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Huertas R, Karpinska B, Ngala S, Mkandawire B, Maling'a J, Wajenkeche E, Kimani PM, Boesch C, Stewart D, Hancock RD, Foyer CH. Biofortification of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with iron and zinc: Achievements and challenges. Food Energy Secur 2023; 12:e406. [PMID: 38440694 PMCID: PMC10909572 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies (hidden hunger), particularly in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), remain one of the most serious public health challenges, affecting more than three billion people globally. A number of strategies are used to ameliorate the problem of micronutrient deficiencies and to improve the nutritional profile of food products. These include (i) dietary diversification, (ii) industrial food fortification and supplements, (iii) agronomic approaches including soil mineral fertilisation, bioinoculants and crop rotations, and (iv) biofortification through the implementation of biotechnology including gene editing and plant breeding. These efforts must consider the dietary patterns and culinary preferences of the consumer and stakeholder acceptance of new biofortified varieties. Deficiencies in Zn and Fe are often linked to the poor nutritional status of agricultural soils, resulting in low amounts and/or poor availability of these nutrients in staple food crops such as common bean. This review describes the genes and processes associated with Fe and Zn accumulation in common bean, a significant food source in Africa that plays an important role in nutritional security. We discuss the conventional plant breeding, transgenic and gene editing approaches that are being deployed to improve Fe and Zn accumulation in beans. We also consider the requirements of successful bean biofortification programmes, highlighting gaps in current knowledge, possible solutions and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Huertas
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Barbara Karpinska
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
| | - Sophia Ngala
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Bertha Mkandawire
- The Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN)PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Joyce Maling'a
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)Food Crops Research InstituteKitaleKenya
| | - Elizabeth Wajenkeche
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)Food Crops Research InstituteKitaleKenya
| | - Paul M. Kimani
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | | | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | | | - Christine H. Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
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2
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Coverdale JPC, Harrington CF, Solovyev N. Review: Advances in the Accuracy and Traceability of Metalloprotein Measurements Using Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 36637361 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2162811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the methods used to prepare isotopically enriched standards, allow for the high accuracy measurement of metalloproteins by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. This technique has now reached a level of maturity whereby a step change in the accuracy, precision, and traceability of, in particular, clinical, and biomedical measurements is achievable. Current clinical measurements, which require low limits of detection in the presence of complex sample matrices, use indirect methods based on immunochemistry for the study of human disease. However, this approach suffers from poor traceability, requiring comparisons based on provision of matrix-based reference materials, used as analytical standards. This leads to difficulty when changes in the reference material are required, often resulting in a lack of interlaboratory and temporal comparability in clinical results and reference ranges. In this review, we focus on the most important metalloproteins for clinical studies, to illustrate how the attributes of chromatography coupled to inorganic mass spectrometry can be used for the direct measurement of metalloproteins such as hemoglobin, transferrin, and ceruloplasmin. By using this approach, we hope to demonstrate how isotope dilution analysis can be used as a reference method to improve traceability and underpin clinical, biomedical, and other biological measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P C Coverdale
- Supra-Regional Assay Service, Trace Element Laboratory, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Chris F Harrington
- Supra-Regional Assay Service, Trace Element Laboratory, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, United Kingdom
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3
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Liu F, Li N, Shang Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Ma Z, Jiang Q, Ding B. A DNA‐Based Plasmonic Nanodevice for Cascade Signal Amplification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114706. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengsong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Na Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yingxu Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yiming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zhentao Ma
- He'nan Institute of Advanced Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Qiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Baoquan Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- He'nan Institute of Advanced Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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4
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Liu F, Li N, Shang Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Ma Z, Jiang Q, Ding B. A DNA‐based plasmonic nanodevice for cascade signal amplification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengsong Liu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CHINA
| | - Na Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CHINA
| | - Yingxu Shang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CHINA
| | - Yiming Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology CAS Key Labortory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CHINA
| | - Qing Liu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CHINA
| | - Zhentao Ma
- Zhengzhou University School of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Qiao Jiang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CHINA
| | - Baoquan Ding
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication No. 11, BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun 100190 Beijing CHINA
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5
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Zhang YY, Stockmann R, Ng K, Ajlouni S. Opportunities for plant-derived enhancers for iron, zinc, and calcium bioavailability: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:652-685. [PMID: 33443794 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the mechanism of interactions between dietary elements, their salts, and complexing/binding ligands is vital to manage both deficiency and toxicity associated with essential element bioavailability. Numerous mineral ligands are found in both animal and plant foods and are known to exert bioactivity via element chelation resulting in modulation of antioxidant capacity or micobiome metabolism among other physiological outcomes. However, little is explored in the context of dietary mineral ligands and element bioavailability enhancement, particularly with respect to ligands from plant-derived food sources. This review highlights a novel perspective to consider various plant macro/micronutrients as prospective bioavailability enhancing ligands of three essential elements (Fe, Zn, and Ca). We also delineate the molecular mechanisms of the ligand-binding interactions underlying mineral bioaccessibility at the luminal level. We conclude that despite current understandings of some of the structure-activity relationships associated with strong mineral-ligand binding, the physiological links between ligands as element carriers and uptake at targeted sites throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract still require more research. The binding behavior of potential ligands in the human diet should be further elucidated and validated using pharmacokinetic approaches and GI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yianna Y Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ken Ng
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Said Ajlouni
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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6
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Grant ES, Clucas DB, McColl G, Hall LT, Simpson DA. Re-examining ferritin-bound iron: current and developing clinical tools. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 59:459-471. [PMID: 33090965 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a highly important metal ion cofactor within the human body, necessary for haemoglobin synthesis, and required by a wide range of enzymes for essential metabolic processes. Iron deficiency and overload both pose significant health concerns and are relatively common world-wide health hazards. Effective measurement of total iron stores is a primary tool for both identifying abnormal iron levels and tracking changes in clinical settings. Population based data is also essential for tracking nutritional trends. This review article provides an overview of the strengths and limitations associated with current techniques for diagnosing iron status, which sets a basis to discuss the potential of a new serum marker - ferritin-bound iron - and the improvement it could offer to iron assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Grant
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle B Clucas
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Diagnostic Haematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gawain McColl
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Liam T Hall
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Simpson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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7
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Roschzttardtz H, Gaymard F, Dubos C. Transcriptional Regulation of Iron Distribution in Seeds: A Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:725. [PMID: 32547590 PMCID: PMC7273024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several transcription factors have been involved in the regulation of gene expression during seed development. Nutritional reserves, including iron, are principally accumulated during seed maturation stages. Using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, it has been shown that iron is stored during seed development in vacuoles of the endodermis cell layer. During seed germination, these iron reserves are remobilized and used by the seedling during the heterotrophic to autotrophic metabolism switch. To date, no information about how iron distribution is genetically regulated has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannetz Roschzttardtz
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Frederic Gaymard
- BPMP, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- BPMP, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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8
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Feitosa S, Greiner R, Meinhardt AK, Müller A, Almeida DT, Posten C. Effect of Traditional Household Processes on Iron, Zinc and Copper Bioaccessibility in Black Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Foods 2018; 7:E123. [PMID: 30065167 PMCID: PMC6111528 DOI: 10.3390/foods7080123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health problem. Beans are an important plant-based source of iron, zinc and copper, but their absorption is reduced in the presence of anti-nutrients such as phytates, polyphenols and tannins. Soaking and discarding the soaking water before cooking is unanimously recommended, but this can result in mineral loss. Data on the consequences for mineral bioaccessibility is still limited. This study aimed to evaluate iron, zinc and copper bioaccessibility in black beans cooked (regular pan, pressure cooker) with and without the soaking water. For that, three batches of black beans were investigated in triplicate, each split in nine parts (raw grains and four different household processes in duplicate) and analyzed by applying the quarter technique, resulting in a grand total of 164 samples. Minerals were quantified by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), myo-inositol phosphates (InsP₅, InsP₆) by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) ion-pair chromatography, total polyphenols using Folin-Denis reagent and condensed tannins using Vanillin assay. Mineral bioaccessibility was determined by in vitro digestion and dialysis. All treatments resulted in a statistically significant reduction of total polyphenols (30%) and condensed tannins (20%). Only when discarding the soaking water a loss of iron (6%) and copper (30%) was observed, and InsP₆ was slightly decreased (7%) in one treatment. The bioaccessibility of iron and zinc were low (about 0.2% iron and 35% zinc), but copper presented high bioaccessibility (about 70%). Cooking beans under pressure without discarding the soaking water resulted in the highest bioaccessibility levels among all household procedures. Discarding the soaking water before cooking did not improve the nutritional quality of the beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Feitosa
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- School of Nutrition, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho 32, Salvador 40110-150, Brazil.
| | - Ralf Greiner
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Ann-Katrin Meinhardt
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Müller
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Deusdélia T Almeida
- School of Nutrition, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho 32, Salvador 40110-150, Brazil.
| | - Clemens Posten
- Institute of Life Science Engineering, Bioprocess Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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9
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Moore KL, Rodríguez-Ramiro I, Jones ER, Jones EJ, Rodríguez-Celma J, Halsey K, Domoney C, Shewry PR, Fairweather-Tait S, Balk J. The stage of seed development influences iron bioavailability in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Sci Rep 2018; 8:6865. [PMID: 29720667 PMCID: PMC5932076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pea seeds are widely consumed in their immature form, known as garden peas and petit pois, mostly after preservation by freezing or canning. Mature dry peas are rich in iron in the form of ferritin, but little is known about the content, form or bioavailability of iron in immature stages of seed development. Using specific antibodies and in-gel iron staining, we show that ferritin loaded with iron accumulated gradually during seed development. Immunolocalization and high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) revealed that iron-loaded ferritin was located at the surface of starch-containing plastids. Standard cooking procedures destabilized monomeric ferritin and the iron-loaded form. Iron uptake studies using Caco-2 cells showed that the iron in microwaved immature peas was more bioavailable than in boiled mature peas, despite similar levels of soluble iron in the digestates. By manipulating the levels of phytic acid in the digestates we demonstrate that phytic acid is the main inhibitor of iron uptake from mature peas in vitro. Taken together, our data show that immature peas and mature dry peas contain similar levels of ferritin-iron, which is destabilized during cooking. However, iron from immature peas is more bioavailable because of lower phytic acid levels compared to mature peas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Moore
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Eleanor R Jones
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Emily J Jones
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Celma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Kirstie Halsey
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Claire Domoney
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Peter R Shewry
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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10
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11
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Masuda T. Soybean Ferritin Forms an Iron-Containing Oligomer in Tofu Even after Heat Treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8890-5. [PMID: 26390371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, a multimeric iron storage protein distributed in almost all living kingdoms, has been highlighted recently as a nutritional iron source in plant-derived foodstuffs, because ferritin iron is suggested to have high bioavailability. In soybean seeds, ferritin contributes largely to the net iron contents. Here, the oligomeric states and iron contents of soybean ferritin during food processing (especially tofu gel formation) were analyzed. Ferritin was purified from tofu gel as an iron-containing oligomer (approximately 1000 Fe atoms per oligomer), which was composed of two types of subunits similar to the native soybean seed ferritin. Circular dichroism spectra also showed no differences in α-helical structure between native soybean ferritin and tofu ferritin. The present data demonstrate that ferritin was stable during the heat treatment (boiling procedure) in food processing, although partial denaturation was observed at temperatures higher than 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Masuda
- Laboratory of Food Quality Design and Development, Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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12
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Plath LD, Ozdemir A, Aksenov AA, Bier ME. Determination of iron content and dispersity of intact ferritin by superconducting tunnel junction cryodetection mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8985-93. [PMID: 26266697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a common iron storage protein complex found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Although horse spleen holoferritin (HS-HoloFt) has been widely studied, this is the first report of mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the intact form, likely because of its high molecular weight ∼850 kDa and broad iron-core mass distribution. The 24-subunit ferritin heteropolymer protein shell consists of light (L) and heavy (H) subunits and a ferrihydrite-like iron core. The H/L heterogeneity ratio of the horse spleen apoferritin (HS-ApoFt) shell was found to be ∼1:10 by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Superconducting tunneling junction (STJ) cryodetection matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS was utilized to determine the masses of intact HS-ApoFt, HS-HoloFt, and the HS-HoloFt dimer to be ∼505 kDa, ∼835 kDa, and ∼1.63 MDa, respectively. The structural integrity of HS-HoloFt and the proposed mineral adducts found for both purified L and H subunits suggest a robust biomacromolecular complex that is internally stabilized by the iron-based core. However, cross-linking experiments of HS-HoloFt with glutaraldehyde, unexpectedly, showed the complete release of the iron-based core in a one-step process revealing a cross-linked HS-ApoFt with a narrow fwhm peak width of 31.4 kTh compared to 295 kTh for HS-HoloFt. The MS analysis of HS-HoloFt revealed a semiquantitative description of the iron content and core dispersity of 3400 ± 1600 (2σ) iron atoms. Commercially prepared HS-ApoFt was estimated to still contain an average of 240 iron atoms. These iron abundance and dispersity results suggest the use of STJ cryodetection MS for the clinical analysis of iron deficient/overload diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Plath
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Abdil Ozdemir
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alexander A Aksenov
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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13
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Ren Y, Walczyk T. Quantification of ferritin bound iron in human serum using species-specific isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Metallomics 2015; 6:1709-17. [PMID: 25008269 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin is a hollow sphere protein composed of 24 subunits that can store up to 4500 iron atoms in its inner cavity. It is mainly found in the liver and spleen but also in serum at trace levels. Serum ferritin is considered as the best single indicator in assessing body iron stores except liver or bone marrow biopsy. However, it is confounded by other disease conditions. Ferritin bound iron (FBI) and ferritin saturation have been suggested as more robust biomarkers. The current techniques for FBI determination are limited by low antibody specificity, low instrument sensitivity and possible analyte losses during sample preparation. The need for a highly sensitive and reliable method is widely recognized. Here we describe a novel technique to detect serum FBI using species-specific isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SS-IDMS). [(57)Fe]-ferritin was produced by biosynthesis and in vitro labeling with the (57)Fe spike in the form of [(57)Fe]-citrate after cell lysis and heat treatment. [(57)Fe]-ferritin for sample spiking was further purified by fast liquid protein chromatography. Serum ferritin and added [(57)Fe]-ferritin were separated from other iron species by ultrafiltration followed by isotopic analysis of FBI using negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Repeatability of our assay is 8% with an absolute detection limit of 18 ng FBI in the sample. As compared to other speciation techniques, SS-IDMS offers maximum control over sample losses and species conversion during analysis. The described technique may therefore serve as a reference technique for clinical applications of FBI as a new biomarker for assessing body iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ren
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore117543.
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14
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Zielińska-Dawidziak M. Plant ferritin--a source of iron to prevent its deficiency. Nutrients 2015; 7:1184-201. [PMID: 25685985 PMCID: PMC4344583 DOI: 10.3390/nu7021184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia affects a significant part of the human population. Due to the unique properties of plant ferritin, food enrichment with ferritin iron seems to be a promising strategy to prevent this malnutrition problem. This protein captures huge amounts of iron ions inside the apoferritin shell and isolates them from the environment. Thus, this iron form does not induce oxidative change in food and reduces the risk of gastric problems in consumers. Bioavailability of ferritin in human and animal studies is high and the mechanism of absorption via endocytosis has been confirmed in cultured cells. Legume seeds are a traditional source of plant ferritin. However, even if the percentage of ferritin iron in these seeds is high, its concentration is not sufficient for food fortification. Thus, edible plants have been biofortified in iron for many years. Plants overexpressing ferritin may find applications in the development of bioactive food. A crucial achievement would be to develop technologies warranting stability of ferritin in food and the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zielińska-Dawidziak
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-623 Poznań, Poland.
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15
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Petry N, Boy E, Wirth JP, Hurrell RF. Review: The potential of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as a vehicle for iron biofortification. Nutrients 2015; 7:1144-73. [PMID: 25679229 PMCID: PMC4344581 DOI: 10.3390/nu7021144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Common beans are a staple food and the major source of iron for populations in Eastern Africa and Latin America. Bean iron concentration is high and can be further increased by biofortification. A major constraint to bean iron biofortification is low iron absorption, attributed to inhibitory compounds such as phytic acid (PA) and polyphenol(s) (PP). We have evaluated the usefulness of the common bean as a vehicle for iron biofortification. High iron concentrations and wide genetic variability have enabled plant breeders to develop high iron bean varieties (up to 10 mg/100 g). PA concentrations in beans are high and tend to increase with iron biofortification. Short-term human isotope studies indicate that iron absorption from beans is low, PA is the major inhibitor, and bean PP play a minor role. Multiple composite meal studies indicate that decreasing the PA level in the biofortified varieties substantially increases iron absorption. Fractional iron absorption from composite meals was 4%–7% in iron deficient women; thus the consumption of 100 g biofortified beans/day would provide about 30%–50% of their daily iron requirement. Beans are a good vehicle for iron biofortification, and regular high consumption would be expected to help combat iron deficiency (ID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Petry
- Groundwork LLC, Crans-près-Céligny 1299 Switzerland.
| | - Erick Boy
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC 20006-1002, USA.
| | - James P Wirth
- Groundwork LLC, Crans-près-Céligny 1299 Switzerland.
| | - Richard F Hurrell
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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Georgiou CA, Danezis GP. Elemental and Isotopic Mass Spectrometry. ADVANCED MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63340-8.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. Serum ferritin is an important inflammatory disease marker, as it is mainly a leakage product from damaged cells. Metallomics 2014; 6:748-73. [PMID: 24549403 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00347g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
"Serum ferritin" presents a paradox, as the iron storage protein ferritin is not synthesised in serum yet is to be found there. Serum ferritin is also a well known inflammatory marker, but it is unclear whether serum ferritin reflects or causes inflammation, or whether it is involved in an inflammatory cycle. We argue here that serum ferritin arises from damaged cells, and is thus a marker of cellular damage. The protein in serum ferritin is considered benign, but it has lost (i.e. dumped) most of its normal complement of iron which when unliganded is highly toxic. The facts that serum ferritin levels can correlate with both disease and with body iron stores are thus expected on simple chemical kinetic grounds. Serum ferritin levels also correlate with other phenotypic readouts such as erythrocyte morphology. Overall, this systems approach serves to explain a number of apparent paradoxes of serum ferritin, including (i) why it correlates with biomarkers of cell damage, (ii) why it correlates with biomarkers of hydroxyl radical formation (and oxidative stress) and (iii) therefore why it correlates with the presence and/or severity of numerous diseases. This leads to suggestions for how one might exploit the corollaries of the recognition that serum ferritin levels mainly represent a consequence of cell stress and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK.
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18
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Masuda T, Yamamoto A, Toyohara H. The iron content and ferritin contribution in fresh, dried, and toasted nori, Pyropia yezoensis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 79:74-81. [PMID: 25315337 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.968087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Iron is one of the essential trace elements for humans. In this study, the iron contents in fresh, dried, and toasted nori (Pyropia yezoensis) were analyzed. The mean iron content of fresh, dried, and toasted nori were 19.0, 22.6, and 26.2 mg/100 g (dry weight), respectively. These values were superior to other food of plant origin. Furthermore, most of the iron in nori was maintained during processing, such as washing, drying, and toasting. Then, the form of iron in fresh, dried, and toasted nori was analyzed. As a result, an iron storage protein ferritin contributed to iron storage in raw and dried nori, although the precise rate of its contribution is yet to be determined, while ferritin protein cage was degraded in the toasted nori. It is the first report that verified the ferritin contribution to iron storage in such edible macroalgae with commercial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Masuda
- a Laboratory of Food Quality Design and Development, Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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19
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Hoppler M, Egli I, Petry N, Gille D, Zeder C, Walczyk T, Blair MW, Hurrell RF. Iron Speciation in Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Biofortified by Common Breeding. J Food Sci 2014; 79:C1629-34. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hoppler
- Inst. of Food; Nutrition and Health; Laboratory of Human Nutrition; ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ines Egli
- ETH -Board; Science Section; 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Doreen Gille
- Agroscope; Inst. for Food Sciences (IFS); 3003 Bern Switzerland
| | - Christophe Zeder
- Inst. of Food; Nutrition and Health; Laboratory of Human Nutrition; ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Walczyk
- Dept. of Chemistry (Science) and Dept. of Biochemistry (Medicine); National Univ. of Singapore; 117543 Singapore
| | - Matthew W. Blair
- Dept. of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences; Tennessee State Univ; Nashville TN 37209 USA
| | - Richard F. Hurrell
- Inst. of Food; Nutrition and Health; Laboratory of Human Nutrition; ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
Dried beans (often referred to as grain legumes) may contribute to some of the health benefits associated with plant-based diets. Beans are rich in a number of important micronutrients, including potassium, magnesium, folate, iron, and zinc, and are important sources of protein in vegetarian diets. In particular, they are among the only plant foods that provide significant amounts of the indispensable amino acid lysine. Commonly consumed dried beans are also rich in total and soluble fiber as well as in resistant starch, all of which contribute to the low glycemic index of these foods. They also provide ample amounts of polyphenols, many of which are potent antioxidants. Intervention and prospective research suggests that diets that include beans reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, favorably affect risk factors for metabolic syndrome, and reduce risk of ischemic heart disease and diabetes. The relatively low bean intakes of North Americans and northern Europeans can be attributed to a negative culinary image as well as to intestinal discomfort attributable to the oligosaccharide content of beans. Cooking practices such as sprouting beans, soaking and discarding soaking water before cooking, and cooking in water with a more alkaline pH can reduce oligosaccharide content. Promotional efforts are needed to increase bean intake.
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21
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Eagling T, Neal AL, McGrath SP, Fairweather-Tait S, Shewry PR, Zhao FJ. Distribution and speciation of iron and zinc in grain of two wheat genotypes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:708-716. [PMID: 24382168 DOI: 10.1021/jf403331p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine differences among wheat cultivars in the distribution and speciation of Fe and Zn in grain milling fractions. Cultivars with higher Fe and Zn concentrations in the wholemeal flour were found to contain higher concentrations in the white flour. Soluble Fe and Zn were extracted and analyzed by size exclusion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Fe speciation varied between milling fractions with a low molecular weight (LMW) complex likely to be Fe-deoxymugenic acid/nicotianamine being the predominant extractable Fe species in white flour, accounting for approximately 85% of the extractable Fe. Bran fractions had a lower amount of LMW-Fe form but more as soluble Fe-phytate and an unidentified high molecular weight peak. In the white flour fraction soluble Zn was found to be present mainly as a LMW peak likely to be Zn-nicotianamine complex. Soluble Fe-phytate was found in the white flour fraction of a high-Fe cultivar but not in a low-Fe cultivar.
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22
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Campanella B, Bramanti E. Detection of proteins by hyphenated techniques with endogenous metal tags and metal chemical labelling. Analyst 2014; 139:4124-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00722k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absolute and relative quantitation of proteins plays a fundamental role in modern proteomics, as it is the key to understand still unresolved biological questions in medical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Campanella
- National Research Council of Italy
- C.N.R
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM-UOS Pisa
- 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- National Research Council of Italy
- C.N.R
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM-UOS Pisa
- 56124 Pisa, Italy
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23
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Konz T, Montes-Bayón M, Sanz-Medel A. Incorporation of57Fe-isotopically enriched in apoferritin: formation and characterization of isotopically enriched Fe nanoparticles for metabolic studies. Analyst 2014; 139:5451-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01187b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of57Fe-isotopically enriched ferritin for the accurate measurement of Fe : ferritin ratios is proposed for metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Konz
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Montes-Bayón
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - A. Sanz-Medel
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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24
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Liu R, Hou X, Lv Y, McCooeye M, Yang L, Mester Z. Absolute Quantification of Peptides by Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography–Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4087-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400158u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Chemical Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada, K1A 0R6
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
Sichuan, 610064, China
- College
of Materials and Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Yi Lv
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Margaret McCooeye
- Chemical Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada, K1A 0R6
| | - Lu Yang
- Chemical Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada, K1A 0R6
| | - Zoltán Mester
- Chemical Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada, K1A 0R6
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25
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Pröfrock D, Prange A. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for quantitative analysis in environmental and life sciences: a review of challenges, solutions, and trends. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:843-68. [PMID: 22800465 DOI: 10.1366/12-06681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This focal point review provides an overview of recent developments and capabilities of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) coupled with different separation techniques for applications in the fields of quantitative environmental and bio-analysis. Over the past years numerous technical improvements, which are highlighted in this review, have helped to promote the evolution of ICP-MS to one of the most versatile tools for elemental quantification. In particular, the benefits and possibilities of using state-of-the-art hyphenated ICP-MS approaches for quantitative analysis are demonstrated with a focus on environmental and bio-analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht-Zentrum für Material und Küstenforschung, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
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26
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Theil EC, Chen H, Miranda C, Janser H, Elsenhans B, Núñez MT, Pizarro F, Schümann K. Absorption of iron from ferritin is independent of heme iron and ferrous salts in women and rat intestinal segments. J Nutr 2012; 142:478-83. [PMID: 22259191 PMCID: PMC3278266 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.145854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin iron from food is readily bioavailable to humans and has the potential for treating iron deficiency. Whether ferritin iron absorption is mechanistically different from iron absorption from small iron complexes/salts remains controversial. Here, we studied iron absorption (RBC (59)Fe) from radiolabeled ferritin iron (0.5 mg) in healthy women with or without non-ferritin iron competitors, ferrous sulfate, or hemoglobin. A 9-fold excess of non-ferritin iron competitor had no significant effect on ferritin iron absorption. Larger amounts of iron (50 mg and a 99-fold excess of either competitor) inhibited iron absorption. To measure transport rates of iron that was absorbed inside ferritin, rat intestinal segments ex vivo were perfused with radiolabeled ferritin and compared to perfusion with ferric nitrilotriacetic (Fe-NTA), a well-studied form of chelated iron. Intestinal transport of iron absorbed inside exogenous ferritin was 14.8% of the rate measured for iron absorbed from chelated iron. In the steady state, endogenous enterocyte ferritin contained >90% of the iron absorbed from Fe-NTA or ferritin. We found that ferritin is a slow release source of iron, readily available to humans or animals, based on RBC iron incorporation. Ferritin iron is absorbed by a different mechanism than iron salts/chelates or heme iron. Recognition of a second, nonheme iron absorption process, ferritin endocytosis, emphasizes the need for more mechanistic studies on ferritin iron absorption and highlights the potential of ferritin present in foods such as legumes to contribute to solutions for global iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Theil
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA,Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Huijun Chen
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA,Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Constanza Miranda
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Heinz Janser
- Walther-Straub-Institut for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Bernd Elsenhans
- Walther-Straub-Institut for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Marco T. Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, and Millennium Institute in Cell Dynamic and Biotechnology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Pizarro
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Klaus Schümann
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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27
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Zhao G. Phytoferritin and its implications for human health and nutrition. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:815-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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28
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Application of isotope dilution ICP–MS techniques to quantitative proteomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:3495-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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