1
|
Goecker ZC, Burke MC, Remoroza CA, Liu Y, Mirokhin YA, Sheetlin SL, Tchekhovskoi DV, Yang X, Stein SE. Variation of Site-Specific Glycosylation Profiles of Recombinant Influenza Glycoproteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100827. [PMID: 39128790 PMCID: PMC11417209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This work presents a detailed determination of site-specific N-glycan distributions of the recombinant influenza glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase. Variation in glycosylation among recombinant glycoproteins is not predictable and can depend on details of the biomanufacturing process as well as details of protein structure. In this study, recombinant influenza proteins were analyzed from eight strains of four different suppliers. These include five HA and three neuraminidase proteins, each produced from a HEK293 cell line. Digestion was conducted using a series of complex multienzymatic methods designed to isolate glycopeptides containing single N-glycosylated sites. Site-specific glycosylation profiles of intact glycopeptides were produced using a recently developed method and comparisons were made using spectral similarity scores. Variation in glycan abundances and distribution was most pronounced between different strains of virus (similarity score = 383 out of 999), whereas digestion replicates and injection replicates showed relatively little variation (similarity score = 957). Notably, glycan distributions for homologous regions of influenza glycoprotein variants showed low variability. Due to the multiple possible sources of variation and inherent analytical difficulties in site-specific glycan determinations, variations were individually examined for multiple factors, including differences in supplier, production batch, protease digestion, and replicate measurement. After comparing all glycosylation distributions, four distinguishable classes could be identified for the majority of sites. Finally, attempts to identify glycosylation distributions on adjacent potential N-glycosylated sites of one HA variant were made. Only the second site (NnST) was found to be occupied using two rarely used proteases in proteomics, subtilisin and esperase, both of which did selectively cleave these adjacent sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Goecker
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
| | - Meghan C Burke
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Concepcion A Remoroza
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuri A Mirokhin
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergey L Sheetlin
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Dmitrii V Tchekhovskoi
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen E Stein
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Afeyan NB, Cooney CL. Professor Daniel I.C. Wang: A Legacy of Education, Innovation, Publication, and Leadership. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3615-3627. [PMID: 33616929 PMCID: PMC7839494 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noubar B. Afeyan
- Flagship Ventures, One Memorial Drive7th FloorCambridgeMassachusetts
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology50 Memorial DriveCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Charles L. Cooney
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMassachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang Y, Nie Y, Boyes B, Orlando R. Resolving Isomeric Glycopeptide Glycoforms with Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC). J Biomol Tech 2016; 27:98-104. [PMID: 27582638 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.16-2703-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to resolve glycans while attached to tryptic peptides would greatly facilitate glycoproteomics, as this would enable site-specific glycan characterization. Peptide/glycopeptide separations are typically performed using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), where retention is driven by hydrophobic interaction. As the hydrophilic glycans do not interact significantly with the RPLC stationary phase, it is difficult to resolve glycopeptides that differ only in their glycan structure, even when these differences are large. Alternatively, glycans interact extensively with the stationary phases used in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), and consequently, differences in glycan structure have profound chromatographic shifts in this chromatographic mode. Here, we evaluate HILIC for the separation of isomeric glycopeptide mixtures that have the same peptide backbone but isomeric glycans. Hydrophilic functional groups on both the peptide and the glycan interact with the HILIC stationary phase, and thus, changes to either of these moieties can alter the chromatographic behavior of a glycopeptide. The interactive processes permit glycopeptides to be resolved from each other based on differences in their amino acid sequences and/or their attached glycans. The separations of glycans in HILIC are sufficient to permit resolution of isomeric N-glycan structures, such as sialylated N-glycan isomers differing in α2-3 and α2-6 linkages, while these glycans remain attached to peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yining Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Yongxin Nie
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, P.R. China; and
| | - Barry Boyes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA;; Advanced Materials Technology, Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware 19810, USA
| | - Ron Orlando
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Yu CY, Song E, Li SC, Mechref Y, Tang H, Liu X. Identification of Glycopeptides with Multiple Hydroxylysine O-Glycosylation Sites by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5099-108. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhang
- Department
of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department
of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Chuan-Yih Yu
- School
of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ehwang Song
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Shuai Cheng Li
- Department
of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Haixu Tang
- School
of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department
of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Center
for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Olkhov RV, Weissenborn MJ, Flitsch SL, Shaw AM. Glycosylation characterization of human and porcine fibrinogen proteins by lectin-binding biophotonic microarray imaging. Anal Chem 2013; 86:621-8. [PMID: 24328092 DOI: 10.1021/ac402872t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lectin binding has been studied using the particle plasmon light-scattering properties of gold nanoparticles printed into an array format. Performance of the kinetic assay is evaluated from a detailed analysis of the binding of concanavalin A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) to their target monosaccharides indicating affinity constants in the order of KD ∼10 nM for the lectin-monosaccharide interaction. The detection limits for the lectins following a 200 s injection time were determined as 10 ng/mL or 0.23 nM and 100 ng/mL or 0.93 nM, respectively. Subsequently, a nine-lectin screen was performed on the porcine and human fibrinogen glycoproteins. The observed spectra of lectin-protein specific binding rates result in characteristic patterns that evidently correlate with the structure of the glycans and allow one to distinguish between glycosylation of the porcine and human fibrinogens. The array technology has the potential to perform a multilectin screen of large numbers of proteins providing information on protein glycosylation and their microheterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rouslan V Olkhov
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sethi MK, Thaysen-Andersen M, Smith JT, Baker MS, Packer NH, Hancock WS, Fanayan S. Comparative N-Glycan Profiling of Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines Reveals Unique Bisecting GlcNAc and α-2,3-Linked Sialic Acid Determinants Are Associated with Membrane Proteins of the More Metastatic/Aggressive Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:277-88. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400861m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K. Sethi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Joshua T. Smith
- Barnett
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mark S. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nicolle H. Packer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - William S. Hancock
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Barnett
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Susan Fanayan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dam S, Thaysen-Andersen M, Stenkjær E, Lorentzen A, Roepstorff P, Packer NH, Stougaard J. Combined N-glycome and N-glycoproteome analysis of the Lotus japonicus seed globulin fraction shows conservation of protein structure and glycosylation in legumes. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3383-92. [PMID: 23799247 DOI: 10.1021/pr400224s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Legume food allergy, such as allergy toward peanuts and soybeans, is a health issue predicted to worsen as dietary advice recommends higher intake of legume-based foods. Lotus japonicus (Lotus) is an established legume plant model system for studies of symbiotic and pathogenic microbial interactions and, due to its well characterized genotype/phenotype and easily manipulated genome, may also be suitable for studies of legume food allergy. Here we present a comprehensive study of the Lotus N-glycoproteome. The global and site-specific N-glycan structures of Lotus seed globulins were analyzed using mass spectrometry-based glycomics and glycoproteomics techniques. In total, 19 N-glycan structures comprising high mannose (∼20%), pauci-mannosidic (∼40%), and complex forms (∼40%) were determined. The pauci-mannosidic and complex N-glycans contained high amounts of the typical plant determinants β-1,2-xylose and α-1,3-fucose. Two abundant Lotus seed N-glycoproteins were site-specifically profiled; a predicted lectin containing two fully occupied N-glycosylation sites carried predominantly pauci-mannosidic structures in different distributions. In contrast, Lotus convicilin storage protein 2 (LCP2) carried exclusively high mannose N-glycans similar to its homologue, Ara h 1, which is the major allergen in peanut. In silico investigation confirmed that peanut Ara h 1 and Lotus LCP2 are highly similar at the primary and higher protein structure levels. Hence, we suggest that Lotus has the potential to serve as a model system for studying the role of seed proteins and their glycosylation in food allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svend Dam
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Palmisano G, Larsen MR, Packer NH, Thaysen-Andersen M. Structural analysis of glycoprotein sialylation – part II: LC-MS based detection. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42969e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
|
9
|
Urban PL, Amantonico A, Zenobi R. Lab-on-a-plate: extending the functionality of MALDI-MS and LDI-MS targets. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:435-478. [PMID: 21254192 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We review the literature that describes how (matrix-assisted) laser desorption/ionization (MA)LDI target plates can be used not only as sample supports, but beyond that: as functional parts of analytical protocols that incorporate detection by MALDI-MS or matrix-free LDI-MS. Numerous steps of analytical procedures can be performed directly on the (MA)LDI target plates prior to the ionization of analytes in the ion source of a mass spectrometer. These include homogenization, preconcentration, amplification, purification, extraction, digestion, derivatization, synthesis, separation, detection with complementary techniques, data storage, or other steps. Therefore, we consider it helpful to define the "lab-on-a-plate" as a format for carrying out extensive sample treatment as well as bioassays directly on (MA)LDI target plates. This review introduces the lab-on-plate approach and illustrates it with the aid of relevant examples from the scientific and patent literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gu X, Harmon BJ, Wang DI. Site- and branch-specific sialylation of recombinant human interferon-gamma in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 55:390-8. [PMID: 18636497 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970720)55:2<390::aid-bit16>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since sialic acid content is known to be a critical determinant of the biological properties of glycoproteins, it is essential to characterize and monitor sialylation patterns of recombinant glycoproteins intended for therapeutic use. This study reports site- and branch-specific differences in sialylation of human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) derived from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture. Sialylation profiles were quantitated by reversed-phase HPLC separations of the site-specific pools of tryptic glycopeptides representing IFN-gamma's two potential N-linked glycosylation sites (i.e., Asn(25) and Asn(97)). Although sialylation at each glycosylation site was found to be incomplete, glycans of Asn(25) were more heavily sialylated than those of Asn(97). Furthermore, Man(alpha1-3) arms of the predominant complex biantennary structures were more favorably sialylated than Man(alpha1-6) branches at each glycosylation site. When the sialylation profile was analyzed throughout a suspension batch culture, sialic acid content at each site and branch was found to be relatively constant until a steady decrease in sialylation was observed coincident with loss of cell viability. The introduction of a competitive inhibitor of sialidase into the culture supernatant prevented the loss of sialic acid after the onset of cell death but did not affect sialylation prior to cell death. This finding indicated that incomplete sialylation prior to loss of cell viability could be attributed to incomplete intracellular sialylation while the reduction in sialylation following loss of cell viability was due to extracellular sialidase activity resulting from cell lysis. Thus, both intracellular and extracellular processes defined the sialic acid content of the final product. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 390-398, 1977.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Gu
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gu X, Xie L, Harmon BJ, Wang DI. Influence of Primatone RL supplementation on sialylation of recombinant human interferon-gamma produced by Chinese hamster ovary cell culture using serum-free media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 56:353-60. [PMID: 18642238 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19971120)56:4<353::aid-bit1>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although serum-free media have been widely used in mammalian cell culture for therapeutic protein production, the effects of serum-substitutes on product quality have not been extensively examined. This study observed an adverse effect of Primatone RL, an animal tissue hydrolysate commonly used as a serum-substitute to promote cell growth, on sialylation of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) derived from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture in both batch and fed-batch modes. In batch cultures, decreased sialylation was observed at each of the glycosylation sites (i.e., Asn(25) and Asn(97)) of IFN-gamma with the use of elevated concentrations of the peptone. Although poorest sialylation was obtained with the use of a growth-inhibiting concentration of Primatone RL, diminished sialylation was observed at the optimal peptone concentration for cell growth and product yield. Since incubation of the product in Primatone RL-supplemented acellular medium did not result in decreased sialylation, the negative effect of Primatone RL could not be attributed to extracellular desialylation of IFN-gamma by components of the peptone. In the fed-batch mode, a culture utilizing a serum-free feeding medium supplemented with Primatone RL demonstrated poorer sialylation than a similar culture not fed the peptone. The results of both the batch and fed-batch experiments indicate that the adverse effect of the peptone was not due solely to ammonia accumulation. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 353-360, 1997.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Gu
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Feng HT, Wong NSC, Sim LC, Wati L, Ho Y, Lee MM. Rapid characterization of high/low producer CHO cells using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1226-1230. [PMID: 20391592 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An intact-cell mass spectrometry (ICM) method using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) was evaluated for the screening of stable recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, an important mammalian cell line in bioprocessing. With rapid and simple cell pretreatments, viabilities of cells could be rapidly distinguished on the different fingerprints of mass spectra. Detectable m/z values on cell surfaces and their relative intensities were processed by two biostatistical methods, principle components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS), with promising results. Discrimination among cell lines with different expressed recombinant proteins or different productivities could be achieved. The ICM method has the advantage of providing multiple parameters simultaneously and possesses the potential to become a powerful method for routine monitoring of bioprocesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Tao Feng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros, Singapore 138668.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thaysen-Andersen M, Mysling S, Højrup P. Site-Specific Glycoprofiling of N-Linked Glycopeptides Using MALDI-TOF MS: Strong Correlation between Signal Strength and Glycoform Quantities. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3933-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900231w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Simon Mysling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Peter Højrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications found in nature. Identifying and characterizing glycans is an important step in correlating glycosylation structure to the glycan's function, both in normal glycoproteins and those that are modified in a disease state. Glycans on a protein can be characterized by a variety of methods. This review focuses on the mass spectral analysis of glycopeptides, after subjecting the glycoprotein to proteolysis. This analytical approach is useful in characterizing glycan heterogeneity and correlating glycan compositions to their attachment sites on the protein. The information obtained from this approach can serve as the foundation for understanding how glycan compositions affect protein function, in both normal and aberrant glycoproteins.
Collapse
|
15
|
Goh LT, Yap MGS. Determination of interferon-gamma in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture supernatant by coupled-column liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 28:2104-10. [PMID: 16318206 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A robust tandem HPLC method coupling size-exclusion (Shodex Asahipak GS-320HQ) and reversed phase (Vydac 218TP54) columns with ultraviolet detection was developed for quantitative determination of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture supernatant. The 2D-HPLC system was linked up by a 6-port 2-position low hold-up volume switch valve. Compared to a commercial ELISA kit for IFN-gamma, the coupled column LC approach was able to detect and quantify soluble IFN-gamma, regardless of the glycoprotein's molecular/conformational variability and sample background. Each LC-LC analysis took 90 minutes inclusive of column regeneration. The relative standard deviation of measurements (n = 5) was less than 3%. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 0.35 microg IFN-gamma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tang Goh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Centros, Singapore.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Irungu J, Go EP, Dalpathado DS, Desaire H. Simplification of Mass Spectral Analysis of Acidic Glycopeptides Using GlycoPep ID. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3065-74. [PMID: 17348632 DOI: 10.1021/ac062100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectral analysis is an increasingly common method used to characterize glycoproteins. When more than one glycosylation site is present on a protein, obtaining MS data of glycopeptides is a highly effective way of obtaining glycosylation information because this approach can be used to identify not only what the carbohydrates are but also at which glycosylation site they are attached. Unfortunately, this is not yet a routine analytical approach, in part because data analysis can be quite challenging. We are developing strategies to simplify this analysis. Presented herein is a novel mass spectrometry technique that identifies the peptide moiety of either sulfated, sialylated, or both sialylated and sulfated glycopeptides. This technique correlates product ions in collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments of suspected glycopeptides to a peptide composition using a newly developed web-based tool, GlycoPep ID. After identifying the peptide portion of glycopeptides with GlycoPep ID, the process of assigning the rest of the glycopeptide composition to the MS data is greatly facilitated because the "unknown" portion of the mass assignment that remains can be directly attributed to the carbohydrate component. Several examples of the utility and reliability of this method are presented herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Irungu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wada Y, Azadi P, Costello CE, Dell A, Dwek RA, Geyer H, Geyer R, Kakehi K, Karlsson NG, Kato K, Kawasaki N, Khoo KH, Kim S, Kondo A, Lattova E, Mechref Y, Miyoshi E, Nakamura K, Narimatsu H, Novotny MV, Packer NH, Perreault H, Peter-Katalinic J, Pohlentz G, Reinhold VN, Rudd PM, Suzuki A, Taniguchi N. Comparison of the methods for profiling glycoprotein glycans--HUPO Human Disease Glycomics/Proteome Initiative multi-institutional study. Glycobiology 2007; 17:411-22. [PMID: 17223647 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) of glycoproteins is an emerging field in proteomics, poised to meet the technical demand for elucidation of the structural complexity and functions of the oligosaccharide components of molecules. Considering the divergence of the mass spectrometric methods employed for oligosaccharide analysis in recent publications, it is necessary to establish technical standards and demonstrate capabilities. In the present study of the Human Proteome Organisation (HUPO) Human Disease Glycomics/Proteome Initiative (HGPI), the same samples of transferrin and immunoglobulin-G were analyzed for N-linked oligosaccharides and their relative abundances in 20 laboratories, and the chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis results were evaluated. In general, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight MS of permethylated oligosaccharide mixtures carried out in six laboratories yielded good quantitation, and the results can be correlated to those of chromatography of reductive amination derivatives. For underivatized oligosaccharide alditols, graphitized carbon-liquid chromatography (LC)/electrospray ionization (ESI) MS detecting deprotonated molecules in the negative ion mode provided acceptable quantitation. The variance of the results among these three methods was small. Detailed analyses of tryptic glycopeptides employing either nano LC/ESI MS/MS or MALDI MS demonstrated excellent capability to determine site-specific or subclass-specific glycan profiles in these samples. Taking into account the variety of MS technologies and options for distinct protocols used in this study, the results of this multi-institutional study indicate that MS-based analysis appears as the efficient method for identification and quantitation of oligosaccharides in glycomic studies and endorse the power of MS for glycopeptide characterization with high sensitivity in proteomic programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Wada
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Junker BH, Wang HY. Bioprocess monitoring and computer control: key roots of the current PAT initiative. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:226-261. [PMID: 16933288 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review article has been written for the journal, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, to commemorate the 70th birthday of Daniel I.C. Wang, who served as doctoral thesis advisor to each of the co-authors, but a decade apart. Key roots of the current PAT initiative in bioprocess monitoring and control are described, focusing on the impact of Danny Wang's research as a professor at MIT. The history of computer control and monitoring in biochemical processing has been used to identify the areas that have already benefited and those that are most likely to benefit in the future from PAT applications. Past applications have included the use of indirect estimation methods for cell density, expansion of on-line/at-line and on-line/in situ measurement techniques, and development of models and expert systems for control and optimization. Future applications are likely to encompass additional novel measurement technologies, measurements for multi-scale and disposable bioreactors, real time batch release, and more efficient data utilization to achieve process validation and continuous improvement goals. Dan Wang's substantial contributions in this arena have been one key factor in steering the PAT initiative towards realistic and attainable industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B H Junker
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Building R810-127, Rahway 07065, New Jersey
| | - H Y Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chuan KH, Lim SF, Martin L, Yun CY, Loh SOH, Lasne F, Song Z. Caspase activation, sialidase release and changes in sialylation pattern of recombinant human erythropoietin produced by CHO cells in batch and fed-batch cultures. Cytotechnology 2006; 51:67-79. [PMID: 19002897 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-006-9016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of caspases represents a crucial turning point during a batch or a fed-batch culture of mammalian cells. It not only affects the quantity but also the quality of the recombinant glycoprotein produced. In this study, the activation of various caspases, the release of intracellular sialidase and the changes in sialylation pattern of a recombinant product, erythropoietin (EPO), in the culture medium were analyzed in both batch and fed-batch cultures. In both setups, all caspase activities peaked at the culture time point at which decline of cell viability was most pronounced. In addition, the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was also tracked during these cultures. The increase in LDH activity in the medium coincided with the increase of intracellular caspase activities, the release of sialidase and the observed decline in cell viability, suggesting that the LDH activity in the medium can be used as an indirect indicator of apoptotic cell death in bioreactors. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) coupled with double blotting was employed to analyze the changes in sialylation pattern of the recombinant EPO. This assay resulted in a prompt resolution of secreted EPO isoforms in a time course format. IEF profile of batch culture showed relatively consistent product sialylation compared to fed-batch culture, which showed gradual band shifts towards the isoforms with fewer sialic acid as the culture progressed. These data provided a guideline for the optimal time point to terminate the culture and collect products in batch and fed-batch cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kok Hwee Chuan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, 06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Croughan MS, Hu WS. From microcarriers to hydrodynamics: Introducing engineering science into animal cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:220-225. [PMID: 16933297 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Professor Daniel I.C. Wang has conducted research in animal cell culture for approximately 40 years. Over that long time period and still to this day, he successfully addresses a multitude of engineering challenges, taking a unique, creative, systems-driven but still fundamental approach. As mammalian cell culture has become the predominant method of manufacturing therapeutic proteins, the impact of his leadership, not only in research but also student recruitment and education, has played a key role in the success of the bio/pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Afeyan NB, Cooney CL. Professor Daniel I.C. Wang: A legacy of education, innovation, publication, and leadership. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:206-217. [PMID: 16933287 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noubar B Afeyan
- Flagship Ventures, One Memorial Drive, 7th Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charles L Cooney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu H, Weber SG. Optimization of post-column reactor radius in capillary high performance liquid chromatography Effect of chromatographic column diameter and particle diameter. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1113:116-22. [PMID: 16494886 PMCID: PMC1839062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A post-column reactor consisting of a simple open tube (Capillary Taylor Reactor) affects the performance of a capillary LC in two ways: stealing pressure from the column and adding band spreading. The former is a problem for very small radius reactors, while the latter shows itself for large reactor diameters. We derived an equation that defines the observed number of theoretical plates (N(obs)) taking into account the two effects stated above. Making some assumptions and asserting certain conditions led to a final equation with a limited number of variables, namely chromatographic column radius, reactor radius and chromatographic particle diameter. The assumptions and conditions are that the van Deemter equation applies, the mass transfer limitation is for intraparticle diffusion in spherical particles, the velocity is at the optimum, the analyte's retention factor, k', is zero, the post-column reactor is only long enough to allow complete mixing of reagents and analytes and the maximum operating pressure of the pumping system is used. Optimal ranges of the reactor radius (a(r)) are obtained by comparing the number of observed theoretical plates (and theoretical plates per time) with and without a reactor. Results show that the acceptable reactor radii depend on column diameter, particle diameter, and maximum available pressure. Optimal ranges of a(r) become narrower as column diameter increases, particle diameter decreases or the maximum pressure is decreased. When the available pressure is 4000 psi, a Capillary Taylor Reactor with 12 microm radius is suitable for all columns smaller than 150 microm (radius) packed with 2-5 microm particles. For 1 microm packing particles, only columns smaller than 42.5 microm (radius) can be used and the reactor radius needs to be 5 microm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chee Furng Wong D, Tin Kam Wong K, Tang Goh L, Kiat Heng C, Gek Sim Yap M. Impact of dynamic online fed-batch strategies on metabolism, productivity and N-glycosylation quality in CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 89:164-77. [PMID: 15593097 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As we pursue the means to improve yields to meet growing therapy demands, it is important to examine the impact of process control on glycosylation patterns to ensure product efficacy and consistency. In this study, we describe a dynamic on-line fed-batch strategy based on low glutamine/glucose concentrations and its impact on cellular metabolism and, more importantly, the productivity and N-glycosylation quality of a model recombinant glycoprotein, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). We found that low glutamine fed-batch strategy enabled up to 10-fold improvement in IFN-gamma yields, which can be attributed to reduced specific productivity of ammonia and lactate. Furthermore, the low glutamine concentration (0.3 mM) used in this fed-batch strategy could maintain both the N-glycosylation macro- and microheterogeneity of IFN-gamma. However, very low glutamine (<0.1 mM) or glucose (<0.70 mM) concentrations can lead to decreased sialylation and increased presence of minor glycan species consisting of hybrid and high-mannose types. This shows that glycan chain extension and sialylation can be affected by nutrient limitation. In addition to nutrient limitation, we also found that N-glycosylation quality can be detrimentally affected by low culture viability. IFN-gamma purified at low culture viability had both lower sialylation as well as glycans of lower molecular masses, which can be attributed to extensive degradation by intracellular glycosidases released by cytolysis. Therefore, in order to maintain good N-glycosylation quality, there is a need to consider both culture viability and nutrient control setpoint in a nutrient-limiting fed-batch culture strategy. A greater understanding of these major factors that affect N-glycosylation quality would surely facilitate future development of effective process controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Chee Furng Wong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science and Technology Research, Centros, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mironova R, Niwa T, Dimitrova R, Boyanova M, Ivanov I. Glycation and post-translational processing of human interferon-gamma expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:51068-74. [PMID: 14525998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307470200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, nonenzymatic glycosylation (glycation) was thought to affect the proteins of long living eukaryotes only. However, in a recent study (Mironova, R., Niwa, T., Hayashi, H., Dimitrova, R., and Ivanov, I. (2001) Mol. Microbiol. 39, 1061-1068), we have shown that glycation takes place in Escherichia coli as well. In the present study, we demonstrate that the post-translational processing (proteolysis and covalent dimerization) observed with cysteineless recombinant human interferon-gamma (rhIFN-gamma) is tightly associated with its in vivo glycation. Our results show that, at the time of isolation, rhIFN-gamma contained early (but not advanced) glycation products. Using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with fluorescence measurements, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and mass spectrometry, we found that advanced glycation end products arose in rhIFN-gamma during storage. The latter were identified mainly in the Arg/Lys-rich C terminus of the protein, which was also the main target of proteolysis. Mass spectral analysis and N-terminal sequencing revealed four major (Arg140/Arg141, Phe137/Arg138, Met135/Leu136, and Lys131/Arg132) and two minor (Lys109/Ala110 and Arg90/Asp91) cleavage sites in this region. Tryptic peptide mapping indicated that the covalent dimers of rhIFN-gamma originating during storage were formed mainly by lateral cross-linking of the monomer subunits. Antiviral assay showed that proteolysis lowered the antiviral activity of rhIFN-gamma, whereas covalent dimerization completely abolished it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roumyana Mironova
- Department of Gene Regulations, Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Geng M, Zhang X, Bina M, Regnier F. Proteomics of glycoproteins based on affinity selection of glycopeptides from tryptic digests. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 752:293-306. [PMID: 11270868 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of glycoproteins in complex mixtures derived from either human blood serum or a cancer cell line was achieved in a process involving the steps of (1) reduction and alkylation, (2) proteolysis of all proteins in the mixture with trypsin, (3) affinity chromatographic selection of the glycopeptides with an immobilized lectin, (4) direct transfer of the glycopeptide fraction to a reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) column and further fractionation by gradient elution, (5) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of individual fractions collected from the RPLC column, and (6) peptide identification based on a database search. The types of glycoproteins analyzed were; (1) N-type glycoproteins of known primary structure, (2) N-type glycoproteins of unknown structure, and (3) O-type glycoproteins glycosylated with a single N-acetylglucosamine. Identification of peptides from complex mixtures was greatly facilitated by either C-terminal sequencing with a carboxypeptidase mixture or by comparing chromatographic behavior and mass to standards, as in the case of a known protein. In addition, deglycosylation of peptides with N glycosidase F was necessary to identify N-type glycoproteins of unknown structure. The strength of this approach is that it is fast and targets specific molecular species or classes of glycoproteins for identification. The weakness is that it does not discriminate between glycoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
This review describes the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to carbohydrate analysis and covers the period 1991-1998. The technique is particularly valuable for carbohydrates because it enables underivatised, as well as derivatised compounds to be examined. The various MALDI matrices that have been used for carbohydrate analysis are described, and the use of derivatization for improving mass spectral detection limits is also discussed. Methods for sample preparation and for extracting carbohydrates from biological media prior to mass spectrometric analysis are compared with emphasis on highly sensitive mass spectrometric methods. Quantitative aspects of MALDI are covered with respect to the relationship between signal strength and both mass and compound structure. The value of mass measurements by MALDI to provide a carbohydrate composition is stressed, together with the ability of the technique to provide fragmentation spectra. The use of in-source and post-source decay and collision-induced fragmentation in this context is described with emphasis on ions that provide information on the linkage and branching patterns of carbohydrates. The use of MALDI mass spectrometry, linked with exoglycosidase sequencing, is described for N-linked glycans derived from glycoproteins, and methods for the analysis of O-linked glycans are also covered. The review ends with a description of various applications of the technique to carbohydrates found as constituents of glycoproteins, bacterial glycolipids, sphingolipids, and glycolipid anchors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou GH, Luo GA, Cao YC, Zhu MS. Study on the quality of recombinant proteins using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. World J Gastroenterol 1999; 5:235-240. [PMID: 11819438 PMCID: PMC4688477 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v5.i3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/1999] [Revised: 02/12/1999] [Accepted: 02/23/1999] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM:To study the possibility of matrix-assisted laser esorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for controlling the quality of recombinant proteins.METHODS:By using MALDI-TOF MS, the molecular weights and purity of recombinant bioactive proteins were analyzed.RESULTS:The molecular weights and purity were obtained in nine recombinant bioactive proteins, including interleukin 2,tumor necrosis factor alpha, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, interferon alpha2b, interferon alpha1, erythropoietin, calmodulin and its fragment, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were obtained. MALDI-TOF MS was also used to assay specific proteins in the mixtures and to characterize the erythropoietin tryptic digests.CONCLUSION:The results showed that MALDI-TOF MS can be employed for the effective quality control of recombinant proteins.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zeng C, Biemann K. Determination of N-linked glycosylation of yeast external invertase by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 1999; 34:311-329. [PMID: 10226360 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9888(199904)34:4<311::aid-jms773>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The extent of N-glycosylation of yeast external invertase at each of the 14 potential sites was determined by the combination of proteolytic digestions and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-MS). The average molecular mass of the intact external invertase was determined as 97 kDa by MALDI/TOF-MS. The intact protein was digested with trypsin, Lys-C and Asp-N, followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic separation. The proteolytic digests were analyzed by MALDI/MS screening for the glycopeptides. The glycopeptides were then treated with peptide:N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) and/or endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo H) and the molecular mass of the deglycosylated peptide was determined by MALDI/MS and matched with the peptide predicted by a computer program. The sequences of some peptides or deglycosylated peptides were identified by the MALDI post-source decay technique. The size of the oligosaccharide, the degree of glycosylation and the distribution of the oligosaccharides at each individual potential glycosylation site were characterized. This information goes for beyond previously published data and sometimes differs from them. During this study, the amino acid sequence originally derived from the DNA sequence of the gene coding for invertase was also verified and it was found that this protein when expressed from SUC2 gene might be created as more than one sequence which differ by a few amino acid substitutions (Asn58<-->Thr, Asn65-->His and Val412<-->Ala).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139-4307, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goldman MH, James DC, Rendall M, Ison AP, Hoare M, Bull AT. Monitoring recombinant human interferon-gamma N-glycosylation during perfused fluidized-bed and stirred-tank batch culture of CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 60:596-607. [PMID: 10099468 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19981205)60:5<596::aid-bit10>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary cells producing recombinant human interferon-gamma were cultivated for 500 h attached to macroporous microcarriers in a perfused, fluidized-bed bioreactor, reaching a maximum cell density in excess of 3 x 10(7) cells (mL microcarrier)-1 at a specific growth rate (mu) of 0.010 h-1. During establishment of the culture, the N-glycosylation of secreted recombinant IFN-gamma was monitored by capillary electrophoresis of intact IFN-gamma proteins and by HPLC analysis of released N-glycans. Rapid analysis of IFN-gamma by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography resolved the three glycosylation site occupancy variants of recombinant IFN-gamma (two Asn sites occupied, one Asn site occupied and nonglycosylated) in under 10 min per sample; the relative proportions of these variants remained constant during culture. Analysis of IFN-gamma by capillary isoelectric focusing resolved at least 11 differently sialylated glycoforms over a pI range of 3.4 to 6.4, enabling rapid quantitation of this important source of microheterogeneity. During perfusion culture the relative proportion of acidic IFN-gamma proteins increased after 210 h of culture, indicative of an increase in N-glycan sialylation. This was confirmed by cation-exchange HPLC analysis of released, fluorophore-labeled N-glycans, which showed an increase in the proportion of tri- and tetrasialylated N-glycans associated with IFN-gamma during culture, with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of monosialylated and neutral N-glycans. Comparative analyses of IFN-gamma produced by CHO cells in stirred-tank culture showed that N-glycan sialylation was stable until late in culture, when a decline in sialylation coincided with the onset of cell death and lysis. This study demonstrates that different modes of capillary electrophoresis can be employed to rapidly and quantitatively monitor the main sources of glycoprotein variation, and that the culture system and operation may influence the glycosylation of a recombinant glycoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Goldman
- Research School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- A L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang J, Wang DI. Quantitative analysis and process monitoring of site-specific glycosylation microheterogeneity in recombinant human interferon-gamma from Chinese hamster ovary cell culture by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 712:73-82. [PMID: 9698230 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A chromatographic method was developed for quantitative analysis of site-specific microheterogeneity of the two N-linked glycosylation sites in recombinant human interferon-gamma produced from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture. After the interferon-gamma was harvested by affinity chromatography, the tryptic digestion was carried out. The two glycopeptide pools, isolated from reversed-phase chromatography of tryptic digestion of interferon-gamma, were subjected to further separation by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Each peak in the chromatograms was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The overall elution order of the glycopeptides was the following: neutral glycopeptides, monosialylated glycopeptides, bisialylated glycopeptides, trisialylated glycopeptide and tetrasialylated glycopeptides. Based on the integrated peak area for each compound in the chromatograms, the percentage for each glycan was utilized to quantify the glycosylation pattern of the interferon-gamma. Finally, sialylation and antennarity structure percentages at the two glycosylation sites were chosen as the quality indicators in process monitoring of interferon-gamma production from a serum-free suspension-batch CHO culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gu X, Wang DIC. Improvement of interferon-γ sialylation in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture by feeding ofN-acetylmannosamine. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980620)58:6<642::aid-bit10>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Analysis of the site-specific asparagine-linked glycosylation of recombinant human coagulation factor VLLa by glycosidase digestions, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Mol Biotechnol 1998; 9:195-204. [PMID: 18695951 DOI: 10.1007/bf02915793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The two asparagine-linked glycosylation sites of recombinant coagulation factor VIIa have been characterized by glycosidase digestions, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Nine structures were characterized as core fucosylated bi- and triantennary structures with 0-3 sialic-acid residues, which were alpha2-3 linked to galactose exclusively. Three of the structures had one or two galactose residues substituted by N-acetylgalactosamine. Significant differences were found between the oligosac-charide profiles for the two glycosylation sites in rFVIIa. At Asn322, the degree of sialylation was lower and higher amounts of structures containing N-acetylgalactosamine were found compared to Asn l45.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hooker A, James D. The glycosylation heterogeneity of recombinant human IFN-gamma. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18:287-95. [PMID: 9620355 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1998.18.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cloning of the cDNA for human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) has resulted in its expression in Escherichia coli, baculovirus-infected insect cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and the mammary gland of transgenic mice. Large quantities of highly purified recombinant IFN-gamma have been generated, aided by the use of highly specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, with a view to its production as a human therapeutic protein. The primary source of structural heterogeneity for IFN-gamma during its production in mammalian expression systems is glycosylation, which can profoundly affect the three-dimensional structure of a glycoprotein and its biological function. A number of analytical approaches have been developed recently to allow a detailed analysis of the carbohydrate structures associated with IFN-gamma, the principal advances being in the areas of capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The implementation of these high-resolution analytical tools to determine the glycosylation profile of IFN-gamma makes it one of the best characterized recombinant glycoproteins. Recombinant human IFN-gamma acts as a model secretory glycoprotein, typifying the intrinsic glycosylation processing events associated with production of a potential therapeutic glycoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hooker
- Oxford GlycoSciences (UK) Plc, Abingdon Science Park, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
The utility of nonspecific proteases in the characterization of glycoproteins by high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
37
|
Medzihradszky KF, Besman MJ, Burlingame AL. Structural characterization of site-specific N-glycosylation of recombinant human factor VIII by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1997; 69:3986-94. [PMID: 9322435 DOI: 10.1021/ac970372z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study addresses the site occupancy and the site-specific carbohydrate microheterogeneity of N-linked oligosaccharides in recombinant human factor VIII, expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The four factor VIIIa polypeptides, formed upon incubation with human thrombin, were isolated and separately subjected to proteolysis with trypsin. These tryptic digests were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Selected ion monitoring of diagnostic carbohydrate ions was utilized to identify glycopeptide-containing chromatographic peaks. Oligomannose and complex carbohydrates were detected at the glycosylation sites of the 50 and the 73 kDa polypeptides, while all the oligosaccharides identified on the B-domain were complex-type structures. Only the 43 kDa polypeptide was found nonglycosylated. These studies established a biantennary core-fucosylated carbohydrate as the major substituent, consistent with the conclusions of the analyses on the entire N-linked carbohydrate pool (Kumar, H. P. M.; Hague, C.; Haley, T.; Starr, C. M.; Besman, M. J.; Lundblad, R.; Baker, D. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 1996, 24, 207-216.). In addition, this mass spectrometric investigation revealed the presence of a complex nonfucosylated oligosaccharide not reported previously for this glycoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K F Medzihradszky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chackerian B, Rudensey LM, Overbaugh J. Specific N-linked and O-linked glycosylation modifications in the envelope V1 domain of simian immunodeficiency virus variants that evolve in the host alter recognition by neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 1997; 71:7719-27. [PMID: 9311856 PMCID: PMC192123 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.10.7719-7727.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During progression to AIDS in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Mne-infected macaques, viral variants are selected that encode sequences with serine and threonine changes in variable region 1 (V1) of the surface component of the viral envelope protein (Env-SU). Because these serine and threonine amino acid changes are characteristic of sites for O-linked and N-linked glycosylation, we examined whether they were targets for modification by carbohydrates. For this purpose, we used several biochemical methods for analyzing the Env-SU protein encoded by chimeras of SIVMneCL8 and envelope sequences cloned from an SIVMneCL8-infected Macaca nemestrina during clinical latency and just after the onset of AIDS. The addition of an N-linked glycan was demonstrated by changes in the electrophoretic mobility of Env-SU, and this was verified by specific glycanase digestions and a detailed analysis of the molecular mass of partially purified Env-SU by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Molecular mass calculations by MALDI-TOF MS also demonstrated an increased mass, from 102.3 to 103.5 kDa, associated with serine and threonine residues predicted to be O-linked glycosylation sites. Together, these data provide the first direct evidence that the carbohydrate profile of Env-SU is distinct in SIV variants that evolve during infection of the host. Moreover, our studies show that these changes in glycosylation in V1 were directly associated with changes in antigenicity. Specifically, serine and threonine changes in V1 allowed the virus to escape neutralization by macaque sera that contained antibodies that could neutralize the parental virus, SIVMneCL8. The escape from antibody recognition appeared to be influenced by either O-linked or N-linked carbohydrate additions in V1. Moreover, when glycine residues were engineered at the positions where serine and threonine changes evolve in V1 of SIVMneCL8, there was no change in antigenicity compared to SIVMneCL8. This suggests that the amino acids in V1 are not part of the linear epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody. More likely, V1-associated carbohydrates mask the major neutralizing epitope of SIV. These experiments indicate that the selection of novel glycosylation sites in the V1 region of envelope during the course of disease is driven by humoral immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Chackerian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Mammalian cell culture continues to draw major research efforts. A great deal of progress has recently been made in cellular physiology, especially in factors adversely affecting cell growth or viability. Through molecular genetic manipulation, cells are more readily cultivated in a medium free of animal proteins. Achieving a high cell concentration and high viability continue to be common themes in engineering research. The need to implement a control policy for fed-batch and perfusion cultures has prompted increased efforts in process monitoring and control. Integrating these advances will be beneficial for ensuring product quality and process consistency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W S Hu
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue South East, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Eckart MR, Bussineau CM. Quality and authenticity of heterologous proteins synthesized in yeast. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1996; 7:525-30. [PMID: 8939630 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(96)80056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Yeast, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, are major hosts employed in the expression of authentic heterologous proteins of high quality in the biopharmaceutical, industrial and academic environments. There has been recent progress in characterizing and controlling the factors involved in determining authenticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Eckart
- Preclinical Research, Bayer Corporation, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94701-1986, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|