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Fay NC, Muthusamy BP, Nyugen LP, Desai RC, Taverner A, MacKay J, Seung M, Hunter T, Liu K, Chandalia A, Coyle MP, Kim HL, Postlethwaite S, Mangat K, Song L, Seto E, Alam A, Olson CV, Feng W, Saberi M, Mahmood TA, Mrsny RJ. A Novel Fusion of IL-10 Engineered to Traffic across Intestinal Epithelium to Treat Colitis. J Immunol 2020; 205:3191-3204. [PMID: 33148717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine capable of suppressing a number of proinflammatory signals associated with intestinal inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Clinical use of human IL-10 (hIL-10) has been limited by anemia and thrombocytopenia following systemic injection, side effects that might be eliminated by a gut-restricted distribution. We have identified a transcytosis pathway used by cholix, an exotoxin secreted by nonpandemic forms of the intestinal pathogen Vibrio cholerae A nontoxic fragment of the first 386 aa of cholix was genetically fused to hIL-10 to produce recombinant AMT-101. In vitro and in vivo characterization of AMT-101 showed it to efficiently cross healthy human intestinal epithelium (SMI-100) by a vesicular transcytosis process, activate hIL-10 receptors in an engineered U2OS osteosarcoma cell line, and increase cellular phospho-STAT3 levels in J774.2 mouse macrophage cells. AMT-101 was taken up by inflamed intestinal mucosa and activated pSTAT3 in the lamina propria with limited systemic distribution. AMT-101 administered to healthy mice by oral gavage or to cynomolgus monkeys (nonhuman primates) by colonic spray increased circulating levels of IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra). Oral gavage of AMT-101 in two mouse models of induced colitis prevented associated pathological events and plasma cytokine changes. Overall, these studies suggest that AMT-101 can efficiently overcome the epithelial barrier to focus biologically active IL-10 to the intestinal lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Fay
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | | | - Linh P Nyugen
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Radhika C Desai
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Alistair Taverner
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Julia MacKay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Minji Seung
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Tom Hunter
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Keyi Liu
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | | | - Michael P Coyle
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Hyojin L Kim
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | | | | | - Lisa Song
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Elbert Seto
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Aatif Alam
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Charles V Olson
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Weijun Feng
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Maziyar Saberi
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Tahir A Mahmood
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and .,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
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2
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Lin JJ, O'Donoghue GP, Wilhelm KB, Coyle MP, Low-Nam ST, Fay NC, Alfieri KN, Groves JT. Membrane Association Transforms an Inert Anti-TCRβ Fab' Ligand into a Potent T Cell Receptor Agonist. Biophys J 2020; 118:2879-2893. [PMID: 32407684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand for T cell receptors (TCRs) is inactive from solution yet capable of activating T cells at single-molecule levels when membrane-associated. This distinctive feature stems from the mechanism of TCR activation, which is thought to involve steric phosphatase exclusion as well as direct mechanical forces. It is possible to defeat this mechanism and activate T cells with solution ligands by cross-linking pMHC or using multivalent antibodies to TCR. However, these widely used strategies activate TCRs through a nonphysiological mechanism and can produce different activation profiles than natural, monovalent, membrane-associated pMHC. Here, we introduce a strictly monovalent anti-TCRβ H57 Fab' ligand that, when coupled to a supported lipid bilayer via DNA complementation, triggers TCRs and activates nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) with a similar potency to pMHC in primary murine T cells. Importantly, like monovalent pMHC and unlike bivalent antibodies, monovalent Fab'-DNA triggers TCRs only when physically coupled to the membrane, and only around 100 individual Fab':TCR interactions are necessary to stimulate early T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Geoff P O'Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Kiera B Wilhelm
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Michael P Coyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Shalini T Low-Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Nicole C Fay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Katherine N Alfieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
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Wilhelm KB, Coyle MP, O'Donoghue GP, Lin JJY, Low-Nam ST, Groves JT. A Membrane-Activated, Universal T-Cell Receptor Agonist. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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4
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Podust VN, Balan S, Sim BC, Coyle MP, Ernst U, Peters RT, Schellenberger V. Extension of in vivo half-life of biologically active molecules by XTEN protein polymers. J Control Release 2015; 240:52-66. [PMID: 26497931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
XTEN™ is a class of unstructured hydrophilic, biodegradable protein polymers designed to increase the half-lives of therapeutic peptides and proteins. XTEN polymers and XTEN fusion proteins are typically expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by conventional protein chromatography as monodisperse polypeptides of exact length and sequence. Unstructured XTEN polypeptides have hydrodynamic volumes significantly larger than typical globular proteins of similar mass, thus imparting a bulking effect to the therapeutic payloads attached to them. Since their invention, XTEN polypeptides have been utilized to extend the half-lives of a variety of peptide- and protein-based therapeutics. Multiple clinical and preclinical studies and related drug discovery and development efforts are in progress. This review details the most current understanding of physicochemical properties and biological behavior of XTEN and XTENylated molecules. Additionally, the development path and status of several advanced drug discovery and development efforts are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sibu Balan
- Amunix, 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Bee-Cheng Sim
- Amunix, 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | | | - Ulrich Ernst
- Amunix, 500 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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Coyle MP, O'Donoghue GP, Pielak RM, Lin JJ, Groves JT. Investigation of TCR Triggering Mechanism with Membrane Anchored Fab' Fragments. Biophys J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.2905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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6
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Abstract
We present a method based on self-assembling oligonucleotides to anchor proteins to a supported membrane surface. This anchoring method allows control of the surface density of multiple proteins. By incorporating additional recognition sequences into the DNA linkers, defined heterodimers can be produced upon the addition of a heterospecific DNA cross-linking strand. Characterization by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) confirmed lateral mobility and the formation of specific heterodimers. We further demonstrate that proteins linked in this manner as either monomers or dimers can form functional interfaces with living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Coyle
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Capehart SL, Coyle MP, Glasgow JE, Francis MB. Controlled integration of gold nanoparticles and organic fluorophores using synthetically modified MS2 viral capsids. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3011-6. [PMID: 23402352 DOI: 10.1021/ja3078472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The placement of fluorophores in close proximity to metal nanoparticle surfaces is proposed to enhance several photophysical properties of the dyes, potentially leading to improved quantum yields and decreased photobleaching. It is difficult in practice, however, to establish and maintain the nanoscale distances that are required to maximize these effects. The type of metal, size, and shape of the nanoparticle, the physical distance separating the metal nanoparticle from the organic dye, and the spectral properties of the fluorophore itself are all proposed to influence the quantum yield and lifetime. This results in a complex behavior that can lead to either enhanced or quenched fluorescence in different contexts. In this report, we describe a well-defined system that can be used to explore these effects, while physically preventing the fluorophores from contacting the nanoparticle surfaces. The basis of this system is the spherical protein capsid of bacteriophage MS2, which was used to house gold particles within its interior volume. The exterior surface of each capsid was then modified with Alexa Fluor 488 (AF 488) labeled DNA strands. By placing AF 488 dyes at distances of 3, 12, and 24 bp from the surface of capsids containing 10 nm gold nanoparticles, fluorescence intensity enhancements of 2.2, 1.2, and 1.0 were observed, respectively. A corresponding decrease in fluorescence lifetime was observed for each distance. Because of its well-defined and modular nature, this architecture allows the rapid exploration of the many variables involved in metal-controlled fluorescence, leading to a better understanding of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Capehart
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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Coyle MP, Chiang S, Xu Q, Francis MB, Groves JT. Designer Clusters to Probe the Function of Membrane Receptor Oligomerization. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Lohmüller T, Triffo S, O’Donoghue GP, Xu Q, Coyle MP, Groves JT. Supported membranes embedded with fixed arrays of gold nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2011; 11:4912-8. [PMID: 21967595 PMCID: PMC3212849 DOI: 10.1021/nl202847t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a supported membrane platform consisting of a fluid lipid bilayer membrane embedded with a fixed array of gold nanoparticles. The system is realized by preforming a hexagonal array of gold nanoparticles (∼5-7 nm) with controlled spacing (∼50-150 nm) fixed to a silica or glass substrate by block copolymer lithography. Subsequently, a supported membrane is assembled over the intervening bare substrate. Proteins or other ligands can be associated with the fluid lipid component, the fixed nanoparticle component, or both, providing a hybrid interface consisting of mobile and immobile components with controlled geometry. We test different biochemical coupling strategies to bind individual proteins to the particles surrounded by a fluid lipid membrane. The coupling efficiency to nanoparticles and the influence of nanoparticle arrays on the surrounding membrane integrity are characterized by fluorescence imaging, correlation spectroscopy, and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Finally, the functionality of this system for live cell experiments is tested using the ephrin-A1-EphA2 juxtacrine signaling interaction in human breast epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theobald Lohmüller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sara Triffo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Geoff P. O’Donoghue
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Qian Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael P. Coyle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to report the results of intact radial collateral ligament (RCL) soft tissue sleeve advancement with bony reattachment without additional soft tissue reinforcement as the sole surgical repair technique for the treatment of grade III RCL injuries to the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in acute, chronic, and late cases. METHODS During a 20-year period, 38 of 45 patients (84%) with grade III RCL injuries were found to have tears at or adjacent to the metacarpal head (25 patients) or the proximal phalanx (13 patients) and underwent surgical repair at a mean of 10.8 months after injury. Patients were evaluated at a mean follow-up time of 3.8 years (minimum, 1 year), comparing pre- and postoperative standard thumb x-rays, varus (adduction) MCP joint stress x-rays, joint range of motion, pinch and grip strengths, clinical deformity, and subjective symptoms. RESULTS Thirty-three patients (87%) were symptom free. Thirty-five patients (92%) regained normal pinch and grip strength. Thirty patients (79%) had full range of motion at the MCP joint, and no patient lost any interphalangeal joint motion. No recurrent symptomatic MCP joint instability was noted. Three patients (8%) had mild residual asymptomatic MCP joint volar subluxation. One patient had progression of pre-existing degenerative joint changes. CONCLUSION Acute, chronic, and late grade III RCL instability of the thumb MCP joint can be successfully treated in the majority of cases by RCL soft tissue sleeve advancement and bony reattachment alone without the need for other soft tissue reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Coyle
- Department of Orthopaedics, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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11
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Abstract
Thirty-five fingertip to palm staged flexor tendon reconstructions were performed between 1971 and 1998. Tendon injuries involved 5 avulsions and 30 lacerations, 9 of which had failed primary tenorrhaphies. Follow-up evaluation averaged 30 months. Thirteen patients had total active motion (TAM) of > or =220 degrees (excellent), 11 patients had TAM of 200 degrees to 219 degrees (good), 7 patients had TAM of 180 degrees to 199 degrees (fair), and 4 patients had TAM of <180 degrees (poor). Less favorable results occurred in those with a >1-year interval between injury and stage I, in those with a >6-month interval between stage I and stage II, and in those with a higher injury severity classification. Fingertip to palm staged flexor tendon reconstruction produced 69% good to excellent results. This technique allows the use of the injured digit profundus as the motor, preserves lumbrical function, and requires less tendon graft length (palmaris longus usually suffices).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Coyle
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Peter's University Hospital and Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, 215 Easton Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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12
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Abstract
Closed reductions of displaced coronal fractures of the capitellum were successfully obtained for nine patients. The method involves spontaneous reduction by allowing the elbow to fully extend under anesthesia and then gradually flexing the elbow while distracting the elbow joint. Distraction allows the radial head to capture the capitellar fragment in the joint rather than push it proximally. The elbow is immobilized at 90 degrees for 3 weeks. Gentle active motion is then started. Closed reduction is often or usually obtained, but open reduction and internal fixation are performed in those cases in which a closed reduction cannot be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ochner
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Abstract
Fourteen patients with chronic lunotriquetral instability were evaluated. Forced wrist extension was the most common mechanism of injury. Fourteen patients underwent lunotriquetral arthrodesis. Arthrograms were positive in 9 of the 12 performed. In three cases abnormalities not identified by arthrography were demonstrated by arthroscopy. The follow-up period averaged 27 months. X-ray films showed fusion in 12 cases. One pseudarthrosis was asymptomatic. A second pseudarthrosis required a rearthrodesis that became solid 8 weeks after surgery. One patient had persistent wrist pain. Wrist motion compared to the contralateral side averaged 85%, 88%, 83% and 80%, respectively, for flexion, extension, ulnar deviation, and radial deviation. Grip strength compared to the contralateral side averaged 93%. Lunotriquetral instability is a clinical diagnosis confirmed by arthrography or arthroscopy. Lunotriquetral fusion reliably relieves pain while maintaining functional wrist motion and grip strength. The long-term effects of lunotriquetral fusion on carpal kinematics and wrist function are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kirschenbaum
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, New Brunswick, NJ
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Kirschenbaum D, Coyle MP, Leddy JP, Katsaros P, Tan F, Cody RP. Shoulder strength with rotator cuff tears. Pre- and postoperative analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993:174-8. [PMID: 8458131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five patients with rotator cuff tears had bilateral isokinetic shoulder strength evaluations after a pain-relieving subacromial lidocaine injection. Shoulder strength testing was repeated at six months and again at 12 months after rotator cuff surgery. Strength was recorded as a ratio of peak torques comparing the operative with the nonoperative shoulder. Preoperative strength averaged 37%, 36%, and 33% for abduction, external rotation, and forward flexion. Six-month postoperative strength increased to 68%, 76%, and 66% for abduction, external rotation, and forward flexion, respectively. Twelve-month postoperative strength increased to 104%, 142%, and 97% for abduction, external rotation, and forward flexion. Shoulders with rotator cuff tears demonstrate major objective signs of weakness. Shoulder pain obscures objective evaluation of weakness. Preoperative strength can be accurately measured after subacromial lidocaine injection. Shoulder strength is significantly improved by rotator cuff repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kirschenbaum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick
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15
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Coyle MP, Green DP, Monsanto EH. Advances in carpal bone injury and disease. Hand Clin 1989; 5:471-86. [PMID: 2670972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This article has reviewed many of the landmark discoveries in the diagnosis and management of carpal injuries and disease. It is apparent that much investigation remains to be done to advance our understanding of this complex joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Coyle
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick
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Abstract
Sixty-seven painful pisotriquetral joints were treated by excision of the pisiform over a 30-year period. Forty-two patients had a previous history of trauma. Ulnar neuropathy was noted in 22 patients, particularly in those with associated wrist-hand fractures and subluxations or dislocations of the pisiform. The abductor and flexor digiti minimi and the palmar carpal ligament with their common fibrous origin were the most common compressing structures on the ulnar nerve. Chondromalacia was found in 29 and osteoarthritis in 20 pisotriquetral joints. Excision of the pisiform provided complete relief of localized hypothenar pain in 65 wrists with no loss of wrist motion or strength. Neurolysis produced full sensory recovery in all 22 patients and full motor recovery in five of six. No late problems associated with the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon were found after excision of the pisiform.
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Abstract
Forty intact cadaver elbows were studied to determine the contribution of the capitellum to elbow stability. With the elbow at 10 degrees of flexion, valgus motion of the elbow after capitellum excision demonstrated a minimal increase. Although some increase in valgus motion did occur after capitellum excision and radial head resection it was not until the ulnar collateral ligament was released that a severe valgus deformity was produced. In addition, isolated capitellum excisions occurring with release of the medial collateral ligament produced severe valgus motion, demonstrating the importance of medial structures to elbow stability. The cadaver study suggests excision of the capitellum in the otherwise intact elbow has little effect on valgus motion. Over the past 15 years, 17 patients with fractures of the capitellum were treated. Followup at greater than 1 year utilizing various treatment modalities is reported. Although closed reduction gave the best result, acceptable results were also obtained by open reduction and internal fixation and excision. Our clinical findings corroborated the cadaver findings in that valgus instability of the elbow only occurred when fracture of the capitellum was associated with medial ligament injuries.
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Coyle MP, Leddy JP. Injuries of the distal finger. Prim Care 1980; 7:245-58. [PMID: 6902953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The distal finger is the most commonly injured part of the hand. Adequate initial care should lead to speedy recovery and minimal residual disability. Inadequate initial care or neglect upon the part of the patient can result in a painful and prolonged period of disability. The primary care physician sees and treats the vast majority of these injuries.
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Leddy JP, Coyle MP. Injuries of the flexor and extensor tendons. Prim Care 1980; 7:259-70. [PMID: 6902954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Unless there is vascular compromise, tendon injuries of the hand need not be considered emergencies and can be successfully treated with primary or even delayed primary repair. Methods of treatment for common injuries of the flexor and extensor tendons are discussed.
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