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Fay NC, Muthusamy BP, Nyugen LP, Desai RC, Taverner A, MacKay J, Seung M, Hunter T, Liu K, Chandalia A, Coyle MP, Kim HL, Postlethwaite S, Mangat K, Song L, Seto E, Alam A, Olson CV, Feng W, Saberi M, Mahmood TA, Mrsny RJ. A Novel Fusion of IL-10 Engineered to Traffic across Intestinal Epithelium to Treat Colitis. J Immunol 2020; 205:3191-3204. [PMID: 33148717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine capable of suppressing a number of proinflammatory signals associated with intestinal inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Clinical use of human IL-10 (hIL-10) has been limited by anemia and thrombocytopenia following systemic injection, side effects that might be eliminated by a gut-restricted distribution. We have identified a transcytosis pathway used by cholix, an exotoxin secreted by nonpandemic forms of the intestinal pathogen Vibrio cholerae A nontoxic fragment of the first 386 aa of cholix was genetically fused to hIL-10 to produce recombinant AMT-101. In vitro and in vivo characterization of AMT-101 showed it to efficiently cross healthy human intestinal epithelium (SMI-100) by a vesicular transcytosis process, activate hIL-10 receptors in an engineered U2OS osteosarcoma cell line, and increase cellular phospho-STAT3 levels in J774.2 mouse macrophage cells. AMT-101 was taken up by inflamed intestinal mucosa and activated pSTAT3 in the lamina propria with limited systemic distribution. AMT-101 administered to healthy mice by oral gavage or to cynomolgus monkeys (nonhuman primates) by colonic spray increased circulating levels of IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra). Oral gavage of AMT-101 in two mouse models of induced colitis prevented associated pathological events and plasma cytokine changes. Overall, these studies suggest that AMT-101 can efficiently overcome the epithelial barrier to focus biologically active IL-10 to the intestinal lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Fay
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | | | - Linh P Nyugen
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Radhika C Desai
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Alistair Taverner
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Julia MacKay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Minji Seung
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Tom Hunter
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Keyi Liu
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | | | - Michael P Coyle
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Hyojin L Kim
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | | | | | - Lisa Song
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Elbert Seto
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Aatif Alam
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Charles V Olson
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Weijun Feng
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Maziyar Saberi
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Tahir A Mahmood
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA 94080; and .,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
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Lin JJ, O'Donoghue GP, Wilhelm KB, Coyle MP, Low-Nam ST, Fay NC, Alfieri KN, Groves JT. Membrane Association Transforms an Inert Anti-TCRβ Fab' Ligand into a Potent T Cell Receptor Agonist. Biophys J 2020; 118:2879-2893. [PMID: 32407684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand for T cell receptors (TCRs) is inactive from solution yet capable of activating T cells at single-molecule levels when membrane-associated. This distinctive feature stems from the mechanism of TCR activation, which is thought to involve steric phosphatase exclusion as well as direct mechanical forces. It is possible to defeat this mechanism and activate T cells with solution ligands by cross-linking pMHC or using multivalent antibodies to TCR. However, these widely used strategies activate TCRs through a nonphysiological mechanism and can produce different activation profiles than natural, monovalent, membrane-associated pMHC. Here, we introduce a strictly monovalent anti-TCRβ H57 Fab' ligand that, when coupled to a supported lipid bilayer via DNA complementation, triggers TCRs and activates nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) with a similar potency to pMHC in primary murine T cells. Importantly, like monovalent pMHC and unlike bivalent antibodies, monovalent Fab'-DNA triggers TCRs only when physically coupled to the membrane, and only around 100 individual Fab':TCR interactions are necessary to stimulate early T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Geoff P O'Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Kiera B Wilhelm
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Michael P Coyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Shalini T Low-Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Nicole C Fay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Katherine N Alfieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
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Lin JJY, Low-Nam ST, Alfieri KN, McAffee DB, Fay NC, Groves JT. Mapping the stochastic sequence of individual ligand-receptor binding events to cellular activation: T cells act on the rare events. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/564/eaat8715. [PMID: 30647147 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat8715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) binding to agonist peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) triggers signaling events that initiate T cell responses. This system is remarkably sensitive, requiring only a few binding events to successfully activate a cellular response. On average, activating pMHC ligands exhibit mean dwell times of at least a few seconds when bound to the TCR. However, a T cell accumulates pMHC-TCR interactions as a stochastic series of discrete, single-molecule binding events whose individual dwell times are broadly distributed. With activation occurring in response to only a handful of such binding events, individual cells are unlikely to experience the average binding time. Here, we mapped the ensemble of pMHC-TCR binding events in space and time while simultaneously monitoring cellular activation. Our findings revealed that T cell activation hinges on rare, long-dwell time binding events that are an order of magnitude longer than the average agonist pMHC-TCR dwell time. Furthermore, we observed that short pMHC-TCR binding events that were spatially correlated and temporally sequential led to cellular activation. These observations indicate that T cell antigen discrimination likely occurs by sensing the tail end of the pMHC-TCR binding dwell time distribution rather than its average properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J Y Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shalini T Low-Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Katherine N Alfieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Darren B McAffee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicole C Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Fay NC, Alfieri KN, Groves JT. The Effect of Costimulation on T Cell Receptor Dynamics. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Yu Y, Fay NC, Smoligovets AA, Wu HJ, Groves JT. Myosin IIA modulates T cell receptor transport and CasL phosphorylation during early immunological synapse formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30704. [PMID: 22347397 PMCID: PMC3275606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of T cell receptor (TCR) by antigens occurs in concert with an elaborate multi-scale spatial reorganization of proteins at the immunological synapse, the junction between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC). The directed movement of molecules, which intrinsically requires physical forces, is known to modulate biochemical signaling. It remains unclear, however, if mechanical forces exert any direct influence on the signaling cascades. We use T cells from AND transgenic mice expressing TCRs specific to the moth cytochrome c 88–103 peptide, and replace the APC with a synthetic supported lipid membrane. Through a series of high spatiotemporal molecular tracking studies in live T cells, we demonstrate that the molecular motor, non-muscle myosin IIA, transiently drives TCR transport during the first one to two minutes of immunological synapse formation. Myosin inhibition reduces calcium influx and colocalization of active ZAP-70 (zeta-chain associated protein kinase 70) with TCR, revealing an influence on signaling activity. More tellingly, its inhibition also significantly reduces phosphorylation of the mechanosensing protein CasL (Crk-associated substrate the lymphocyte type), raising the possibility of a direct mechanical mechanism of signal modulation involving CasL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole C. Fay
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander A. Smoligovets
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Humphries WH, Fay NC, Payne CK. Intracellular degradation of low-density lipoprotein probed with two-color fluorescence microscopy. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 2:536-44. [PMID: 20852797 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00035c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular vesicle-mediated degradation of extracellular cargo is an essential cellular function. Using two-color single particle tracking fluorescence microscopy, we have probed the intracellular degradation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in living cells. To detect degradation, individual LDL particles were heavily labeled with multiple fluorophores resulting in a quenched fluorescent signal. The degradation of the LDL particle then resulted in an increase in fluorescence. Endocytic vesicles were fluorescently labeled with variants of GFP. We imaged the transient colocalization of LDL with endocytic vesicles while simultaneously measuring the intensity of the LDL particle as an indicator of degradation. These studies demonstrate that late endosomes are active sites of degradation for LDL. Measurement of the time from colocalization with lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) vesicles to degradation suggests that LAMP1-vesicles initiate the degradative event. Observing degradation as it occurs in living cells makes it possible to describe the complete endocytic pathway of LDL from internalization to degradation. More generally, this research provides a model for the intracellular degradation of extracellular cargo and a method for its study in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Humphries
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
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Hess GT, Humphries WH, Fay NC, Payne CK. Corrigendum to “Cellular binding, motion, and internalization of synthetic gene delivery polymers” [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1773 (2007) 1583–1588]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hess GT, Humphries WH, Fay NC, Payne CK. Cellular binding, motion, and internalization of synthetic gene delivery polymers. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1773:1583-8. [PMID: 17888530 PMCID: PMC2121221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using fluorescence microscopy we have tracked the cellular binding, surface motion, and internalization of polyarginine and polyethylenimine, cationic ligands used for gene and protein delivery. Each ligand was complexed with a quantum dot to provide a photostable probe. Transfection with exogenous DNA was used to relate the observed motion to gene delivery. Cell surface motion was independent of sulfated proteoglycans, but dependent on cholesterol. Cellular internalization required sulfated proteoglycans and cholesterol. These observations suggest that sulfated proteoglycans act as cellular receptors for the cationic ligands, rather than only passive binding sites. Understanding the interaction of polyarginine and polyethylenimine with the plasma membrane may assist in designing more efficient gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen T Hess
- Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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