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A rapid screening method to select microdialysis carriers for hydrophobic compounds. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256920. [PMID: 34469501 PMCID: PMC8409685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microdialysis is a minimally invasive sampling technique which is widely applied in many fields including clinical studies. This technique usually has limitation on sampling hydrophobic compounds as aqueous solutions are commonly used as the perfusates. The relative recovery of hydrophobic compounds is often low and irreproducible because of the non-specific binding to microdialysis membranes or catheter tubing. Carriers such as cyclodextrins have been used to improve the recovery and consistency, however the identification of an optimal carrier can only be achieved after time-consuming and costly microdialysis experiments. We therefore developed a rapid, convenient, and low-cost method to identify the optimal carriers for sampling hydrophobic compounds with the use of centrifugal ultrafiltration. Doxorubicin was used as the model compound and its relative recoveries obtained from centrifugal ultrafiltration and from microdialysis were compared. The results show that the relative recoveries are highly correlated (correlation coefficient ≥ 0.9) between centrifugal ultrafiltration and microdialysis when different types or different concentrations of cyclodextrins were used as the carriers. In addition to doxorubicin, this method was further confirmed on three other drugs with different hydrophobicity. This method may facilitate and broaden the use of microdialysis perfusion on sampling or delivering hydrophobic substances in various applications.
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Ali I, Suhail M, Alothman ZA, Abdulrahman A, Aboul-Enein HY. Drug analyses in human plasma by chromatography. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64066-6.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Esaki T, Ohashi R, Watanabe R, Natsume-Kitatani Y, Kawashima H, Nagao C, Mizuguchi K. Computational Model To Predict the Fraction of Unbound Drug in the Brain. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3251-3261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Esaki
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
| | - Rikiya Ohashi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Reiko Watanabe
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yayoi Natsume-Kitatani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
- Laboratory of In-silico Drug Design, Center of Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kawashima
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
| | - Chioko Nagao
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
- Laboratory of In-silico Drug Design, Center of Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
- Laboratory of In-silico Drug Design, Center of Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
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Koplin S, Kumpugdee-Vollrath M, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Surfactants enhance recovery of poorly soluble drugs during microdialysis sampling: Implications for in vitro dissolution-/permeation-studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:586-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Online monitoring of astragaloside II metabolism using a homemade cultural device coupled with microdialysis and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1063:141-148. [PMID: 28865330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A new system was described for the online monitoring of astragaloside II (AII) metabolism in intestinal microbial community. The system was based on a homemade cultural device coupled with microdialysis (MD) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Main improvements include a simplified anaerobic incubator enabling the experiment to be conducted in ambient atmosphere, continuous sampling, and decreased matrix effect. Importantly, our method distinctly decreases the interference of small molecules by adding 20mgml-1 of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) to the perfusion fluid. Using the developed method, the metabolism of AII in intestinal bacteria was successfully investigated. Results were then compared with those obtained by conventional incubation and sampling method. We found that the integrated experimental system maintained the proper fermentation environment for bacteria and enabled high chromatography performance. With the advantages of auto-sampling, online detection, non-requirement of expensive fermenting equipment, and negligible matrix interference, the method can greatly contribute to the investigation of the dynamic biotransformation of astragalosides in complicated matrix-based biological samples.
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Monterrubio C, Paco S, Vila-Ubach M, Rodríguez E, Glisoni R, Lavarino C, Schaiquevich P, Sosnik A, Mora J, Carcaboso AM. Combined Microdialysis-Tumor Homogenate Method for the Study of the Steady State Compartmental Distribution of a Hydrophobic Anticancer Drug in Patient-Derived Xenografts. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2889-900. [PMID: 25773723 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a reproducible microdialysis-tumor homogenate method for the study of the intratumor distribution of a highly hydrophobic anticancer drug (SN-38; 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin) in neuroblastoma patient-derived xenografts. METHODS We studied the nonspecific binding of SN-38 to the microdialysis tubing in the presence of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) in the perfusate. We calibrated the microdialysis probes by the zero flow rate (ZFR) method and calculated the enhancement factor (f = extrapolated SN-38 concentration at the ZFR / SN-38 concentration in the dialysed solution) of HPBCD. We characterized the extravasation of HPBCD to tumors engrafted in mice. In vivo microdialysis and terminal homogenate data at the steady state (subcutaneous pump infusions) were used to calculate the volume of distribution of unbound SN-38 (Vu,tumor) in neuroblastoma. RESULTS HPBCD (10% w/v) in the perfusate prevented the nonspecific binding of SN-38 to the microdialysis probe and enhanced SN-38 recovery (f = 1.86). The extravasation of HPBCD in the tumor during microdialysis was lower than 1%. Vu,tumor values were above 3 mL/g tumor for both neuroblastoma models and suggested efficient cellular penetration of SN-38. CONCLUSIONS The method contributes to overcome the limitations of the microdialysis technique in hydrophobic drugs and provides a powerful tool to characterize compartmental anticancer drug distribution in xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Monterrubio
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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Zhang Q, Wu D, Wu J, Ou Y, Mu C, Han B, Zhang Q. Improved blood-brain barrier distribution: effect of borneol on the brain pharmacokinetics of kaempferol in rats by in vivo microdialysis sampling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:270-277. [PMID: 25582491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kaempferol (KA) exists in a variety of herbal medicines. In vitro and in vivo studies have focused on the anti-Alzheimer effect of KA. However, little is known about its brain pharmacokinetic profile. The accumulated amount of KA in brain is very low because of the protection of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Borneol (BO) is a classical aromatic refreshing traditional Chinese medicine and commonly used as an adjuvant component of traditional Chinese medicines (e.g. compound Danshen dropping pills) in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. According to the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine, BO is called an "upper guiding drug", which can guide other components to the targeting tissues or organs in the upper part of the body, especially in the brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS The probes for blood and brain sampling were implanted within the jugular vein/right atrium and right hippocampus of SD rats, respectively. Rats were intravenous administered of KA (25 mg/kg) alone or combined with BO (15, 30 mg/kg) via caudal vein. The blood and brain microdialysates were collected every 15 min for 180 min and every 30 min for 180-300 min. A selective and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-chemiluminescence method was developed for the determination of unbound KA in rat blood and brain microdialysates, which can be converted to their actual free-form concentrations based on the in vivo relative recoveries of KA across microdialysis probes. RESULTS KA quickly crossed the BBB to enter the extracellular fluid of hippocampus and reached the maximum concentration of 0.11 μg/mL within 30 min. The brain bioavailability and brain delivery of KA evidently increased with the co-administration of 15 and 30 mg/kg of BO. The AUC0-inf of KA in brain increased 1.84 and 2.19 times, and the Cmax of KA in brain increased 2.09 and 3.18 times than that without BO, respectively. In addition, the brain-to-blood distribution ratio of KA increased by 48.68% and 57.97% compared with that without BO. However, no significant difference in the T1/2 of unbound KA in blood aserved between three groups. CONCLUSIONS BO can enhance the BBB permeability and improve the transportation of KA to brain. The dose-dependent effect of BO on the brain pharmacokinetic parameters of KA was observed. This co-administration strategy can be designed to enhance the brain accumulation of other neuropsychiatric medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Dong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Juan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Yong Ou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Chunlei Mu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Bo Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Qunlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
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Matzneller P, Gobin P, Lackner E, Zeitlinger M. Feasibility of microdialysis for determination of protein binding and target site pharmacokinetics of colistin in vivo. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 55:431-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Matzneller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Patrice Gobin
- Inserm ERI-23; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - Edith Lackner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Cudjoe E, Bojko B, de Lannoy I, Saldivia V, Pawliszyn J. Solid-Phase Microextraction: A Complementary In Vivo Sampling Method to Microdialysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cudjoe E, Bojko B, de Lannoy I, Saldivia V, Pawliszyn J. Solid-Phase Microextraction: A Complementary In Vivo Sampling Method to Microdialysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12124-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nirogi R, Kandikere V, Bhyrapuneni G, Benade V, Saralaya R, Irappanavar S, Muddana N, Ajjala DR. Approach to reduce the non-specific binding in microdialysis. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:379-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Erdő F, Gordon J, Wu JT, Sziráki I. Verification of brain penetration of the unbound fraction of a novel HER2/EGFR dual kinase inhibitor (TAK-285) by microdialysis in rats. Brain Res Bull 2012; 87:413-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Greening Sample Treatments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53709-6.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Nichols JW, Hoffman AD, Fitzsimmons PN, Lien GJ. Quantification of Phenol, Phenyl Glucuronide, and Phenyl Sulfate in Blood of Unanesthetized Rainbow Trout by Online Microdialysis Sampling. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:405-12. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510701511935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fletcher HJ, Stenken JA. An in vitro comparison of microdialysis relative recovery of Met- and Leu-enkephalin using cyclodextrins and antibodies as affinity agents. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 620:170-5. [PMID: 18558138 PMCID: PMC2519001 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins and antibodies have been used as affinity agents to improve relative recovery during microdialysis sampling. Two neuropeptides, methionine-enkephalin (ME) and leucine-enkephalin (LE), were chosen to compare the use of cyclodextrins and antibodies as possible affinity agents for improving their relative recovery across polycarbonate and polyethersulfone membranes during in vitro sampling. Cyclodextrins (CD) including beta-CD, 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (2HPbeta-CD), and gamma-CD gave improvements of relative recovery for both peptides of less than 2-fold as compared to controls. Comparisons of relative recovery between tyrosine-glycine-glycine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine using different cyclodextrins in the perfusion fluid were also obtained. Inclusion of an antibody against met-enkephalin in the microdialysis perfusion fluid resulted in relative recovery increases of up to 2.5-fold. These results show that using antibodies as affinity agents during microdialysis sampling may be more effective agents to improve the relative recovery of these opioid neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Julie A. Stenken
- * Corresponding author: , Tel: +1 479-575-7018, Fax: +1 479-575-4049
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Wang H, Wang Z, Lu M, Zou H. Microdialysis Sampling Method for Evaluation of Binding Kinetics of Small Molecules to Macromolecules. Anal Chem 2008; 80:2993-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702066x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, and National Chromatographic Research & Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, and National Chromatographic Research & Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Meiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, and National Chromatographic Research & Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hanfa Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, and National Chromatographic Research & Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Luque de Castro MD. Membrane-Based Separation Techniques: Dialysis, Gas Diffusion and Pervaporation. ADVANCES IN FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Chen Y, Guo Z, Wang X, Qiu C. Sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:191-219. [PMID: 17991475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A panorama of sample preparation methods has been composed from 481 references, with a highlight of some promising methods fast developed during recent years and a somewhat brief introduction on most of the well-developed methods. All the samples were commonly referred to molecular composition, being extendable to particles including cells but not to organs, tissues and larger bodies. Some criteria to evaluate or validate a sample preparation method were proposed for reference. Strategy for integration of several methods to prepare complicated protein samples for proteomic studies was illustrated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
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Sun L, Stenken JA. The effect of beta-cyclodextrin on liquid chromatography/electrospray-mass spectrometry analysis of hydrophobic drug molecules. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1161:261-8. [PMID: 17599341 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for their capability of improving bioavailability, solubility, or stability of drugs via the formation of soluble inclusion complexes. CDs have also been widely used in various chemical analysis methods. In this work, liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) analysis for four different drugs (imipramine, desipramine, propranolol, and naproxen) that form inclusion complexes with CDs was performed in the presence and absence of beta-CD. These drugs are subject to nonspecific adsorption when brought into contact with plastics, such as HPLC tubing, sample collection and preparation apparatus, etc. Inclusion of the CD in the samples reduces this nonspecific adsorption due to competitive complex formation between the CD and the analyte. ESI-MS ion intensities increased when beta-CD was included in the sample with concentrations up to 1% (w:v), with a diverter valve installed post LC column. The degree of increased ion signal correlated with the beta-cyclodextrin:analyte binding constant. beta-CD appeared to elute within the void volume time and was observed in a full spectrum scan among the different analyte samples with up to 0.01% beta-CD injected directly to the LC/MS system with the diverter valve switched inline with the mass spectrometer. The use of the diverter valve allowed for direct injection of samples containing up to 1% beta-CD to the LC/MS without any deterioration of analyte ion signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- WP75A-303, Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Duo J, Fletcher H, Stenken JA. Natural and synthetic affinity agents as microdialysis sampling mass transport enhancers: current progress and future perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:449-57. [PMID: 16797961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis sampling is a diffusion-based separation method that allows analytes to freely diffuse across a hollow fiber semi-permeable dialysis membrane. This sampling technique has been widely used for in vivo chemical collection. The inclusion of affinity-based trapping agents into the microdialysis perfusion fluid serves to improve the relative recovery via the binding reaction of low molecular weight hydrophobic analytes and larger analytes such as peptides and proteins. Here, we briefly review our past studies using different compounds (native cyclodextrins and antibodies) to improve microdialysis sampling recovery. A brief compilation of our studies using antibody-immobilized beads as a means to improve cytokine collection during microdialysis sampling is also described. We present new work focused on the use of antibody-immobilized bead microdialysis sampling enhancement for various endocrine hormones (amylin, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, and leptin). The antibody-bead enhancement approach allowed for recovery enhancements that ranged between 3 and 20-fold for these peptides. Using the enhanced recovery approach, endocrine peptides at pM concentrations can be quantified. Finally, our initial work focused on developing non-antibody based enhancement agents using bovine serum albumin-heparin conjugates covalently bound to polystyrene microspheres is presented for the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Unlike antibodies, heparin provides the advantage of being reusable as an enhancement agent and served to improve the relative recovery of TNF-alpha by three-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Duo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Liu X, Smith BJ, Chen C, Callegari E, Becker SL, Chen X, Cianfrogna J, Doran AC, Doran SD, Gibbs JP, Hosea N, Liu J, Nelson FR, Szewc MA, Van Deusen J. Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid concentration and plasma free concentration as a surrogate measurement for brain free concentration. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1443-7. [PMID: 16760229 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.008201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug concentration and plasma unbound concentration (C(u,plasma)) to predict brain unbound concentration (C(u,brain)). The concentration-time profiles in CSF, plasma, and brain of seven model compounds were determined after subcutaneous administration in rats. The C(u,brain) was estimated from the product of total brain concentrations and unbound fractions, which were determined using brain tissue slice and brain homogenate methods. For theobromine, theophylline, caffeine, fluoxetine, and propranolol, which represent rapid brain penetration compounds with a simple diffusion mechanism, the ratios of the area under the curve of C(u,brain)/C(CSF) and C(u,brain)/C(u,plasma) were 0.27 to 1.5 and 0.29 to 2.1, respectively, using the brain slice method, and were 0.27 to 2.9 and 0.36 to 3.9, respectively, using the brain homogenate method. A P-glycoprotein substrate, CP-141938 (methoxy-3-[(2-phenyl-piperadinyl-3-amino)-methyl]-phenyl-N-methyl-methane-sulfonamide), had C(u,brain)/C(CSF) and C(u,brain)/C(u,plasma) ratios of 0.57 and 0.066, using the brain slice method, and 1.1 and 0.13, using the brain homogenate method, respectively. The slow brain-penetrating compound, N[3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(4'-phenylphenoxy)propyl-]sarcosine, had C(u,brain)/C(CSF) and C(u,brain)/C(u,plasma) ratios of 0.94 and 0.12 using the brain slice method and 0.15 and 0.018 using the brain homogenate method, respectively. Therefore, for quick brain penetration with simple diffusion mechanism compounds, C(CSF) and C(u,plasma) represent C(u,brain) equally well; for efflux substrates or slow brain penetration compounds, C(CSF) appears to be equivalent to or more accurate than C(u,plasma) to represent C(u,brain). Thus, we hypothesize that C(CSF) is equivalent to or better than C(u,plasma) to predict C(u,brain). This hypothesis is supported by the literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrong Liu
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.
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Ao X, Stenken JA. No delayed temporal response to sample concentration changes during enhanced microdialysis sampling using cyclodextrins and antibody-immobilized microspheres. Analyst 2005; 131:62-7. [PMID: 16365664 DOI: 10.1039/b504180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The temporal response to concentration changes external to a microdialysis probe containing trapping agents in the perfusion fluid was studied. Native beta-cyclodextrin and a water-soluble beta-cyclodextrin polymer were used as trapping agents in the microdialysis perfusion fluid to study the temporal concentration response to carbamazepine, a hydrophobic analyte. The temporal response of microdialysis probes containing antibody-immobilized microspheres against five different cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-5) to concentration changes outside of the probe was also determined. In both cases, no delayed temporal response of enhanced microdialysis was observed for either carbamazepine or the cytokines as compared to standard microdialysis sampling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Cogswell Laboratories, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
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Plock N, Kloft C. Microdialysis—theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-sciences. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 25:1-24. [PMID: 15854796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade microdialysis has become a method of choice in the study of unbound tissue concentrations of both endogenous and exogenous substances. Microdialysis has been shown to offer information about substances directly at the site of action while being well tolerable and safe. The large variety of its field of application has been demonstrated. However, a few challenges have to be met to make this method generally applicable in routine applications. This review will provide an overview over theoretical aspects that have to be considered during the implementation of microdialysis. Moreover, a comparison between microdialysis and other tissue sampling techniques will demonstrate advantages and limitations of the methods mentioned. Subsequently, it will present a critical synopsis of a variety of scientific/biomedical applications of this method with emphasis on the most recent literature, focussing on target tissues while giving examples of substances examined. It is concluded that microdialysis will be of great value in future investigations of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and in monitoring of disease status and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Plock
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, D-12169 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Kabir MA, Taft DR, Joseph CK, Bellantone RA. Measuring drug concentrations using pulsatile microdialysis: theory and method development in vitro. Int J Pharm 2005; 293:171-82. [PMID: 15778055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of rapidly sampling drug concentrations, based on pulsatile microdialysis (PMD), was developed. In PMD, a dialysate fluid is pumped into a microdialysis probe, allowed to occupy the probe while at rest for some time, and then flushed at a high rate. A model that is based on a Fick's Laws was solved and tested, using methazolamide (MTZ) as the test drug in a variety of experimental setups, including time-dependent donor concentrations. Calibration plots of the donor versus sample concentrations were linear. There was excellent agreement between the calculated and experimental values of the fraction recovered obtained from the calibration plots. In a system for which the donor concentration declined in a first order manner, the data obtained using PMD and direct sampling of the donor were in nearly exact agreement with the theoretical value of k=0.09 min(-1). PMD was also able to collect data points quickly enough to characterize the rapid binding kinetics of MTZ by activated charcoal. It was concluded that PMD is an accurate method of sampling drug concentrations, and can obtain samples over shorter time intervals and more frequently than previously available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Kabir
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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26
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MIRO M, FRENZEL W. The potential of microdialysis as an automatic sample-processing technique for environmental research. Trends Analyt Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Pettersson A, Amirkhani A, Arvidsson B, Markides K, Bergquist J. A feasibility study of solid supported enhanced microdialysis. Anal Chem 2004; 76:1678-82. [PMID: 15018567 DOI: 10.1021/ac035305l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a solid supported enhanced microdialysis methodology for analysis of neuropeptides is described. The microdialysis samples were, in this study, subsequently collected in fractions, dissolved from the solid particles, dried, and resolved in a formic acid buffer in order to make them suitable for capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Different microdialysis flow profiles were evaluated where air-gapped continuous flow was considered most suitable for the solid supported microdialysis mode. Six endogenous neuropeptides were initially used to investigate the feasibility of this enhanced microdialysis methodology. The improved relative recovery obtained from the solid supported enhanced microdialysis was varying from no effect to 10 times higher as compared to ordinary microdialysis. The most efficient enrichment was obtained for luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, which was the largest but also the most hydrophilic of the peptides. In contrast, no significant difference in recovery was observed for Leu-enkephalin being the smallest and the most hydrophobic peptide tested. These results indicate an increased flux and selective uptake of hydrophilic peptides across the membrane and enrichment on the particles in solid supported microdialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pettersson
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, PO Box 599, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Fukushima T, Naka-aki E, Guo X, Li F, Vankeirsbilck T, Baeyens WR, Imai K, Toyo’oka T. Determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in rat brain microdialysis samples following intraperitoneal fluoxetine administration. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Microdialysis recovery of the lipophilic analytes prostaglandin B2, leukotriene B4 and C4 was studied in vitro. Relative recovery (RR) through different commercially-available microdialysis probes for prostaglandin B2 and leukotrienes was examined using different flow rates. The enhancing effect at different concentrations of binding agents such as alpha, beta, gamma-cyclodextrins (alpha, beta, gamma-CD) on the microdialysis RR for different eicosanoids was evaluated. Small organic molecules such as ethanol, propylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were studied in terms of their effect on enhancing RR. Inclusion of arachidonic acid in either the perfusion fluid or the sample medium caused the microdialysis RR for these hydrophobic analytes to be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Cogswell Laboratories, 130 Cogswell, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
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30
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Tsai TH. Assaying protein unbound drugs using microdialysis techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 797:161-73. [PMID: 14630148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared with traditional sampling methods, microdialysis is a technique for protein unbound drug sampling without withdrawal of biological fluids and involving minimal disturbance of physiological function. Conventional total drug sample consists of unbound drugs and protein bound drugs, which are loosely bound to plasma proteins such as albumin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, forming an equilibrium ratio between bound and unbound drugs. However, only the unbound fraction of drug is available for absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, and delivery to the target sites for pharmacodynamic actions. Although several techniques have been used to determine protein unbound drugs from biological fluids, including ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis and microdialysis, only microdialysis allows simultaneous sampling of protein unbound chemicals from plasma, tissues and body fluids such as the bile juice and cerebral spinal fluid for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. This review article describes the technique of microdialysis and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of microdialysis are discussed, including the detailed surgical techniques in animal experiments from rat blood, brain, liver, bile duct and in vitro cell culture for unbound drug analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Hu Tsai
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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31
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Ward KW, Medina SJ, Portelli ST, Mahar Doan KM, Spengler MD, Ben MM, Lundberg D, Levy MA, Chen EP. Enhancement of in vitro and in vivo microdialysis recovery of SB-265123 using Intralipid and Encapsin as perfusates. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2003; 24:17-25. [PMID: 12516075 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the ability of two potential microdialysis perfusates to enhance the recovery of SB-265123, a lipophilic, highly protein-bound compound, both in vitro and in vivo. Initial in vitro experiments established that the recovery of SB-265123 by microdialysis using normal saline as a perfusate was poor (1.7%). Different concentrations of Intralipid and Encapsin also were evaluated in an identical in vitro setting, to determine enhancement of recovery. In vitro recovery was enhanced to approximately 24 and 65% with 5 and 20% Intralipid, and to approximately 59 and 62% with 5 and 20% Encapsin, respectively. A rat in vivo study was conducted with 20% Encapsin to confirm the in vitro observations. In the in vivo study, 75-80% recovery of free SB-265123 was achieved using 20% Encapsin as a perfusate. The results from this study indicate that for SB-265123, a lipophilic, highly protein-bound molecule, Encapsin is an efficient recovery enhancer in vitro. The results from this investigation further demonstrate that a recovery enhancer may be useful for in vivo applications, even with a compound that is highly bound to plasma protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Ward
- Preclinical Drug Discovery, Cardiovascular & Urogenitary Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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32
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Lindberger M, Tomson T, Lars S. Microdialysis sampling of carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital in subcutaneous extracellular fluid and subdural cerebrospinal fluid in humans: an in vitro and in vivo study of adsorption to the sampling device. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2002; 91:158-65. [PMID: 12530465 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine if binding of the drugs to the sampling equipment during microdialysis would influence the results for carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital. In vitro experiments with microdialysis catheters and separate parts of catheters were performed to estimate the degree of drug binding to the dialysis equipment. A mathematical model to calculate drug binding and recovery is proposed. In vivo protein unbound carbamazepine concentrations in subcutaneous extracellular fluid at different flow rates (6 patients), unbound carbamazepine (1 patient) and unbound phenobarbital (I patient) in subdural cerebrospinal fluid and subcutaneous extracellular fluid were estimated and the in vivo data were compared to the in vitro results and data generated by the mathematical model. Binding to the soft outlet polyurethane tubing was extensive and variable for phenytoin, which precluded in vivo testing, but limited and more predictable for carbamazepine and phenobarbital. None of the three compounds bound to the hard internaltubing. Phenytoin and phenobarbital did not bind to the dialysis membrane, while a small degree of binding may be present for carbamazepine. In vivo estimates of carbamazepine protein unbound subcutaneous extracellular concentrations by microdialysis, adjusted for binding to the plastic tubing, were 81% of protein unbound plasma concentrations. In single case studies, subdural cerebrospinal fluid and subcutaneous extracellular levels of carbamazepine and phenobarbital were similar and when corrected for binding to the plastic tubings they were also close to protein unbound plasma concentrations. Microdialysis can be used for reliable estimations of protein unbound carbamazepine and possibly phenobarbital concentrations when drug binding to the plastic tubing is considered. Reliable estimation of unbound phenytoin is not possible at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lindberger
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, S-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
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33
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Bouhmaida N, Dutheil M, Ghermani NE, Becker P. Gradient vector field and properties of the experimental electrostatic potential: Application to ibuprofen drug molecule. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1458243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Influence of geometry and equilibrium chemistry on relative recovery during enhanced microdialysis. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Davies MI, Cooper JD, Desmond SS, Lunte CE, Lunte SM. Analytical considerations for microdialysis sampling. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 45:169-88. [PMID: 11108973 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations in microdialysis probe designs have made it possible to obtain samples from the extracellular fluid of a variety of tissues with high temporal resolution. The resulting small volume samples, often with low concentration of the analyte(s) of interest, present a particular challenge to the analytical system. Rapid separations can be coupled on-line with microdialysis to provide near real-time data. By combining microdialysis sampling with a liquid chromatographic or capillary electrophoretic separation and a highly sensitive detection method, a separation-based sensor can be developed. Such sensors have been applied to the investigation of drug entities as well as to study endogenous analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Davies
- Bioanalytical Systems, Inc., Kansas Research Laboratory, Lawrence, KS, USA
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36
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Ståhle L. On mathematical models of microdialysis: geometry, steady-state models, recovery and probe radius. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 45:149-67. [PMID: 11108972 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Commonly used methods for microdialysis recovery measurement are reviewed and the zero flow and no net flux methods are suggested as the most robust in practice. Six different mathematical models of microdialysis assumptions are investigated and compared for varying dialysis probe radius. One transmitter (dopamine), three metabolites (DOPAC, HVA and 5HIAA) and two drugs (caffeine and theophylline) were studied. Histology and functional response to a drug were measured. Deficiencies were demonstrated for several of the models, the one best explaining experimental data includes both passive diffusion and active tissue regulation in a cylindrical symmetric geometry. The recovery decreased with decreasing probe radius but smaller probes caused less tissue injury. It is concluded that a mathematical model of microdialysis must include diffusional and physiological processes in order to accurately account for experimentally observed phenomena. The experiments also demonstrated that, for small brain nuclei, the size of the nucleus may influence the recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ståhle
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, SE-14186, Huddinge, Sweden.
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37
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Development of a push-pull microdialysis sampling technique for the quantitative determination of proteins. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Schneiderman E, Stalcup AM. Cyclodextrins: a versatile tool in separation science. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 745:83-102. [PMID: 10997705 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins have been used extensively in separation science because they have been shown to discriminate between positional isomers, functional groups, homologues and enantiomers. This property makes them one of the most useful agents for a wide variety of separations. The main goal of this review is a discussion of somewhat more exotic applications of cyclodextrins to separation methods. Techniques examined in detail include gel electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, preparative scale electrophoretic techniques, thin-layer chromatography, electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography, use of monolithic media in liquid chromatography, microdialysis, separation on hollow fibers, foam flotation enrichment, solid- and liquid-phase extractions, countercurrent chromatography, separation through liquid and composite membranes, and cyclodextrin applications in molecularly imprinted polymers. Since a lot of attention has been paid to use of cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis, liquid, gas and supercritical fluid chromatography, these techniques will be only briefly discussed. The second goal of this review is a discussion of a scaling-up the analytical separations to semi-preparative or preparative techniques. It was found that despite a need for large scale separations in the industry, development of these techniques has been somewhat lagging behind development of miniaturized analytical separations. It is hoped that the focus on areas outside more traditional separation applications might stimulate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schneiderman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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39
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Yang H, Peters JL, Allen C, Chern SS, Coalson RD, Michael AC. A theoretical description of microdialysis with mass transport coupled to chemical events. Anal Chem 2000; 72:2042-9. [PMID: 10815963 DOI: 10.1021/ac991186r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A random-walk simulation of microdialysis is used to examine how a reaction that consumes analyte in the medium external to the probe affects the extraction and recovery processes. The simulations suggest that such a reaction can promote the extraction process while simultaneously inhibiting the recovery process, which appears to be consistent with recent experimental evidence of asymmetry in the extraction and recovery of the neurotransmitter, dopamine, during brain microdialysis. This suggests that quantitative microdialysis strategies that rely on the extraction fraction as a measure of the probe recovery value, such as the no-net-flux method, will produce an underestimate of the analyte concentration in the external medium when that analyte is consumed by a reaction in the external medium. Furthermore, if experimental conditions arise under which the kinetics of the reaction are changed, then changes in the extraction and recovery processes are likely to occur as well. The implications of these theoretical findings for the quantitative interpretation of in vivo microdialysis results obtained for the neurotransmitter dopamine are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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40
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