center of Excellence, Merck & Co., Inc, Westpoint, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Shital Pakhale
- Biologics Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jared Kress
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc, Westpoint, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jeffrey Ly
- Biologics Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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9
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Ma Y, Gandhi PJ, Reilly JP. Aqueous Solutions of Peptides and Trialkylamines Lead to Unexpected Peptide Modification. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26216481. [PMID: 34770892 PMCID: PMC8587169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
When trialkylamines are added to buffered solutions of peptides, unexpected adducts can be formed. These adducts correspond to Schiff base products. The source of the reaction is the unexpected presence of aldehydes in amines. The aldehydes can be detected in a few ways. Most importantly, they can lead to unanticipated results in proteomics experiments. Their undesirable effects can be minimized through the addition of other amines.
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10
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Yang RS, Bush DR, DeGraan-Weber N, Barbacci D, Zhang LK, Letarte S, Richardson D. Advancing Structure Characterization of PS-80 by Charge-Reduced Mass Spectrometry and Software-Assisted Composition Analysis. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:314-322. [PMID: 34487745 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The commercially available Polysorbate 80 (PS-80) is a highly heterogeneous product. It is a complex and structurally diverse mixture consisting of polymeric species containing polyoxyethylenes (POEs), fatty acid esters, with/or without a carbohydrate core. The core is primarily sorbitan, with some isosorbide and sorbitol. Depending on the sources of fatty acids and the degrees of esterification, multiple combinations of fatty acid esters are commonly observed. A number of POE intermediates, such as polyoxyethylene glycols, POE-sorbitans, POE-isosorbides, and an array of fatty acid esters from these intermediates remain in the raw material as well. The complex composition of PS-80 is difficult to control and poses a significant characterization challenge for its use in the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we present a novel solution for PS-80 characterization using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with charge-reduction high resolution mass spectrometry. Post column co-infusion of triethylamine focused the signal into mainly singly charged molecular ions and reduced the extent of in-source fragmentation, resulting in a simpler ion map and enhanced measurement of PS-80 species. The data processing workflow is designed to programmatically identify PS-80 component classes and reduce the burden of manually analyzing complex MS data. The 2-dimensional graphical representation of the data helps visualize these features. Together, these innovative methodologies enabled us to analyze components in PS-80 with unprecedented detail and shall be a useful tool to study formulation and stability of pharmaceutical preparations. The power of this approach was demonstrated by comparing the composition of PS-80 obtained from different vendors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States.
| | | | | | - Damon Barbacci
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li-Kang Zhang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Simon Letarte
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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11
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Katakam LNR, Ettaboina SK, Marisetti VM. Development and validation of LC-MS method for the determination of heptaethylene glycol monomethyl ether in benzonatate bulk drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5096. [PMID: 33605444 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A simple and isocratic reverse-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric method has been developed and validated for the determination of heptaethylene glycol monomethyl ether in benzonatate drug substance. Benzonatate is an oral antitussive drug used to relieve and suppress cough in patients older than 10 years. The presence of residual heptaethylene glycol monomethyl ether in the benzonatate drug substance affects the safety, strength, purity and quality of the drug substance. The subject compound separation was achieved using 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. The Suplex PKB-100 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm LC column was used for a better peak shape. Detection was carried out at an m/z value of 341. The linearity curve showed a correlation of coefficient of >0.999. The precision and intermediate precision (RSD) were <7.30. The accuracy values were >90% for all levels. The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and found to be a novel, specific and sensitive analytical method for determination of components of interest.
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12
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Minshull TC, Wood A, Roberts D, Hallam C, Lewis J, Orekoya A, Gervais D. Determination of extent of PEGylation using denaturing capillary isoelectric focussing. Anal Biochem 2020; 611:113953. [PMID: 32946834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Yang SH, Chen B, Wang J, Zhang K. Characterization of High Molecular Weight Multi-Arm Functionalized PEG–Maleimide for Protein Conjugation by Charge-Reduction Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8584-8590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Yang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bifan Chen
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jenny Wang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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14
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de la Mora JF, Genoni M, Perez-Lorenzo LJ, Cezairli M. Measuring the Kinetics of Neutral Pair Evaporation from Cluster Ions of Ionic Liquid in the Drift Region of a Differential Mobility Analyzer. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2483-2496. [PMID: 32064875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Singly charged clusters [C+A-]nC+ or [C+A-]nA- of two salts [C+A-] are produced by electrospray ionization of alcohol solutions of the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (EMI-FAP) and 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium-methide (DMPI-Me). The rate of neutral pair evaporation into [C+A-] + [C+A-]n-1C+ or [C+A-]n-1A- is studied in atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature T for the positive trimer ion (n = 2) of DMPI-Me and the negative trimer ion of EMI-FAP. The trimer is separated from all other electrosprayed ions in a first differential mobility analyzer (DMA1) and then transferred through a cooled tube to a second DMA whose drift gas is kept at a controlled temperature (25 °C < T < 100 °C). Singular characteristics of the DMA are a residence time τ of ∼0.1 to 1 ms, with essentially uniform temperature and τ. The decomposition occurring within DMA2 results in a complex mobility spectrum associated with dimer product ions, with apparent mobilities intermediate between those of the dimer and the trimer, depending on the product of the reaction rate k and τ. A theoretical expression yielding k from the shape of the collected mobility spectrum is obtained by accounting for the deterministic reactive, convective, and diffusive evolutions of the parent and product ions within DMA2. Observed and predicted mobility spectra agree well, yielding the reaction rate k with little ambiguity. Activation energies near 1 eV are determined for both trimer ions. Paradoxically, the evaporation process substantially heats up the cluster ion product. The theory developed enables measuring decay times much smaller and much larger than the residence time in the DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernandez de la Mora
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - M Genoni
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - L J Perez-Lorenzo
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - M Cezairli
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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15
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Site-Specific characterization of peptide-polymer conjugates in various stoichiometries by MALDI-Tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Wang S, Xing T, Liu AP, He Z, Yan Y, Daly TJ, Li N. Simple Approach for Improved LC-MS Analysis of Protein Biopharmaceuticals via Modification of Desolvation Gas. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3156-3162. [PMID: 30682238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
LC-MS based analysis of protein biopharmaceuticals could benefit from improved data quality, which can subsequently lead to improved drug characterization with higher confidence and less ambiguity. In this study, we created a simple device to modify the desolvation gas on a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer and to demonstrate the utility in improving both peptide mapping analysis and intact mass analysis, the two most routinely and widely applied LC-MS techniques in protein biopharmaceutical characterization. By modifying the desolvation gas with acid vapor from propionic acid (PA) and isopropanol (IPA), the ion suppression effects from trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in a typical peptide mapping method can be effectively mitigated, thus leading to improved MS sensitivity. By modifying the desolvation gas with base vapor from triethylamine (TEA), the charge reduction effect can be achieved and utilized to improve the spectral quality from intact mass analysis of protein biopharmaceuticals. The approach and device described in this work suggests a low-cost and practical solution to improve the LC-MS characterization of protein biopharmaceuticals, which has the potential to be widely implemented in biopharmaceutical analytical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Tao Xing
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Anita P Liu
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Zehong He
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Thomas J Daly
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591-6707 , United States
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17
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Multi-arm PEG-maleimide conjugation intermediate characterization and hydrolysis study by a selective HPLC method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:452-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Wright TA, Page RC, Konkolewicz D. Polymer conjugation of proteins as a synthetic post-translational modification to impact their stability and activity. Polym Chem 2019; 10:434-454. [PMID: 31249635 PMCID: PMC6596429 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For more than 40 years, protein-polymer conjugates have been widely used for many applications, industrially and biomedically. These bioconjugates have been shown to modulate the activity and stability of various proteins while introducing reusability and new activities that can be used for drug delivery, improve pharmacokinetic ability, and stimuli-responsiveness. Techniques such as RDRP, ROMP and "click" have routinely been utilized for development of well-defined bioconjugate and polymeric materials. Synthesis of bioconjugate materials often take advantage of natural amino acids present within protein and peptide structures for a host of coupling chemistries. Polymer modification may elicit increased or decreased activity, activity retention under harsh conditions, prolonged activity in vivo and in vitro, and introduce stimuli responsiveness. Bioconjugation has resulted to modulated thermal stability, chemical stability, storage stability, half-life and reusability. In this review we aim to provide a brief state of the field, highlight a wide range of behaviors caused by polymer conjugation, and provide areas of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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19
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The synthesis and investigation of photochemical, photophysical and biological properties of new lutetium, indium, and zinc phthalocyanines substituted with PEGME-2000 blocks. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:191-210. [PMID: 30673878 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Zinc(II) (5), indium(III) (6), and lutetium(III) (7) phthalocyanines (Pcs) peripherally substituted with poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) monomethyl ether 2000 (PEGME-2000) blocks were synthesized via Sonogashira coupling reaction with high yields and their photophysical, photochemical and photobiological properties were investigated. We elucidated the interactions of these compounds with calf thymus DNA and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and determined K(DNA) and K(BSA) binding constants at degrees of 105 and 106, respectively. Singlet oxygen quantum yields were found (Ф∆ = 0.44, 0.54, and 0.68 for 5, 6, and 7, respectively). Thermodynamic parameters, as well as thermal denaturation profile of double-stranded CT-DNA were examined to determine the type of binding mode. According to our experimental data, we report that PEGME-2000 favors the formation of binary complex between DNA, and phthalocyanine complexes. Therein, thermodynamic data suggest that this binding mode is indeed spontaneous under reported conditions, and rather non-specific. Additionally, Pcs 5, 6, and 7 substituted with PEGME-2000 blocks showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi (yeast), and Pc 5 had the highest antimicrobial activity among them, as revealed by disc diffusion assay results. In short, our results suggest that these compounds could be used for photodynamic therapy, they have both antibacterial and antifungal activity, and the binding ability of new phthalocyanines 5, 6, and 7 with BSA paves the way for their utilization as drug vehicle in blood plasma.
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20
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Wang J, Zhang W, Salter R, Lim HK. Reductive Desulfuration as an Important Tool in Detection of Small Molecule Modifications to Payload of Antibody Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2368-2375. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyao Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Rhys Salter
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Heng-Keang Lim
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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21
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Ozeki Y, Omae M, Kitagawa S, Ohtani H. Electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced charge stripping for the analysis of highly multiply charged intact polymers. Analyst 2019; 144:3428-3435. [PMID: 31012442 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02500b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymers with large molecular weight are difficult to interpret using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) due to the generation of various highly multiply charged analytes. Although ESI-ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-MS is effective in reducing the complexity of the mass spectrum, this approach is insufficient for analyzing highly multiply charged polymers. In this study, we propose a method combining tandem mass spectrometry (quadrupole and high-resolution time-of-flight MS, QMS/TOFMS), IMS, and collision-induced charge stripping (CICS) for analyzing large intact polymers (∼40 kDa), which are highly multiply charged. The number of charges can be estimated from a Fourier transform power spectrum of a mass spectrum when the charge number is less than approximately 20. Interpretations of the spectra of poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEOs) weighing 20 kDa, poly(methyl methacrylate)s weighing 22 kDa, and methoxy-PEO-maleimide weighing 40 kDa were successfully demonstrated with isotope level and polymerization degree level separations, respectively. In the proposed method, a mixture can be analyzed for relatively small (a few kDa) and large (a few tens of kDa) polymers simultaneously without any sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ozeki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
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22
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Gerislioglu S, Adams SR, Wesdemiotis C. Characterization of singly and multiply PEGylated insulin isomers by reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography interfaced with ion mobility mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1004:58-66. [PMID: 29329709 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to protein drugs (PEGylation) is increasingly utilized in the biotherapeutics field because it improves significantly the drugs' circulatory half-life, solubility, and shelf-life. The activity of a PEGylated drug depends on the number, size, and location of the attached PEG chain(s). This study introduces a 2D separation approach, including reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) and ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), in order to determine the structural properties of the conjugates, as demonstrated for a PEGylated insulin sample that was prepared by random amine PEGylation. The UPLC dimension allowed separation based on polarity. Electrospray ionization (ESI) of the eluates followed by in-source dissociation (ISD) truncated the PEG chains and created insulin fragments that provided site-specific information based on whether they contained a marker at the potential conjugation sites. Separation of the latter fragments by size and charge in the orthogonal IM dimension (pseudo-4D UPLC-ISD-IM-MS approach) enabled clear detection and identification of the positional isomers formed upon PEGylation. The results showed a highly heterogeneous mixture of singly and multiply conjugated isomers plus unconjugated material. PEGylation was observed on all three possible attachment sites (ε-NH2 of LysB29, A- and B-chain N-termini). Each PEGylation site was validated by analysis of the same product after disulfide bond cleavage, so that the PEGylated A- and B- chain could be individually characterized with the same pseudo-4D UPLC-ISD-IM-MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Gerislioglu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Scott R Adams
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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23
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Stutzman JR, Crowe MC, Alexander JN, Bell BM, Dunkle MN. Coupling Charge Reduction Mass Spectrometry to Liquid Chromatography for Complex Mixture Analysis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4130-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Stutzman
- Analytical
Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Matthew C. Crowe
- Analytical
Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - James N. Alexander
- Analytical
Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Bruce M. Bell
- Analytical
Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Melissa N. Dunkle
- Analytical
Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Herbert H. Dowweg 5, ADD2/8, 4542 NM Hoek, Netherlands
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24
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Podust VN, Balan S, Sim BC, Coyle MP, Ernst U, Peters RT, Schellenberger V. Extension of in vivo half-life of biologically active molecules by XTEN protein polymers. J Control Release 2015; 240:52-66. [PMID: 26497931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
XTEN™ is a class of unstructured hydrophilic, biodegradable protein polymers designed to increase the half-lives of therapeutic peptides and proteins. XTEN polymers and XTEN fusion proteins are typically expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by conventional protein chromatography as monodisperse polypeptides of exact length and sequence. Unstructured XTEN polypeptides have hydrodynamic volumes significantly larger than typical globular proteins of similar mass, thus imparting a bulking effect to the therapeutic payloads attached to them. Since their invention, XTEN polypeptides have been utilized to extend the half-lives of a variety of peptide- and protein-based therapeutics. Multiple clinical and preclinical studies and related drug discovery and development efforts are in progress. This review details the most current understanding of physicochemical properties and biological behavior of XTEN and XTENylated molecules. Additionally, the development path and status of several advanced drug discovery and development efforts are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sibu Balan
- Amunix, 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Bee-Cheng Sim
- Amunix, 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | | | - Ulrich Ernst
- Amunix, 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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25
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Forstenlehner IC, Holzmann J, Toll H, Huber CG. Site-Specific Characterization and Absolute Quantification of Pegfilgrastim Oxidation by Top-Down High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9336-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines C. Forstenlehner
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann Holzmann
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Analytical
Characterization Biopharmaceuticals, Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse
10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Toll
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Analytical
Characterization Biopharmaceuticals, Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse
10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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26
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Moser M, Behnke T, Hamers-Allin C, Klein-Hartwig K, Falkenhagen J, Resch-Genger U. Quantification of PEG-Maleimide Ligands and Coupling Efficiencies on Nanoparticles with Ellman’s Reagent. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9376-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Moser
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Behnke
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolina Hamers-Allin
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Klein-Hartwig
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Robb DB, Brown JM, Morris M, Blades MW. Method of Atmospheric Pressure Charge Stripping for Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Its Application for the Analysis of Large Poly(Ethylene Glycol)s. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9644-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502145x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Damon B. Robb
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jeffery M. Brown
- Waters Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Morris
- Waters Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. Blades
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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28
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Larriba C, Fernandez de la Mora J, Clemmer DE. Electrospray ionization mechanisms for large polyethylene glycol chains studied through tandem ion mobility spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1332-1345. [PMID: 24924517 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) is used to investigate the abundance pattern, n(z)(m) of poly-(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) electrosprayed from water/methanol as a function of mass and charge state. We examine n(z)(m) patterns from a diversity of solution cations, primarily dimethylammonium and triethylammonium. The ability of PEG chains to initially attach to various cations in the spraying chamber, and to retain them (or not) on entering the MS, provide valuable clues on the ionization mechanism. Single chains form in highly charged and extended shapes in most buffers. But the high initial charge they hold under atmospheric pressure is lost on transit to the vacuum system for large cations. In contrast, aggregates of two or more chains carry in all buffers at most the Rayleigh charge of a water drop of the same volume. This shows either that they form via Dole's charge residue mechanism, or that highly charged and extended aggregates are ripped apart by Coulombic repulsion. IMS-IMS experiments in He confirm these findings, and provide new mechanistic insights on the stability of aggregates. When collisionally activated, initially globular dimers are stable. However, slightly nonglobular dimers projecting out a linear appendix are segregated into two monomeric chains. The breakup of a charged dimer is therefore a multi-step process, similar to the Fenn-Consta polymer extrusion mechanism. The highest activation barrier is associated to the first step, where a short chain segment carrying a single charge escapes (ion-evaporates) from a charged drop, leading then to gradual field extrusion of the whole chain out of the drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Larriba
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA,
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29
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Gong J, Gu X, Achanzar WE, Chadwick KD, Gan J, Brock BJ, Kishnani NS, Humphreys WG, Iyer RA. Quantitative analysis of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and PEGylated proteins in animal tissues by LC-MS/MS coupled with in-source CID. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7642-9. [PMID: 25003239 DOI: 10.1021/ac501507g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The covalent conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG, typical MW > 10k) to therapeutic peptides and proteins is a well-established approach to improve their pharmacokinetic properties and diminish the potential for immunogenicity. Even though PEG is generally considered biologically inert and safe in animals and humans, the slow clearance of large PEGs raises concerns about potential adverse effects resulting from PEG accumulation in tissues following chronic administration, particularly in the central nervous system. The key information relevant to the issue is the disposition and fate of the PEG moiety after repeated dosing with PEGylated proteins. Here, we report a novel quantitative method utilizing LC-MS/MS coupled with in-source CID that is highly selective and sensitive to PEG-related materials. Both (40K)PEG and a tool PEGylated protein (ATI-1072) underwent dissociation in the ionization source of mass spectrometer to generate a series of PEG-specific ions, which were subjected to further dissociation through conventional CID. To demonstrate the potential application of the method to assess PEG biodistribution following PEGylated protein administration, a single dose study of ATI-1072 was conducted in rats. Plasma and various tissues were collected, and the concentrations of both (40K)PEG and ATI-1072 were determined using the LC-MS/MS method. The presence of (40k)PEG in plasma and tissue homogenates suggests the degradation of PEGylated proteins after dose administration to rats, given that free PEG was absent in the dosing solution. The method enables further studies for a thorough characterization of disposition and fate of PEGylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachang Gong
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08540, United States
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30
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Forstenlehner IC, Holzmann J, Scheffler K, Wieder W, Toll H, Huber CG. A direct-infusion- and HPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS approach for the characterization of intact PEGylated proteins. Anal Chem 2013; 86:826-34. [PMID: 24308604 DOI: 10.1021/ac403390y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of proteins modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), such as recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (PEGylated rhG-CSF or pegfilgrastim), by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) constitutes a challenge due to the overlapping protein charge state pattern and PEG polydispersity. In order to minimize spectral overlaps, charge reduction by means of the addition of amine was applied. Method development for direct-infusion measurements, carried out on an ESI-time-of-flight (ESI-TOF) instrument, demonstrated the potential of triethylamine (TEA) for shifting the charge state pattern toward lower-charged species and of formic acid (FA) for causing higher charging. After successful method transfer to the LTQ Orbitrap XL instrument, isotopically resolved mass spectra could be acquired. With a median mass accuracy of 1.26 ppm, a number-average monoisotopic molecular mass of 40074.64 Da was determined for pegfilgrastim. The direct comparison of three Orbitrap mass spectrometers, namely the LTQ Orbitrap XL, the Exactive, and the Q Exactive, demonstrated that online interfacing to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was only feasible with the Q Exactive, which offers adequate spectral quality on a time scale compatible with chromatographic separation (i.e., 0.2 min acquisition time per chromatographic peak). Finally, the applicability of both direct-infusion Orbitrap MS and HPLC interfaced to Orbitrap MS was demonstrated for the detection of methionine oxidation in pegfilgrastim. Singly, doubly, and triply oxidized species were readily resolved in the chromatogram, while their oxidation status was easily determined from the mass shifts observed in the deconvoluted mass spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines C Forstenlehner
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg , Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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31
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Podust VN, Sim BC, Kothari D, Henthorn L, Gu C, Wang CW, McLaughlin B, Schellenberger V. Extension of in vivo half-life of biologically active peptides via chemical conjugation to XTEN protein polymer. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:743-53. [PMID: 24133142 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
XTEN, unstructured biodegradable proteins, have been used to extend the in vivo half-life of genetically fused therapeutic proteins and peptides. To expand the applications of XTEN technology to half-life extension of other classes of molecules, XTEN protein polymers and methods for chemical XTENylation were developed. Two XTEN precursors were engineered to contain enzymatically removable purification tags. The proteins were readily expressed in bacteria and purified to homogeneity by chromatography techniques. As proof-of-principle, GLP2-2G peptide was chemically conjugated to each of the two XTEN protein polymers using maleimide-thiol chemistry. The monodisperse nature of XTEN protein polymer enabled reaction monitoring as well as the detection of peptide modifications in the conjugated state using reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The resulting GLP2-2G-XTEN conjugates were purified by preparative RP-HPLC to homogeneity. In comparison with recombinantly fused GLP2-2G-XTEN, chemically conjugated GLP2-2G-XTEN molecules exhibited comparable in vitro activity, in vitro plasma stability and pharmacokinetics in rats. These data suggest that chemical XTENylation could effectively extend the half-life of a wide spectrum of biologically active molecules, therefore broadening its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Podust
- Amunix Operating Inc., 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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32
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Liu Q, De Felippis MR, Huang L. Method for characterization of PEGylated bioproducts in biological matrixes. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9630-7. [PMID: 24066974 DOI: 10.1021/ac401921z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation of peptides and proteins has been widely used to enhance stability and reduce immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. Characterizing the degradation of these PEGylated products in biological fluids can yield essential information to support pharmacokinetic evaluations and provide clues about their in vivo properties useful for further molecular optimization. In this paper, we describe a novel and uncomplicated approach to characterize PEGylated peptides or proteins and their related degradation products in biological matrixes. The method involves direct liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of animal sera containing low nanograms to low micrograms per milliliter of PEGylated product with or without an acetonitrile precipitation sample treatment. Applying the methodology to analyze the model PEGylated peptides, 20K PEGylated-Pancreatic Polypeptide analogue (PPA) and 20K PEGylated-glucagon, we elucidated the decomposition pathways occurring in animal sera. The data provided direct evidence of cleavages within the peptide backbone. The identified degradation products were unambiguously confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry with high-energy C-trap dissociation (HCD) analysis, followed with in-source fragmentation. Additional spiking studies demonstrated nearly full recovery of PEGylated products, linear detection when the spiked concentration of PEGylated product was ≤1000 ng/mL, and a low ng/mL limit of quantitation (LOQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Liu
- Bioproduct Research & Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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33
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Determination of the molecular weight of poly(ethylene glycol) in biological samples by reversed-phase LC–MS with in-source fragmentation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4283-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Criado-Hidalgo E, Fernández-García J, Fernández de la Mora J. Mass and Charge Distribution Analysis in Negative Electrosprays of Large Polyethylene Glycol Chains by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2710-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303054x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Criado-Hidalgo
- Yale University, Mechanical Engineering
Department, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
- SEADM, Boecillo, Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-García
- Yale University, Mechanical Engineering
Department, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
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Yin P, Peter A, Franken H, Zhao X, Neukamm SS, Rosenbaum L, Lucio M, Zell A, Häring HU, Xu G, Lehmann R. Preanalytical aspects and sample quality assessment in metabolomics studies of human blood. Clin Chem 2013; 59:833-45. [PMID: 23386698 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.199257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics is a powerful tool that is increasingly used in clinical research. Although excellent sample quality is essential, it can easily be compromised by undetected preanalytical errors. We set out to identify critical preanalytical steps and biomarkers that reflect preanalytical inaccuracies. METHODS We systematically investigated the effects of preanalytical variables (blood collection tubes, hemolysis, temperature and time before further processing, and number of freeze-thaw cycles) on metabolomics studies of clinical blood and plasma samples using a nontargeted LC-MS approach. RESULTS Serum and heparinate blood collection tubes led to chemical noise in the mass spectra. Distinct, significant changes of 64 features in the EDTA-plasma metabolome were detected when blood was exposed to room temperature for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. The resulting pattern was characterized by increases in hypoxanthine and sphingosine 1-phosphate (800% and 380%, respectively, at 2 h). In contrast, the plasma metabolome was stable for up to 4 h when EDTA blood samples were immediately placed in iced water. Hemolysis also caused numerous changes in the metabolic profile. Unexpectedly, up to 4 freeze-thaw cycles only slightly changed the EDTA-plasma metabolome, but increased the individual variability. CONCLUSIONS Nontargeted metabolomics investigations led to the following recommendations for the preanalytical phase: test the blood collection tubes, avoid hemolysis, place whole blood immediately in ice water, use EDTA plasma, and preferably use nonrefrozen biobank samples. To exclude outliers due to preanalytical errors, inspect the biomarker signal intensities reflecting systematic as well as accidental and preanalytical inaccuracies before processing the bioinformatics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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36
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Tang L, Jariwala F, Bolgar M, Lloyd DK. Separation and detection of bis-maleimide-polyethylene glycol and mono-maleimide-polyethylene glycol by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1246:117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Malmstrøm J. Characterization of 40 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) polymers by proton transfer reaction QTOF mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1167-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Wei H, Ahn J, Yu YQ, Tymiak A, Engen JR, Chen G. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to study conformational changes in granulocyte colony stimulating factor upon PEGylation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:498-504. [PMID: 22227798 PMCID: PMC3438904 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation is the covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol to proteins, and it can be used to alter immunogenicity, circulating half life and other properties of therapeutic proteins. To determine the impact of PEGylation on protein conformation, we applied hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX MS) to analyze granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) upon PEGylation as a model system. The combined use of HDX automation technology and data analysis software allowed reproducible and robust measurements of the deuterium incorporation levels for peptic peptides of both PEGylated and non-PEGylated G-CSF. The results indicated that significant differences in deuterium incorporation were induced by PEGylation of G-CSF, although the overall changes observed were quite small. PEGylation did not result in gross conformational rearrangement of G-CSF. The data complexity often encountered in HDX MS measurements was greatly reduced through a data processing and presentation format designed to facilitate the comparison process. This study demonstrates the practical utility of HDX MS for comparability studies, process monitoring, and protein therapeutic characterization in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Department of Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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39
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Cheng TL, Chuang KH, Chen BM, Roffler SR. Analytical Measurement of PEGylated Molecules. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:881-99. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200478w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science
and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science
and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Huang L, Gough PC. Characterization of PEGylated biopharmaceutical products by LC/MS and LC/MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 899:351-363. [PMID: 22735964 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-921-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation of peptide and proteins is an important method of improving their pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and immunological profiles, and thus enhancing their therapeutic effect. However, PEGylation of peptides and proteins creates significant challenges for detailed structural characterization, such as PEG heterogeneity, site of PEG addition, and number of attached PEG moieties. Here, we present two methodologies for the structural characterization of PEGylated peptides and proteins. LC/MS methodology utilizing post-column addition of amines was developed to obtain accurate masses of PEGylated peptides and proteins, which can be used to assign the structures and number of attached PEGs. The PEGylated sites in PEGylated products could be elucidated with the tandem LC/MS methodology combining in-source fragmentation with CID-MS/MS. Both methodologies are applied to model PEGylated peptides to obtain the accurate masses and identify PEGylated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Huang
- Bioproduct Research & Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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41
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Li H, Rose MJ, Holder JR, Wright M, Miranda LP, James CA. Direct quantitative analysis of a 20 kDa PEGylated human calcitonin gene peptide antagonist in cynomolgus monkey serum using in-source CID and UPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1660-1667. [PMID: 21953269 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation is a successful strategy to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties of therapeutic peptides. However, quantitative analysis of PEGylated peptides in biomatrix by LC-MS/MS poses significant analytical challenge due to the polydispersity of the polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the multiple charge states observed for both the peptide and PEG moieties. In this report, a novel LC-MS/MS method for direct quantitative analysis of 20 kDa PEGylated CGRP[Cit, Cit] in cynomolgus monkey serum is presented. CGRP[Cit, Cit] is an investigational human calcitonin gene peptide receptor antagonist with amino acid sequence Ac -WVTH[Cit]LAGLLS[Cit]SGGVVRKNFVPT DVGPFAF-NH(2). In-source collision-induced dissociation (in-source CID) of 20 kDa PEGylated peptide was used to generate CGRP[Cit, Cit] fragment ions, among which the most abundant b(8)(+) ion was selected and measured as a surrogate for the 20 kDa PEGylated peptide. A solid phase extraction (SPE) method was used to extract the PEGylated peptides from the biomatrix prior to the UPLC-MS/MS analysis. This method achieved a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 5.00 ng/mL with a serum sample volume of 100 μL, and was linear over the calibration range of 5.00 to 500 ng/mL in cynomolgus monkey serum. Intraday and interday accuracy and precision from QC samples were within ±15%. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the 20 kDa PEGylated CGRP[Cit, Cit] in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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42
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Möller I, Thomas A, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Synthesis, characterisation, and mass spectrometric detection of a pegylated EPO-mimetic peptide for sports drug testing purposes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2115-2123. [PMID: 21710591 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and other erythropoiesis-stimulating agents possess a high misuse potential in elite sport due to their ability to increase the oxygen transport capacity, which plays a vital role in enhancing endurance performance. Currently, a new generation of EPO-mimetic peptides is under development from which peginesatide (also referred to as Hematide™), a pegylated homodimeric peptide of approximately 45 kDa with no structural relationship to erythropoietin, is the most advanced drug candidate undergoing phase-III clinical trials. Since preventive doping research aims at the development of detection methods before a drug receives clinical approval, a selective and sensitive assay has to be established knowing that conventional doping control assays for EPO will not succeed in detecting peginesatide. Thus, a pegylated EPO-mimetic peptide simulating the structure and properties of the lead drug candidate peginesatide was synthesised as a model compound for this new class of emerging drugs and characterised by means of gel electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry, as well as liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) after proteolytic digestion. Based on these results, a mass spectrometric detection method of the product in plasma was developed targeting a pentapeptide fragment after protein precipitation and subtilisin digestion. Its fitness for purpose was evaluated by the determination of selected method characteristics focusing particularly on specificity, recovery (ca. 60%), and limit of detection (1 ng/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Möller
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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43
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Plata MR, Contento AM, Ríos Á. Analytical characterization of alcohol-ethoxylate substances by instrumental separation techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Basavaraj S, Benson HAE, Cruickshank C, Brown DH, Chen Y. Development of a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methodology to separate, detect, characterize and quantify PEG-resveratrol prodrugs and the conjugation reaction precursors and intermediates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1543-1551. [PMID: 21594928 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple and reliable liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method to monitor pegylation of resveratrol is described. The developed LC/MS method can separate and quantify unmodified MeO-PEG-OH, carboxylic acid terminated PEG, resveratrol and PEG-resveratrol prodrugs. This methodology was able to monitor and determine the extent of conversion of MeO-PEG-OH into respective acidic functional derivatives such as MeO-PEG succinylester acid (MeO-PEGO-SuccOH), which was found to be complete. The developed method was also utilised to determine the extent of conjugation of resveratrol to carboxylic acid terminated PEG. The conversion of carboxylic acid terminated PEG into a PEG-resveratrol conjugate was found to be 100% and 73%, respectively, for MeO-PEG succinylamide resveratrol (MeO-PEGN-Succ-RSV) and MeO-PEG succinylester resveratrol (MeO-PEGO-Succ-RSV). The 100% conjugation of MeO-PEGN-Succ-RSV is consistent with the result obtained from a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study. The average molecular weights determined by LC/MS for MeO-PEG-OH, MeO-PEGO-SuccOH and MeO-PEGO-Succ-RSV were found to be 2108, 2321 and 2423 Da, respectively. These data correlate well with the theoretical values. This methodology proved to be simple and effective in determining the extent of functionalisation of PEG and its conjugation to resveratrol. Overall our LC/MS method coupled with NMR permitted complete characterisation of the polymeric prodrug pegylated-resveratrol and the reaction precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Basavaraj
- School of Pharmacy, CHIRI, WABRI, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia
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45
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Nasioudis A, Heeren RMA, van Doormalen I, de Wijs-Rot N, van den Brink OF. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of ammonium cationized polyethers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:837-844. [PMID: 21472518 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (Quats) and amines are known to facilitate the MS analysis of high molar mass polyethers by forming low charge state adduct ions. The formation, stability, and behavior upon collision-induced dissociation (CID) of adduct ions of polyethers with a variety of Quats and amines were studied by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight, quadrupole ion trap, and linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The linear ion trap instrument was part of an Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer that allowed accurate mass MS/MS measurements. The Quats and amines studied were of different degree of substitution, structure, and size. The stability of the adduct ions was related to the structure of the cation, especially the amine's degree of substitution. CID of singly/doubly charged primary and tertiary ammonium cationized polymers resulted in the neutral loss of the amine followed by fragmentation of the protonated product ions. The latter reveals information about the monomer unit, polymer sequence, and endgroup structure. In addition, the detection of product ions retaining the ammonium ion was observed. The predominant process in the CID of singly charged quaternary ammonium cationized polymers was cation detachment, whereas their doubly charged adduct ions provided the same information as the primary and tertiary ammonium cationized adduct ions. This study shows the potential of specific amines as tools for the structural elucidation of high molar mass polyethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nasioudis
- AkzoNobel Research, Development and Innovation, P.O. Box 10, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
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46
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Abstract
The protein therapeutics market is one of the highest growing segments of the pharmaceutical industry with an estimated global market value of $77 billion by 2011 (Global Protein Therapeutics Market report by RNCOS: Delhi, India, 2009). This growth has been fueled by several advantages that protein drugs can offer such as higher specificity, reduced side effects, and faster development time compared to small molecule drugs. Major pharmaceutical companies are strategically shifting gears toward protein therapeutics and gradually increasing the biologics portion of their pipelines. Consequently, in the present pharmaceutical industry, there is a rapid growth in the number and types of protein structural mass spectrometry analyses, particularly during the discovery phase where an abundance of new drug candidates are being investigated. This perspective article discusses the role of protein structural mass spectrometry during the discovery of protein therapeutics with focus on recombinant protein production quality control and structural biology applications. The current challenges in technologies associated with this field and the analytical prospects for the future direction will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoun Jin Kim
- Gene Expression and Protein Biochemistry, Applied Biotechnologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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47
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Nasioudis A, Joyce WF, van Velde JW, Heeren RMA, van den Brink OF. Formation of low charge state ions of synthetic polymers using quaternary ammonium compounds. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5735-42. [PMID: 20521768 DOI: 10.1021/ac100769u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Factors such as high polymer dispersity and variation in elemental composition (of copolymers) often complicate the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of synthetic polymers with high molar mass. In the experiments described in this study, quaternary ammonium compounds were observed to facilitate the production of low charge state pseudomolecular ions when added to the spray solution for ESI-MS. This approach was then used for the ESI time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) analysis of synthetic polymers. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride permitted the successful analysis of poly(ethylene glycol) of 2-40 kDa, poly(propylene glycol) and poly(tetramethylene glycol) oligomers. Increasing the quaternary ammonium compounds' concentration results in the production of low charge state pseudomolecular ions. A comparison of structurally different quaternary ammonium compounds showed that the best performance is expected from large molecules with specific charge localization, which leaves the charge available for interactions. The applicability of the method for the MS analysis of other polymeric systems was also studied. In the case of poly(tetramethylene glycol), the method not only shifted the distributions to higher m/z values but also allowed the detection of high molecular weight material that was not observed without addition of the modifier to the spray solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nasioudis
- AkzoNobel Research, Development & Innovation, Deventer, The Netherlands
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48
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Kontos S, Hubbell JA. Improving Protein Pharmacokinetics by Engineering Erythrocyte Affinity. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2141-7. [DOI: 10.1021/mp1001697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kontos
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Pharmacobiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Pharmacobiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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50
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Lu X, Gough PC, DeFelippis MR, Huang L. Elucidation of PEGylation site with a combined approach of in-source fragmentation and CID MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:810-818. [PMID: 20189826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)ylation of peptides and proteins creates significant challenges for detailed structural characterization, such as PEG heterogeneity, site of addition and number of attached PEGylated moieties. Recently, we published a novel LC/MS methodology with a post-column addition of amines to obtain accurate masses of PEGylated peptides and proteins. The accurate masses can be used to assign the structures and number of attached PEGs [15], but the PEGylation site remains unclear in situations where multiple potential attachments are involved. Here, we present a methodology combining in-source fragmentation (ISF) with CID-MS/MS to elucidate the PEGylated sites in PEGylated products. All PEGylated samples, either prepared in acidic solution, or collected from a RP-HPLC stream, were first ionized via ISF to produce products containing small PEG fragment attachment, and then those fragment ions obtained were sequenced via CID MS/MS to deduce the PEGylation site. The methodology was successfully applied to PEGylated glucagon and IgG4 antibody light chain, which demonstrated that the small PEG fragments attached were stable during the CID activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lu
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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