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Li M, Chen S, Wang Y, Zhang S, Song D, Tian R, Geng J, Wang L. Label-free high-precise nanopore detection of endopeptidase activity of anthrax lethal factor regulated by diverse conditions. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114800. [PMID: 36274430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endopeptidase activity of anthrax lethal factor (aLF) prevents the destroy of anthracis spore intracellularly by host macrophages, meanwhile disables the signaling pathways extracellularly that leads to host lethality. Hence, inhibitory of this activity is expected to be an alternative option to cure anthrax infection. Herein, we fabricated a nanopore platform via transmembrane pore construction in vitro, which allows precise mimics, monitoring of intercellular proteinic transport and enables the quantitative detection of aLF endopeptidase activity towards MAPKK signaling protein at single molecule level. Next, we inhibited the aLF activity via screening approaches of protein-metal ion acquisition and other condition controlment (proton/hydroxide strength, adapted temperature, ionizing irradiation), which were identified by nanopore electrokinetic study. Upon the results, we found that Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ collaborating with Zn2+ promote aLF activity efficiently. In contrary, Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+ have great inhibitory effect. Result further revealed that, the speed of aLF endopeptidase activity with different ions functions as the nanopore signal frequency in linear manner, which enables evident distinction of those divalent ions using this proteinase assay. We also found the higher strength of the proton or hydroxide, the higher the inhibitory to aLF activity. Besides, adapted temperature and γ-ray also play integral roles in inhibiting this activity. Our results lay experimental basis for accurate detection of aLF activity, meanwhile provide new direction to screening novel stimuli-responsive inhibitors specific to aLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shanchuan Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Shaoxia Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Dandan Song
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Rong Tian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Jia Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
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2
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Farrell EB, Duleba D, Johnson RP. Aprotic Solvent Accumulation Amplifies Ion Current Rectification in Conical Nanopores. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5689-5694. [PMID: 35867912 PMCID: PMC9358645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion current rectification is highly reported in aqueous electrochemical systems and sensors but lacks exploration in organic systems due to the additional complexity introduced by non-aqueous solvents. Herein, a detailed study on ion current rectification with highly polar and mildly polar aprotic organic solvents as a function of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate supporting electrolyte concentration is presented. To explain our experimental results, we introduce a previously unreported phenomenon: the formation of a double-junction diode within the nanopore that arises due to a complex interplay between ion and solvent enrichment effects. Finite element simulations are used to explore this phenomenon and the subsequent effect on the rectifying behavior of conical quartz nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer B Farrell
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Dominik Duleba
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Robert P Johnson
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
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3
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Marion S, Vučemilović-Alagić N, Špadina M, Radenović A, Smith AS. From Water Solutions to Ionic Liquids with Solid State Nanopores as a Perspective to Study Transport and Translocation Phenomena. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100777. [PMID: 33955694 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid state nanopores are single-molecular devices governed by nanoscale physics with a broad potential for technological applications. However, the control of translocation speed in these systems is still limited. Ionic liquids are molten salts which are commonly used as alternate solvents enabling the regulation of the chemical and physical interactions on solid-liquid interfaces. While their combination can be challenging to the understanding of nanoscopic processes, there has been limited attempts on bringing these two together. While summarizing the state of the art and open questions in these fields, several major advances are presented with a perspective on the next steps in the investigations of ionic-liquid filled nanopores, both from a theoretical and experimental standpoint. By analogy to aqueous solutions, it is argued that ionic liquids and nanopores can be combined to provide new nanofluidic functionalities, as well as to help resolve some of the pertinent problems in understanding transport phenomena in confined ionic liquids and providing better control of the speed of translocating analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjin Marion
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nataša Vučemilović-Alagić
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- PULS Group, Physics Department, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Špadina
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Radenović
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- PULS Group, Physics Department, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Guan X, Wang L. Analysis with biological nanopore: On-pore, off-pore strategies and application in biological fluids. Talanta 2020; 223:121684. [PMID: 33303138 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inspired from ion channels in biology, nanopores have been developed as promising analytical tools. In principle, nanopores provide crucial information from the observation and analysis of ionic current modulations caused by the interaction between target analytes and fluidic pores. In this respect, the biological, chemical and physical parameters of the nanopore regime need to be well-understood and regulated for intermolecular interaction. Because of well-defined molecular structures, biological nanopores consequently are of a focal point, allowing precise interaction analysis at single-molecule level. In this overview, two analytical strategies are summarized and discussed accordingly, upon the challenges arising in case-dependent analysis using biological nanopores. One kind of strategies relies on modification, functionalization and engineering on nanopore confined interface to improve molecular recognition sites (on-pore strategies); The other kind of highlighted strategies concerns to measurement of various chemistry/biochemistry based interactions triggered by employed molecular agents or probes (off-pore strategies). In particularly, a few recent paradigms using these strategies for practical application of accurate analysis of biomarkers in biological fluids are illustrated. To end, the challenging and future outlook of using analytical tools by means of biological nanopores are depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiao Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Youwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Xiyun Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| | - Liang Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
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5
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Zhou S, Wang H, Chen X, Wang Y, Zhou D, Liang L, Wang L, Wang D, Guan X. Single-molecule Study on the Interactions between Cyclic Nonribosomal Peptides and Protein Nanopore. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 3:554-560. [PMID: 34169233 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are a type of secondary metabolites mostly originated from microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Their proteolytic stability, highly selective bioactivity, and microorganism-specificity have made them an attractive source of drugs for the pharmaceutical industry. Herein, with microcystins (MCs) as a NRP model, we, for the first time, proposed a sensitive method to study the interactions between NRPs and the protein nanopore. Due to the large molecular size (~3 nm diameter) of MCs and their net negative charges, MCs failed to translocate through the α-hemolysin (α-HL) protein channel. Our results demonstrated that the biomolecular interaction of MC-α-HL protein was significantly affected by the applied potential bias. The constant blockage amplitude in the voltage-dependent studies indicated that the current modulation events were dominantly contributed to the bumping interaction between MCs and the α-HL protein under the electrophoretic force. The mean residence time of the bumping events exhibited a two-stage decrease (from 1.90 ms to 1.02 ms, and from 1.02 ms to 0.69 ms) at the threshold voltages of -70 mV and -100 mV, respectively. Using our strategy (i.e., based on their electrophoretic driven interaction with the α-HL protein pore), discrimination of different MC molecules (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR and linear analog) with varied branched residues could be accomplished. This work should provide an insight in developing a rapid and effective method for the identification of cyclic NRPs as valuable biomarkers for fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhou
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Han Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daming Zhou
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Liyuan Liang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiyun Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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6
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Wang J, Yang J, Ying YL, Long YT. Nanopore-Based Confined Spaces for Single-Molecular Analysis. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:389-397. [PMID: 30548206 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The field of nanopore sensing at the single-molecular level is in a "boom" period. Such nanopores, which are either composed of biological materials or are fabricated from solid-state substrates, offer a unique confined space that is compatible with the single-molecular scale. Under the influence of an electrical field, such single-biomolecular interfaces can read single-molecular information and, if appropriately fine-tuned, each molecule plays its individual ionic rhythm to compose a "molecular symphony". Over the past few decades, many research groups have worked on nanopore-based single-molecular sensors for a range of thrilling chemical and clinical applications. Furthermore, for the past decade, we have also focused on nanopore-based sensors. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent developments in fundamental research and applications in this area, along with data algorithms and advances in hardware, which act as infrastructure for the electrochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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7
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Roozbahani GM, Chen X, Zhang Y, Juarez O, Li D, Guan X. Computation-Assisted Nanopore Detection of Thorium Ions. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5938-5944. [PMID: 29648804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thorium is a well-known radioactive and chemically toxic contaminant in the environment. The continuous exposure to thorium may cause an increased risk of developing lung and liver diseases as well as lung, pancreas, and bone cancer. Due to its use in nuclear industry and other industrial applications, thorium may be accidentally released to the environment from its mining and processing plants. In this work, we developed a rapid, real-time, and label-free nanopore sensor for Th4+ detection by using an aspartic acid containing peptide as a chelating agent and tuning the electrolyte solution pH to control the net charges of the peptide ligand and its metal ion complex. The method is highly sensitive with a detection limit of 0.45 nM. Furthermore, the sensor is selective: other metal ions (e.g., UO22+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Zn2+, As3+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) with concentrations of up to 3 orders of magnitude greater than that of Th4+ would not interfere with Th4+detection. In addition, simulated water samples were successfully analyzed. Our developed computation-assisted sensing strategy should find useful applications in the development of nanopore sensors for other metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golbarg M Roozbahani
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Youwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Oscar Juarez
- Department of Biology , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Dien Li
- Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology , Savannah River National Laboratory , Aiken , South Carolina 29808 , United States
| | - Xiyun Guan
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
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8
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Wu D, Cai P, Zhao X, Kong Y, Pan Y. Recent progress of task-specific ionic liquids in chiral resolution and extraction of biological samples and metal ions. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:373-384. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Datong Wu
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center; Changzhou University; Changzhou China
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yong Kong
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center; Changzhou University; Changzhou China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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9
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Frink LA, Armstrong DW. Water Determination in Solid Pharmaceutical Products Utilizing Ionic Liquids and Headspace Gas Chromatography. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2288-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Macazo F, White RJ. Bioinspired Protein Channel-Based Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (Bio-SICM) for Simultaneous Conductance and Specific Molecular Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2793-801. [PMID: 26848947 PMCID: PMC4778544 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The utility of stochastic single-molecule detection using protein nanopores has found widespread application in bioanalytical sensing as a result of the inherent signal amplification of the resistive pulse method. Integration of protein nanopores with high-resolution scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) extends the utility of SICM by enabling selective chemical imaging of specific target molecules, while simultaneously providing topographical information about the net ion flux through a pore under a concentration gradient. In this study, we describe the development of a bioinspired scanning ion conductance microscopy (bio-SICM) approach that couples the imaging ability of SICM with the sensitivity and chemical selectivity of protein channels to perform simultaneous pore imaging and specific molecule mapping. To establish the framework of the bio-SICM platform, we utilize the well-studied protein channel α-hemolysin (αHL) to map the presence of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) at a substrate pore opening. We demonstrate concurrent pore and specific molecule imaging by raster scanning an αHL-based probe over a glass membrane containing a single 25-μm-diameter glass pore while recording the lateral positions of the probe and channel activity via ionic current. We use the average channel current to create a conductance image and the raw current-time traces to determine spatial localization of βCD. With further optimization, we believe that the bio-SICM platform will provide a powerful analytical methodology that is generalizable, and thus offers significant utility in a myriad of bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florika
C. Macazo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Ryan J. White
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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11
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Jakova E, Lee JS. Superposition of an AC field improves the discrimination between peptides in nanopore analysis. Analyst 2015; 140:4813-9. [PMID: 25699656 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In standard nanopore analysis a constant DC voltage is used to electrophoretically drive small molecules and peptides towards a pore. Superposition of an AC voltage at particular frequencies causes molecules to oscillate as they approach the pore which can alter the event parameters, the blockade current (I) and blockade time (T). Four peptides with similar structures were studied. Alpha-helical peptides A10 (FmocDDA10KK), A14, A18 and retro-inverso A10. It was shown that the ratio of translocations to bumping events could be manipulated by a combination of AC voltages and frequencies. In particular, A10 could be studied without interference from retro-inverso A10. Similarly, a large, intrinsically disordered protein of 140 amino acids, α-synuclein, which translocates the pore readily in a DC field could be prevented from doing so by application of an AC field of 200 mV at 100 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Jakova
- Department of Biochemistry, 107, Wiggins Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W0 Canada.
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12
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Feng Y, Zhang Y, Ying C, Wang D, Du C. Nanopore-based fourth-generation DNA sequencing technology. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2015; 13:4-16. [PMID: 25743089 PMCID: PMC4411503 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanopore-based sequencers, as the fourth-generation DNA sequencing technology, have the potential to quickly and reliably sequence the entire human genome for less than $1000, and possibly for even less than $100. The single-molecule techniques used by this technology allow us to further study the interaction between DNA and protein, as well as between protein and protein. Nanopore analysis opens a new door to molecular biology investigation at the single-molecule scale. In this article, we have reviewed academic achievements in nanopore technology from the past as well as the latest advances, including both biological and solid-state nanopores, and discussed their recent and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuechuan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Cuifeng Ying
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chunlei Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Ferrier DC, Shaver MP, Hands PJW. Micro- and nano-structure based oligonucleotide sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:798-810. [PMID: 25655465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of micro- and nano-structure based oligonucleotide detection and quantification techniques. The characteristics of such devices make them very attractive for Point-of-Care or On-Site-Testing biosensing applications. Their small scale means that they can be robust and portable, their compatibility with modern CMOS electronics means that they can easily be incorporated into hand-held devices and their suitability for mass production means that, out of the different approaches to oligonucleotide detection, they are the most suitable for commercialisation. This review discusses the advantages of micro- and nano-structure based sensors and covers the various oligonucleotide detection techniques that have been developed to date. These include: Bulk Acoustic Wave and Surface Acoustic Wave devices, micro- and nano-cantilever sensors, gene Field Effect Transistors, and nanowire and nanopore based sensors. Oligonucleotide immobilisation techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Ferrier
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Michael P Shaver
- School of Chemistry, David Brewster Road, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Philip J W Hands
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK.
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14
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Han Y, Zhou S, Wang L, Guan X. Nanopore back titration analysis of dipicolinic acid. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:467-70. [PMID: 25074707 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a novel label-free nanopore back titration method for the detection of dipicolinic acid, a marker molecule for bacterial spores. By competitive binding of the target analyte and a large ligand probe to metal ions, dipicolinic acid could be sensitively and selectively detected. This nanopore back titration approach should find useful applications in the detection of other species of medical, biological, or environmental importance if their direct detection is difficult to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Han
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Liebes-Peer Y, Rapaport H, Ashkenasy N. Amplification of single molecule translocation signal using β-strand peptide functionalized nanopores. ACS NANO 2014; 8:6822-6832. [PMID: 24949890 DOI: 10.1021/nn501331u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in ionic current flowing through nanopores due to binding or translocation of single biopolymer molecules enable their detection and characterization. It is, however, much more challenging to detect small molecules due to their rapid and small signal signature. Here we demonstrate the use of de novo designed peptides for functionalization of nanopores that enable the detection of a small analytes at the single molecule level. The detection relies on cooperative peptide conformational change that is induced by the binding of the small molecule to a receptor domain on the peptide. This change results in alteration of the nanopore effective diameter and hence induces current perturbation signal. On the basis of this approach, we demonstrate here the detection of diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon), a poisonous organophosphate molecule. Paraoxon binding is induced by the incorporation of the catalytic triad of acetylcholine esterase in the hydrophilic domain of a short amphiphilic peptide and promotes β-sheet assembly of the peptide both in solution and for peptide molecules immobilized on solid surfaces. Nanopores coated with this peptide allowed the detection of paraoxon at the single molecule level revealing two binding arrangements. This unique approach, hence, provides the ability to study interactions of small molecules with the corresponding engineered receptors at the single molecule level. Furthermore, the suggested versatile platform may be used for the development of highly sensitive small analytes sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Liebes-Peer
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Engineering, and §The Ilze Katz Institute for Nanoscale Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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16
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Macazo FC, White RJ. Monitoring charge flux to quantify unusual ligand-induced ion channel activity for use in biological nanopore-based sensors. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5519-25. [PMID: 24794413 PMCID: PMC4051251 DOI: 10.1021/ac500832a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
utility of biological nanopores for the development of sensors
has become a growing area of interest in analytical chemistry. Their
emerging use in chemical analysis is a result of several ideal characteristics.
First, they provide reproducible control over nanoscale pore sizes
with an atomic level of precision. Second, they are amenable to resistive-pulse
type measurement systems when embedded into an artificial lipid bilayer.
A single binding event causes a change in the flow of millions of
ions across the membrane per second that is readily measured as a
change in current with excellent signal-to-noise ratio. To date, ion
channel-based biosensors have been limited to well-behaved proteins.
Most demonstrations of using ion channels as sensors have been limited
to proteins that remain in the open, conducting state, unless occupied
by an analyte of interest. Furthermore, these proteins are nonspecific,
requiring chemical, biochemical, or genetic manipulations to impart
chemical specificity. Here, we report on the use of the pore-forming
abilities of heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70) to quantify a specific
analyte. Hsc70 reconstitutes into phospholipid membranes and opens
to form multiple conductance states specifically in the presence of
ATP. We introduce the measurement of “charge flux” to
characterize the ATP-regulated multiconductance nature of Hsc70, which
enables sensitive quantification of ATP (100 μM–4 mM).
We believe that monitoring protein-induced charge flux across a bilayer
membrane represents a universal method for quantitatively monitoring
ion-channel activity. This measurement has the potential to broaden
the library of usable proteins in the development of nanopore-based
biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florika C Macazo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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17
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Slouka Z, Senapati S, Chang HC. Microfluidic systems with ion-selective membranes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:317-35. [PMID: 24818814 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
When integrated into microfluidic chips, ion-selective nanoporous polymer and solid-state membranes can be used for on-chip pumping, pH actuation, analyte concentration, molecular separation, reactive mixing, and molecular sensing. They offer numerous functionalities and are hence superior to paper-based devices for point-of-care biochips, with only slightly more investment in fabrication and material costs required. In this review, we first discuss the fundamentals of several nonequilibrium ion current phenomena associated with ion-selective membranes, many of them revealed by studies with fabricated single nanochannels/nanopores. We then focus on how the plethora of phenomena has been applied for transport, separation, concentration, and detection of biomolecules on biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Slouka
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; , ,
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18
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Wang G, Wang L, Han Y, Zhou S, Guan X. Nanopore stochastic detection: diversity, sensitivity, and beyond. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2867-77. [PMID: 23614724 DOI: 10.1021/ar400031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanopore sensors have emerged as a label-free and amplification-free technique for measuring single molecules. First proposed in the mid-1990s, nanopore detection takes advantage of the ionic current modulations produced by the passage of target analytes through a single nanopore at a fixed applied potential. Over the last 15 years, these nanoscale pores have been used to sequence DNA, to study covalent and non-covalent bonding interactions, to investigate biomolecular folding and unfolding, and for other applications. A major issue in the application of nanopore sensors is the rapid transport of target analyte molecules through the nanopore. Current recording techniques do not always accurately detect these rapid events. Therefore, researchers have looked for methods that slow molecular and ionic transport. Thus far, several strategies can improve the resolution and sensitivity of nanopore sensors including variation of the experimental conditions, use of a host compound, and modification of the analyte molecule and the nanopore sensor. In this Account, we highlight our recent research efforts that have focused on applications of nanopore sensors including the differentiation of chiral molecules, the study of enzyme kinetics, and the determination of sample purity and composition. Then we summarize our efforts to regulate molecular transport. We show that the introduction of various surface functional groups such as hydrophobic, aromatic, positively charged, and negatively charged residues in the nanopore interior, an increase in the ionic strength of the electrolyte solution, and the use of ionic liquid solutions as the electrolyte instead of inorganic salts may improve the resolution and sensitivity of nanopore stochastic sensors. Our experiments also demonstrate that the introduction of multiple functional groups into a single nanopore and the development of a pattern-recognition nanopore sensor array could further enhance sensor resolution. Although we have demonstrated the feasibility of nanopore sensors for various applications, challenges remain before nanopore sensing is deployed for routine use in applications such as medical diagnosis, homeland security, pharmaceutical screening, and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Wang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Yujing Han
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Xiyun Guan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
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19
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Wang G, Wang L, Han Y, Zhou S, Guan X. Nanopore detection of copper ions using a polyhistidine probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 53:453-8. [PMID: 24211457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a stochastic nanopore sensing method for the detection of Cu(2+) ions. By employing a polyhistidine molecule as a chelating agent, and based on the different signatures of the events produced by the translocation of the chelating agent through an α-hemolysin pore in the absence and presence of target analytes, trace amounts of copper ions could be detected with a detection limit of 40 nM. Importantly, although Co(2+), Ni(2+), and Zn(2+) also interacts with the polyhistidine molecule, since the event residence times and/or blockage amplitudes for these metal chelates are significantly different from those of copper chelates, these metal ions do not interfere with Cu(2+) detection. This chelating reaction approach should find useful application in the development of nanopore sensors for other metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Wang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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20
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Campos E, McVey CE, Carney RP, Stellacci F, Astier Y, Yates J. Sensing single mixed-monolayer protected gold nanoparticles by the α-hemolysin nanopore. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10149-58. [PMID: 24053797 DOI: 10.1021/ac4014836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are widely used in various applications in fields including chemistry, engineering, biology, medicine, and electronics. These materials can be synthesized and modified with ligands containing different functional groups. Among nanoparticles' characteristics, chemical surface composition is likely to be a crucial feature, demanding robust analytical methodologies for its assessment. Single molecule analysis using the biological nanopores α-hemolysin and its E111A mutant is presented here as a promising methodology to stochastically sense organic monolayer protected gold-nanoparticles with different ligand shell compositions. By monitoring the ionic current across a single protein nanopore, differences in the physical and chemical characteristics (e.g., size, ligand shell composition, and arrangement) of individual nanoparticles can be distinguished based on the differences in the current blockade events that they cause. Such differences are observed in the spread of both the amplitude and duration of current blockades. These values cannot be correlated with a single physical characteristic. Instead the spread represents a measure of heterogeneity within the nanoparticle population. While our results compare favorably with the more traditional analytical methodologies, further work will be required to improve the accuracy of identification of the NPs and understand the spread of values within a nanoparticle preparation as well as the overlap between similar preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Campos
- Single Molecule Processes Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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21
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Mereuta L, Schiopu I, Asandei A, Park Y, Hahm KS, Luchian T. Protein nanopore-based, single-molecule exploration of copper binding to an antimicrobial-derived, histidine-containing chimera peptide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:17079-17091. [PMID: 23140333 DOI: 10.1021/la303782d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions binding exert a crucial influence upon the aggregation properties and stability of peptides, and the propensity of folding in various substates. Herein, we demonstrate the use of the α-HL protein as a powerful nanoscopic tool to probe Cu(2+)-triggered physicochemical changes of a 20 aminoacids long, antimicrobial-derived chimera peptide with a His residue as metal-binding site, and simultaneously dissect the kinetics of the free- and Cu(2+)-bound peptide interaction to the α-HL pore. Combining single-molecule electrophysiology on reconstituted lipid membranes and fluorescence spectroscopy, we show that the association rate constant between the α-HL pore and a Cu(2+)-free peptide is higher than that of a Cu(2+)-complexed peptide. We posit that mainly due to conformational changes induced by the bound Cu(2+) on the peptide, the resulting complex encounters a higher energy barrier toward its association with the protein pore, stemming most likely from an extra entropy cost needed to fit the Cu(2+)-complexed peptide within the α-HL lumen region. The lower dissociation rate constant of the Cu(2+)-complexed peptide from α-HL pore, as compared to that of Cu(2+)-free peptide, supports the existence of a deeper free energy well for the protein interaction with a Cu(2+)-complexed peptide, which may be indicative of specific Cu(2+)-mediated contributions to the binding of the Cu(2+)-complexed peptide within the pore lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Mereuta
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics and Medical Physics, Alexandru I. Cuza University, Blvd. Carol I, No. 11, Iasi 700506, Romania
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22
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Study on the use of boromycin as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1237:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Zhou Y, Guo W, Cheng J, Liu Y, Li J, Jiang L. High-temperature gating of solid-state nanopores with thermo-responsive macromolecular nanoactuators in ionic liquids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:962-7. [PMID: 22252937 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nanofluidic systems in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). The nanofluidic device can withstand high temperatures up to 200 °C, in which conventional water-based smart materials and nanodevices are invalid. The smart nanopores can be "irreversibly" turned off above the transition temperature of ca. 120-150 °C, actuated by the conformational change of the chemically-modified polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing P. R., China
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24
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Sulyma CM, Pettit CM, Garland JE, Roy D. Surface plasmon resonance as a probe of interactions between a thin-film gold electrode and an aqueous supporting electrolyte containing 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ethyl sulfate ionic liquid. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Sulyma
- Department of Physics; Clarkson University; Potsdam; NY 13699-5820; USA
| | - C. M. Pettit
- Department of Physics; Emporia State University; Emporia; KS 66801-5087; USA
| | - J. E. Garland
- Department of Physics; Clarkson University; Potsdam; NY 13699-5820; USA
| | - D. Roy
- Department of Physics; Clarkson University; Potsdam; NY 13699-5820; USA
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25
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Jayawardhana DA, Sengupta MK, Krishantha DM, Gupta J, Armstrong DW, Guan X. Chemical-induced pH-mediated molecular switch. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7692-7. [PMID: 21919492 PMCID: PMC3214665 DOI: 10.1021/ac2019393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane protein α-hemolysin pore has been used to develop ultrasensitive biosensors, study biomolecular folding and unfolding, investigate covalent and noncovalent bonding interactions, and probe enzyme kinetics. Here, we report that, by addition of ionic liquid tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride solution to the α-hemolysin pore, the α-hemolysin channel can be controlled open or closed by adjusting the pH of the solution. This approach can be employed to develop a novel molecular switch to regulate molecular transport and should find potential applications as a "smart" drug delivery method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilani A. Jayawardhana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - Mrinal K. Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - D.M. Milan Krishantha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - Jyoti Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - Xiyun Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
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26
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de Zoysa RSS, Krishantha DMM, Zhao Q, Gupta J, Guan X. Translocation of single-stranded DNA through the α-hemolysin protein nanopore in acidic solutions. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3034-41. [PMID: 21997574 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of acidic pH on the translocation of single-stranded DNA through the α-hemolysin pore is investigated. Two significantly different types of events, i.e. deep blockades and shallow blockades, are observed at low pH. The residence times of the shallow blockades are not significantly different from those of the DNA translocation events obtained at or near physiological pH, whereas the deep blockades have much larger residence times and blockage amplitudes. With a decrease in the pH of the electrolyte solution, the percentage of the deep blockades in the total events increases. Furthermore, the mean residence time of these long-lived events is dependent on the length of DNA, and also varies with the nucleotide base, suggesting that they are appropriate for use in DNA analysis. In addition to being used as an effective approach to affect DNA translocation in the nanopore, manipulation of the pH of the electrolyte solution provides a potential means to greatly enhance the sensitivity of nanopore stochastic sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranulu S S de Zoysa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
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27
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Guo Z, Wang J, Ren J, Wang E. pH-reversed ionic current rectification displayed by conically shaped nanochannel without any modification. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:3767-3773. [PMID: 21826328 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10434a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ion current through a nascent nanochannel with conically shaped geometry in PET (polyethylene terephthalate) membrane sandwiched between two same buffer solutions at pH ≤ 3 was routinely considered to exhibit no rectification and, if any, much weaker rectification than that for a nanochannel with a negative surface charge, since the surface charge on the membrane decreases to zero along with decreasing the pH value of the buffer solution down to the pK(a) of carboxylic acid. However, in this study, we discovered that in the buffer solution with low ionic strength at pH values below 3, the conically shaped nanochannels exhibited distinct ion current rectification, as expected for nanochannels with a positive surface charge, if voltages beyond ±2V range were scanned. We reasoned that the current rectification engendered by the positive surface charge of a conical nanochannel was due to further protonation of the hydrogen bonded hydrogel layer or neutral carboxylic acid inside the nanochannel. Therefore, our results enrich the knowledge about nanochannel technology and indicate that a nanofluidic diode based on pH-reversed ion current rectification through a conical nanochannel can be achieved without any modification of the PET membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, PR China
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28
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Liu A, Zhao Q, Krishantha DM, Guan X. Unzipping of Double-stranded DNA in Engineered α-Hemolysin Pores. J Phys Chem Lett 2011; 2:1372-1376. [PMID: 21709813 PMCID: PMC3119559 DOI: 10.1021/jz200525v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biological protein α-hemolysin nanopore is under intense investigation as a potential platform for rapid and low-cost DNA sequencing. However, due to its narrow constriction, analysis of DNA in the α-hemolysin pore has long time been restricted to single strands. In this paper, we report that by introducing new surface functional groups into the α-hemolysin pore, facilitated unzipping of double-stranded DNA through the channel could be achieved. Since the mean residence time of the DNA events is dependent on the length of the duplex, and also varies with the nucleotide base composition, the modified protein pore approach offers the potential for rapid double-stranded DNA analysis, including sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
- Laboratory for Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Qitao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - D.M. Milan Krishantha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - Xiyun Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
- Corresponding author: Tel: 817-272-6086; Fax: 817-272-3808;
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29
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Bond PJ, Guy AT, Heron AJ, Bayley H, Khalid S. Molecular dynamics simulations of DNA within a nanopore: arginine-phosphate tethering and a binding/sliding mechanism for translocation. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3777-83. [PMID: 21428458 DOI: 10.1021/bi101404n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein nanopores show great potential as low-cost detectors in DNA sequencing devices. To date, research has largely focused on the staphylococcal pore α-hemolysin (αHL). In the present study, we have developed simplified models of the wild-type αHL pore and various mutants in order to study the translocation dynamics of single-stranded DNA under the influence of an applied electric field. The model nanopores reflect the experimentally measured conductance values in planar lipid bilayers. We show that interactions between rings of cationic amino acids and DNA backbone phosphates result in metastable tethering of nucleic acid molecules within the pore, leading us to propose a "binding and sliding" mechanism for translocation. We also observe folding of DNA into nonlinear conformational intermediates during passage through the confined nanopore environment. Despite adopting nonlinear conformations, the DNA hexamer always exits the pore in the same orientation as it enters (3' to 5') in our simulations. The observations from our simulations help to rationalize experimentally determined trends in residual current and translocation efficiency for αHL and its mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bond
- Unilever Centre, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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30
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Wang HY, Ying YL, Li Y, Kraatz HB, Long YT. Nanopore Analysis of β-Amyloid Peptide Aggregation Transition Induced by Small Molecules. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1746-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1029874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N5A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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31
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Silvester DS. Recent advances in the use of ionic liquids for electrochemical sensing. Analyst 2011; 136:4871-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15699c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Martínez-Máñez R, Sancenón F, Biyikal M, Hecht M, Rurack K. Mimicking tricks from nature with sensory organic–inorganic hybrid materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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33
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Tasserit C, Koutsioubas A, Lairez D, Zalczer G, Clochard MC. Pink noise of ionic conductance through single artificial nanopores revisited. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:260602. [PMID: 21231637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.260602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report voltage-clamp measurements through single conical nanopore obtained by chemical etching of a single ion track in polyimide film. Special attention is paid to the pink noise of the ionic current (i.e., 1/f noise) measured with different filling liquids. The relative pink-noise amplitude is almost independent of concentration and pH for KCl solutions, but varies strongly using ionic liquids. In particular, we show that depending on the ionic liquid, the transport of charge carriers is strongly facilitated (low noise and higher conductivity than in the bulk) or jammed. These results show that the origin of the pink noise can be ascribed neither to fluctuations of the pore geometry nor to the pore wall charges, but rather to a cooperative effect on ions motion in confined geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tasserit
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA/CNRS UMR 12, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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34
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Mahendran KR, Singh PR, Arning J, Stolte S, Kleinekathöfer U, Winterhalter M. Permeation through nanochannels: revealing fast kinetics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:454131. [PMID: 21339617 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/45/454131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The permeation of water soluble molecules across cell membranes is controlled by channel-forming proteins and, in particular, the channel surface determines the selectivity. An adequate method to study the properties of these channels is electrophysiology and, in particular, analyzing the ion current fluctuation in the presence of permeating solutes. Ion current fluctuation analysis provides information on possible interactions of solutes with the channel surface. Due to the limited time resolution, fast permeation events are not visible using standard techniques. Here, we demonstrate that miniaturization of the lipid bilayer; varying the temperature or changing the solvent may enhance the resolution. Although electrophysiology is considered as a single molecule technique, it does not provide atomic resolution. Molecular details of solute permeation can be revealed by combining electrophysiology and all-atom computer modeling; these methods include ion conductance, selectivity, ion pair formation, and rate limiting interactions of the solute with the channel walls during permeation.
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Liu A, Zhao Q, Guan X. Stochastic nanopore sensors for the detection of terrorist agents: current status and challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 675:106-15. [PMID: 20800721 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanopore stochastic sensor works by monitoring the ionic current modulations induced by the passage of analytes of interest through a single pore, which can be obtained from a biological ion channel by self-assembly or artificially fabricated in a solid-state membrane. In this minireview, we overview the use of biological nanopores and artificial nanopores for the detection of terrorist agents including explosives, organophosphorus nerve agents, nitrogen mustards, organoarsenic compounds, toxins, and viruses. We also discuss the current challenge in the development of deployable nanopore sensors for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
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Wang HY, Ying YL, Li Y, Long YT. Peering into Biological Nanopore: A Practical Technology to Single-Molecule Analysis. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:1952-61. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ionic liquids in analytical chemistry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 661:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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de Zoysa RSS, Jayawardhana DA, Zhao Q, Wang D, Armstrong DW, Guan X. Slowing DNA translocation through nanopores using a solution containing organic salts. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:13332-6. [PMID: 19736966 DOI: 10.1021/jp9040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the key challenges to nanopore DNA sequencing is to slow down DNA translocation. Here, we report that the translocation velocities of various DNA homo- and copolymers through protein pores could be significantly decreased by using electrolyte solutions containing organic salts. Using a butylmethylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl) solution instead of the commonly used KCl solution, DNA translocation rates on the order of hundreds of microseconds per nucleotide base were achieved. The much enhanced resolution of the nanopore coupled with different event blockage amplitudes produced by different nucleotides permits the convenient differentiation between various DNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranulu Samanthi S de Zoysa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
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