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Honig ML, Haba A, O'Leary KMF, Robinson EEA, Madungwe KV, Lin Y, McGuire C, Bühlmann P. Improvement of the Upper Detection Limit of Ionophore-Based H +-Selective Electrodes: Explanation and Elimination of Apparently Super-Nernstian Responses. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9901-9908. [PMID: 38850234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The response range of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) has been described by counterion interference at the lower and Donnan failure at the upper detection limit. This approach fails when the potentiometric response at the upper detection limit exhibits an apparently super-Nernstian response, as has been reported repeatedly for H+-selective electrodes. While also observed when samples contain other anions, super-Nernstian responses at low pH are a problem in particular for samples that contain phthalate, a common component of commercial pH calibration solutions. This work shows that coextraction of H+ and a sample anion into the sensing membrane alone does not explain these super-Nernstian responses, even when membrane-internal diffusion potentials are taken into account. Instead, these super-Nernstian responses are explained by the formation of complexes between that anion and at least two protonated ionophore molecules. As demonstrated by experiments and explained with quantitative phase boundary models, the apparently super-Nernstian responses at low pH can be eliminated by restricting the molecular ratio of ionophore and ionic sites. Notably, this conclusion results in recommendations for the optimization of sensing membranes that, in some instances, will conflict with previously reported recommendations from the ionic site theory for the optimization of the lower detection limit. This mechanistic insight is key to maximizing the response range of these ionophore-based ISEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline L Honig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ariki Haba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie M F O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Emily E A Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kuzivakwashe V Madungwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ye Lin
- Emerson Automation Solutions, 6021 Innovation Boulevard, Shakopee, Minnesota 55379, United States
| | - Chad McGuire
- Emerson Automation Solutions, 6021 Innovation Boulevard, Shakopee, Minnesota 55379, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Choi KR, Honig ML, Bühlmann P. Ion-Selective Potentiometry with Plasma-Initiated Covalent Attachment of Sensing Membranes onto Inert Polymeric Substrates and Carbon Solid Contacts. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4702-4708. [PMID: 38451778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The physical delamination of the sensing membrane from underlying electrode bodies and electron conductors limits sensor lifetimes and long-term monitoring with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). To address this problem, we developed two plasma-initiated graft polymerization methods that attach ionophore-doped polymethacrylate sensing membranes covalently to high-surface-area carbons that serve as the conducting solid contact as well as to polypropylene, poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), and polyurethane as the inert polymeric electrode body materials. The first strategy consists of depositing the precursor solution for the preparation of the sensing membranes onto the platform substrates with the solid contact carbon, followed by exposure to an argon plasma, which results in surface-grafting of the in situ polymerized sensing membrane. Using the second strategy, the polymeric platform substrate is pretreated with argon plasma and subsequently exposed to ambient oxygen, forming hydroperoxide groups on the surface. Those functionalities are then used for the initiation of photoinitiated graft polymerization of the sensing membrane. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements, and delamination tests confirm the covalent attachment of the in situ polymerized sensing membranes onto the polymeric substrates. Using membrane precursor solutions comprising, in addition to decyl methacrylate and a cross-linker, also 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate as a covalently attachable H+ ionophore and tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate as ionic sites, both plasma-based fabrication methods produced electrodes that responded to pH in a Nernstian fashion, with the high selectivity expected for ionophore-based ISEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangrok R Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Madeline L Honig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Chipangura YE, Spindler BD, Bühlmann P, Stein A. Design Criteria for Nanostructured Carbon Materials as Solid Contacts for Ion-Selective Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309778. [PMID: 38105339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability to miniaturize ion-selective sensors that enable microsensor arrays and wearable sensor patches for ion detection in environmental or biological samples requires all-solid-state sensors with solid contacts for transduction of an ion activity into an electrical signal. Nanostructured carbon materials function as effective solid contacts for this purpose. They can also contribute to improved potential signal stability, reducing the need for frequent sensor calibration. In this Perspective, the structural features of various carbon-based solid contacts described in the literature and their respective abilities to reduce potential drift during long-term, continuous measurements are compared. These carbon materials include nanoporous carbons with various architectures, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphene, and graphite-based solid contacts. The effects of accessibility of ionophores, ionic sites, and other components of an ion-selective membrane to the internal or external carbon surfaces are discussed, because this impacts double-layer capacitance and potential drift. The effects of carbon composition on water-layer formation are also considered, which is another contributor to potential drift during long-term measurements. Recommendations regarding the selection of solid contacts and considerations for their characterization and testing in solid-contact ion-selective electrodes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevedzo E Chipangura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Brian D Spindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
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4
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Kishioka A, Matsushita Y, Miyake M. Detection of Interfering Ions Using Ion Flux Phenomena in Flow-Through Cl-ISEs with Ion Exchange Membranes. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7584-7593. [PMID: 37140250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are among the most successful electrochemical sensors used in various applications because of their ability to measure electrolyte concentrations in liquids easily. It is common practice to suppress ion fluxes through the ion-sensitive membranes in ISEs because such fluxes worsen the lower limit of detection. In this study, we propose a method to detect interfering ions using this ion flux phenomenon. As a proof of principle, a flow-type Cl-ISE based on an ion exchange membrane loaded with the target ion chloride was used to acquire transient potential profiles during standstill after the introduction of liquids containing various ion species. When the target ion of the ion-sensitive membrane was measured, there was almost no change in potential over time. In contrast, when hydrophilic interfering ions were measured, the potential gradually decreased, and when hydrophobic interfering ions were measured, the potential gradually increased. The direction and intensity of these changes over time depended on the ion species and concentrations. The main reason for these potential changes is presumed to be the change in the local ionic composition of the sample near the sensing membrane due to ion exchange between the sample and membrane. This phenomenon could not be observed in a hydrophobic ion exchanger membrane doped with a quaternary ammonium salt and was characteristically observable using hydrophilic ion exchange membranes with a high charge density and a high ion diffusion rate. Finally, using a high-throughput flow-type system, we demonstrated the detection of interfering ions in solutions containing multiple ion species by using the ion flux phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kishioka
- Biosystems Research Department, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., 1-280, Higashi-koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Yufuku Matsushita
- Biosystems Research Department, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., 1-280, Higashi-koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Masafumi Miyake
- Medical Systems Design 1st dept., Life & Medical systems Product Div., Analytical & Medical Solution Business Group, Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, 882, Ichige, Hitachinaka-shi, Ibaraki, 312-8504, Japan
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Ahmed YM, Badawy SS, Abdel-Haleem FM. Dibenzo-18-Crown-6-based Carbon Paste Sensors for the Nanomolar Potentiometric Determination of Daclatasvir Dihydrochloride: An Anti-HCV Drug and a Potential Candidate for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Microchem J 2022; 177:107276. [PMID: 35169329 PMCID: PMC8830182 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Daclatasvir dihydrochloride (DAC) is an anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug that has recently proven to be a promising candidate for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Still, there is a lack of sensitive potentiometric methods for its determination. In this work, carbon paste sensors based on dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) were fabricated and optimized for the sensitive and selective potentiometric determination of DAC in Daclavirocyrl® tablets, serum, and urine samples. The best performance was obtained by two sensors referred to as sensor I and sensor II. Both sensors exhibited a wide linear response range of 5×10−9 − 1×10−3 mol/L, and Nernstian slopes of 29.8 ± 1.18 and 29.5 ± 1.00 mV/decade, with limits of detection, 4.8×10−9 and 3.2×10−9 mol/L, for the sensors I and II, respectively. Sensors I and II displayed fast response times of 5–8 and 5–6 s, respectively, with great reversibility and no memory effect. Moreover, the sensors exhibited a lifetime of 16 days. For the study of sensors morphology and elucidation of the interaction mechanism, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) techniques were performed. A selectivity study was performed, and the proposed sensors exhibited good discrimination between DAC and potentially coexisting interferents with sensor II displaying better selectivity. Finally, sensor II was successfully applied for the determination of DAC in the above-mentioned samples, with recovery values ranging from 99.25 to 101.42%, and relative standard deviation (RSD) values ranging from 0.79 to 1.53% which reflected the high accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna M Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sayed S Badawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatehy M Abdel-Haleem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Center for Hazards Mitigation, Environmental Studies and Research (CHMESR), Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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6
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Semi-empirical treatment of ionophore-assisted ion-transfers in ultrathin membranes coupled to a redox conducting polymer. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Lim HR, Kim YS, Kwon S, Mahmood M, Kwon YT, Lee Y, Lee SM, Yeo WH. Wireless, Flexible, Ion-Selective Electrode System for Selective and Repeatable Detection of Sodium. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113297. [PMID: 32531954 PMCID: PMC7309126 DOI: 10.3390/s20113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wireless, flexible, ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are of great interest in the development of wearable health monitors and clinical systems. Existing film-based electrochemical sensors, however, still have practical limitations due to poor electrical contact and material–interfacial leakage. Here, we introduce a wireless, flexible film-based system with a highly selective, stable, and reliable sodium sensor. A flexible and hydrophobic composite with carbon black and soft elastomer serves as an ion-to-electron transducer offering cost efficiency, design simplicity, and long-term stability. The sensor package demonstrates repeatable analysis of selective sodium detection in saliva with good sensitivity (56.1 mV/decade), stability (0.53 mV/h), and selectivity coefficient of sodium against potassium (−3.0). The film ISEs have an additional membrane coating that provides reinforced stability for the sensor upon mechanical bending. Collectively, the comprehensive study of materials, surface chemistry, and sensor design in this work shows the potential of the wireless flexible sensor system for low-profile wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.-R.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Yun-Soung Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.-R.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Shinjae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.-R.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Musa Mahmood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.-R.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Young-Tae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.-R.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Yongkuk Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA;
| | - Soon Min Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.-R.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (Y.-T.K.)
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Materials, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-385-5710; Fax: +1-404-894-1658
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8
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Yilmaz I, Chen LD, Chen XV, Anderson EL, da Costa RC, Gladysz JA, Bühlmann P. Potentiometric Selectivities of Ionophore-Doped Ion-Selective Membranes: Concurrent Presence of Primary Ion or Interfering Ion Complexes of Multiple Stoichiometries. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2409-2417. [PMID: 30609363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The selectivities of ionophore-doped ion-selective electrode (ISE) membranes are controlled by the stability and stoichiometry of the complexes between the ionophore, L, and the target and interfering ions (I zi and J zj, respectively). Well-accepted models predict how these selectivities can be optimized by selection of ideal ionophore-to-ionic site ratios, considering complex stoichiometries and ion charges. These models were developed for systems in which the target and interfering ions each form complexes of only one stoichiometry. However, for a few ISEs, the concurrent presence of two primary ion complexes of different stoichiometries, such as IL zi and IL2 zi, was reported. Indeed, similar systems were probably often overlooked and are, in fact, more common than the exclusive formation of complexes of higher stoichiometry unless the ionophore is used in excess. Importantly, misinterpreted stoichiometries misguide the design of new ionophores and are likely to result in the formulation of ISE membranes with inferior selectivities. We show here that the presence of two or more complexes of different stoichiometries for a given ion may be inferred experimentally from careful interpretation of the potentiometric selectivities as a function of the ionophore-to-ionic site ratio or from calculations of complex concentrations using experimentally determined complex stabilities. Concurrent formation of JL zj and JL2 zj complexes of an interfering ion is shown here to shift the ionophore-to-ionic site ratio that provides the highest selectivities. Formation of IL n-1 zi and IL n zi complexes of a primary ion is less of a concern because an optimized membrane typically contains an excess of ionophore, but lower than expected selectivities may be observed if the stepwise complex formation constant, KILn, is not sufficiently large and the ionophore-to-ionic site ratio does not markedly exceed n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Kamil Ozdag Science Faculty , Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University , 70100 Karaman , Turkey.,Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Li D Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Xin V Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Evan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Rosenildo Correa da Costa
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , P.O. Box 30012, College Station , Texas 77842 , United States.,School of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science , University of South Wales , Cemetery Road , Glyntaff , CF37 4DB , United Kingdom
| | - John A Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , P.O. Box 30012, College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab F. Akl
- Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority; Nuclear Safeguards and Physical Protection Department; P.O. Box 11762 Cairo Egypt
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10
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Potentiometric Anion Selectivity and Analytical Applications of Polymer Membrane Electrodes Based on Novel Mn(III)- and Mn(IV)-Salophen Complexes. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Ogawara S, Carey JL, Zou XU, Bühlmann P. Donnan Failure of Ion-Selective Electrodes with Hydrophilic High-Capacity Ion-Exchanger Membranes. ACS Sens 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ogawara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jesse L. Carey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xu U. Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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12
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Greenawalt PJ, Garada MB, Amemiya S. Voltammetric Characterization of Ion–Ionophore Complexation Using Thin Polymeric Membranes: Asymmetric Thin-Layer Responses. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8564-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Greenawalt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Mohammed B. Garada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Kamel AH. New potentiometric transducer based on a Mn(II) [2-formylquinoline thiosemicarbazone] complex for static and hydrodynamic assessment of azides. Talanta 2015; 144:1085-90. [PMID: 26452931 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new potentiometric transducer for selective recognition of azide is characterized and developed. The PVC plasticized based sensor incorporates Mn(II) [2-formylquinoline thiosemicarbazone] complex in the presence of tri dodecyl methyl ammonium chloride (TDMAC) as a lipophilic cationic additive. The sensor displayed a near-Nernstian response for azide over 1.0×10(-2)-1.0×10(-5) mol L(-1), with an anionic slope of -55.8±0.6 mV decade(-1) and lower limit of detection 0.34 µg mL(-1). The sensor was pH independent in the range 5.5-9 and presented good selectivity features towards several inorganic anions, and it is easily used in a flow injection system and compared with a tubular detector. The intrinsic characteristics of the detector in a low dispersion manifold were determined and compared with data obtained under a hydrodynamic mode of operation. This simple and inexpensive automation, with a good potentiometric detector, enabled the analysis of ~33 samples h(-1) without requiring pre-treatment procedures. The proposed method is also applied to the analysis of trace levels of azide in primer mixtures. Significantly improved accuracy, precision, response time, stability and selectivity were offered by these simple and cost-effective potentiometric sensor compared with other standard techniques. The method has the requisite accuracy, sensitivity and precision to determine azide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H Kamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
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14
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Surface morphology changes of polymer membrane and carbon paste sertraline sensors. Talanta 2015; 134:546-553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Lan WJ, Zou XU, Hamedi MM, Hu J, Parolo C, Maxwell EJ, Bühlmann P, Whitesides GM. Paper-based potentiometric ion sensing. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9548-53. [PMID: 25197763 DOI: 10.1021/ac5018088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and fabrication of ion-sensing electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (EPADs) in which a miniaturized paper reference electrode is integrated with a small ion-selective paper electrode (ISPE) for potentiometric measurements. Ion-sensing EPADs use printed wax barriers to define electrochemical sample and reference zones. Single-layer EPADs for sensing of chloride ions include wax-defined sample and reference zones that each incorporate a Ag/AgCl electrode. In EPADs developed for other electrolytes (potassium, sodium, and calcium ions), a PVC-based ion-selective membrane is added to separate the sample zone from a paper indicator electrode. After the addition of a small volume (less than 10 μL) of sample and reference solutions to different zones, ion-sensing EPADs exhibit a linear response, over 3 orders of magnitude, in ranges of electrolyte concentrations that are relevant to a variety of applications, with a slope close to the theoretical value (59.2/z mV). Ion-selective EPADs provide a portable, inexpensive, and disposable way of measuring concentrations of electrolyte ions in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Lan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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16
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Ghaemi A, Tavakkoli H, Mombeni T. Fabrication of a highly selective cadmium (II) sensor based on 1,13-bis(8-quinolyl)-1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecane as a supramolecular ionophore. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 38:186-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Badr IHA, Zidan WI, Akl ZF. Cyanex based uranyl sensitive polymeric membrane electrodes. Talanta 2013; 118:147-55. [PMID: 24274282 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel uranyl selective polymeric membrane electrodes were prepared using three different low-cost and commercially available Cyanex extractants namely, bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid [L1], bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) monothiophosphinic acid [L2] and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acid [L3]. Optimization and performance characteristics of the developed Cyanex based polymer membrane electrodes were determined. The influence of membrane composition (e.g., amount and type of ionic sites, as well as type of plasticizer) on potentiometric responses of the prepared membrane electrodes was studied. Optimized Cyanex-based membrane electrodes exhibited Nernstian responses for UO₂(2+) ion over wide concentration ranges with fast response times. The optimized membrane electrodes based on L1, L2 and L3 exhibited Nernstian responses towards uranyl ion with slopes of 29.4, 28.0 and 29.3 mV decade(-1), respectively. The optimized membrane electrodes based on L1-L3 showed detection limits of 8.3 × 10(-5), 3.0 × 10(-5) and 3.3 × 10(-6) mol L(-1), respectively. The selectivity studies showed that the optimized membrane electrodes exhibited high selectivity towards UO₂(2+) ion over large number of other cations. Membrane electrodes based on L3 exhibited superior potentiometric response characteristics compared to those based on L1 and L2 (e.g., widest linear range and lowest detection limit). The analytical utility of uranyl membrane electrodes formulated with Cyanex extractant L3 was demonstrated by the analysis of uranyl ion in different real samples for nuclear safeguards verification purposes. The results obtained using direct potentiometry and flow-injection methods were compared with those measured using the standard UV-visible and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim H A Badr
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, PO Box 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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Modification of Nanoclinoptilolite Zeolite with Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Surfactant as an Active Ingredient of Chromate-Selective Membrane Electrode. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/685290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Chen LD, Zou XU, Bühlmann P. Cyanide-Selective Electrode Based on Zn(II) Tetraphenylporphyrin as Ionophore. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9192-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301910c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li D. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
| | - Xu U. Zou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
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21
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Zhang T, Lai CZ, Fierke MA, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Advantages and Limitations of Reference Electrodes with an Ionic Liquid Junction and Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Carbon as Solid Contact. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7771-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- College of Chemical
Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Chun-Ze Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Melissa A. Fierke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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22
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Miyake M, Chen LD, Pozzi G, Bühlmann P. Ion-selective electrodes with unusual response functions: simultaneous formation of ionophore-primary ion complexes with different stoichiometries. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1104-11. [PMID: 22128799 PMCID: PMC3264767 DOI: 10.1021/ac202761x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the selectivity of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) depends on the stoichiometry of the complexes between its ionophore and the target and interfering ions. It is all the more surprising that the possibility for the simultaneous occurrence of multiple target ion complexes with different complex stoichiometries was mostly ignored in the past. Here, we report on the simultaneous formation of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of a fluorophilic crown ether in fluorous ISE membranes and how this results in what looks like super-Nernstian responses. These increased response slopes are not caused by mass transfer limitations and can be readily explained with a phase boundary model, a finding that is supported by experimentally determined complex formation constants and excellent fits of response curves. Not only Cs(+) but also the smaller ions Li(+), Na(+), K(+), and NH(4)(+) form 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with the fluorophilic crown ether, with cumulative formation constants of up to 10(15.0) and 10(21.0) for of the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, respectively. Super-Nernstian responses of the type observed with these electrodes are probably not particularly rare but have lacked in the past an adequate discussion in the literature, remaining ignored or misinterpreted. Preliminary calculations also predict sub-Nernstian responses and potential dips of a similar origin. The proper understanding of such phenomena will facilitate the development of new ISEs based on ionophores that form complexes of higher stoichiometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Li D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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24
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Chen LD, Mandal D, Pozzi G, Gladysz JA, Bühlmann P. Potentiometric sensors based on fluorous membranes doped with highly selective ionophores for carbonate. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20869-77. [PMID: 22070518 PMCID: PMC3244523 DOI: 10.1021/ja207680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Manganese(III) complexes of three fluorophilic salen derivatives were used to prepare ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with ionophore-doped fluorous sensing membranes. Because of their extremely low polarity and polarizability, fluorous media are not only chemically very inert but also solvate potentially interfering ions poorly, resulting in a much improved discrimination of such ions. Indeed, the new ISEs exhibited selectivities for CO(3)(2-) that exceed those of previously reported ISEs based on nonfluorous membranes by several orders of magnitude. In particular, the interference from chloride and salicylate was reduced by 2 and 6 orders of magnitude, respectively. To achieve this, the selectivities of these ISEs were fine-tuned by addition of noncoordinating hydrophobic ions (i.e., ionic sites) into the sensing membranes. Stability constants of the anion-ionophore complexes were determined from the dependence of the potentiometric selectivities on the charge sign of the ionic sites and the molar ratio of ionic sites and the ionophore. For this purpose, a previously introduced fluorophilic tetraphenylborate and a novel fluorophilic cation with a bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium group, (R(f6)(CH(2))(3))(3)PN(+)P(R(f6)(CH(2))(3))(3), were utilized (where R(f6) is C(6)F(13)). The optimum CO(3)(2-) selectivities were found for sensing membranes composed of anionic sites and ionophore in a 1:4 molar ratio, which results in the formation of 2:1 complexes with CO(3)(2-) with stability constants up to 4.1 × 10(15). As predicted by established theory, the site-to-ionophore ratios that provide optimum potentiometric selectivity depend on the stoichiometries of the complexes of both the primary and the interfering ions. However, the ionophores used in this study give examples of charges and stoichiometries previously neither explicitly predicted by theory nor shown by experiment. The exceptional selectivity of fluorous membranes doped with these carbonate ionophores suggests their use not only for potentiometric sensing but also for other types of sensors, such as the selective separation of carbonate from other anions and the sequestration of carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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25
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Wardak C. A Comparative Study of Cadmium Ion-Selective Electrodes with Solid and Liquid Inner Contact. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Ivanova NM, Bart TY, Grekovich AL, Mikhelson KN. Calcium-Selective Electrodes for Measurements in the Presence of Anionic Surfactants. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wardak C. A highly selective lead-sensitive electrode with solid contact based on ionic liquid. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:1131-1135. [PMID: 21168969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new polyvinylchloride membrane sensor for Pb(2+) with solid contact based on ionic liquid has been prepared. The electrode shows a Nernstian response for lead ions over a wide concentration range (1×10(-8) to 1×10(-1) mol L(-1)) and the slope of 29.8 mV/decade. The limit of detection is 4.3×10(-9) mol L(-1). It has a fast response time of 5-7 s and can be used for 4 months without any divergence in potential. The proposed sensor is not pH sensitive in the range 3.5-7.3 and shows a very good discriminating ability towards Pb(2+) ion in comparison with some alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. It was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lead ions with K(2)CrO(4) and for direct determination of Pb(2+) ions in real sample solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecylia Wardak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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28
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Kavanagh A, Byrne R, Diamond D, Radu A. A two-component polymeric optode membrane based on a multifunctional ionic liquid. Analyst 2011; 136:348-53. [PMID: 20959937 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work details the use of a 2-component optode membrane which is capable of generating three distinct colours in the presence of Cu(2+) and Co(2+) ions. It has been found that the ionic liquid (IL) trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanamide [P(6,6,6,14)][DCA] can act as plasticizer, ligand and transducer dye when used in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes, which significantly simplifies the optode membrane cocktail. Upon exposure to an aqueous Cu(2+) solution, a yellow colour is generated within the membrane, while exposure to an aqueous Co(2+) solution generates a blue colour. Exposure to a solution containing both ions produces a green colour. Vibrational spectroscopy has been used to investigate the molecular basis of the IL-metal ion the binding mechanism. Analytical characteristics of the membranes including the effect of interfering ions, binding constants and the limit of detection for both ions have been estimated. Finally the case of simultaneous dual-analyte recognition is presented based on two distinct absorption maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kavanagh
- CLARITY, The Centre for Sensor Web Technologies, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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29
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Wang FC, Chai YQ, Yuan R. Thiocyanate-selective electrode based on N-salicylidene-benzylamineato copper(II) complex. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193508030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Lai CZ, Fierke MA, Corrêa da Costa R, Gladysz JA, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Highly selective detection of silver in the low ppt range with ion-selective electrodes based on ionophore-doped fluorous membranes. Anal Chem 2011; 82:7634-40. [PMID: 20799720 DOI: 10.1021/ac1013767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionophore-doped sensing membranes exhibit greater selectivities and wider measuring ranges if their membrane matrixes are noncoordinating and solvate interfering ions poorly. This is particularly true for fluorous phases, which are the least polar and polarizable condensed phases known. In this work, fluorous membrane matrixes were used to prepare silver ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Sensing membranes composed of perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene, sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl) phenyl]borate, and one of four fluorophilic Ag(+)-selective ionophores with one or two thioether groups were investigated. All electrodes exhibited Nernstian responses to Ag(+) in a wide range of concentrations. Their selectivities for Ag(+) over interfering ions were found to depend on host preorganization and the length of the -(CH(2))(n)- spacers separating the coordinating thioether group from the strongly electron withdrawing perfluoroalkyl groups. ISEs based on the most selective of the four ionophores, that is, 1,3-bis(perfluorodecylethylthiomethyl)benzene, provided much higher selectivities for Ag(+) over many alkaline and heavy metal ions than most Ag(+) ISEs reported in the literature (e.g., log K(Ag,J)(pot) for K(+), -11.6; Pb(2+), -10.2; Cu(2+), -13.0; Cd(2+), -13.2). Moreover, the use of this ionophore with a linear perfluorooligoether as membrane matrix and solid contacts consisting of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon resulted in a detection limit for Ag(+) of 4.1 ppt (3.8 × 10(-1)1 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ze Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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31
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Zahran EM, Gavalas V, Valiente M, Bachas LG. Can Temperature Be Used To Tune the Selectivity of Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes? Anal Chem 2010; 82:3622-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902867d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Zahran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vasileios Gavalas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonidas G. Bachas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Fluoride-selective polymeric membrane electrodes based on Zr(IV)- and Al(III)-salen ionophores of various structures. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 665:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Abbaspour A, Refahi M, Khalafi-nezhad A, Soltani Rad M, Behrouz S. A selective and sensitive carbon composite coated platinum electrode for aluminium determination in pharmaceutical and mineral water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 662:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chen LD, Mandal D, Gladysz JA, Bühlmann P. Chemical stability and application of a fluorophilic tetraalkylphosphonium salt in fluorous membrane anion-selective electrodes. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00696f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Lai CZ, Koseoglu SS, Lugert EC, Boswell PG, Rábai J, Lodge TP, Bühlmann P. Fluorous polymeric membranes for ionophore-based ion-selective potentiometry: how inert is Teflon AF? J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1598-1606. [PMID: 19133768 PMCID: PMC3227678 DOI: 10.1021/ja808047x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorous media are the least polar and polarizable condensed phases known. Their use as membrane materials considerably increases the selectivity and robustness of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). In this research, a fluorous amorphous perfluoropolymer was used for the first time as a matrix for an ISE membrane. Electrodes for pH measurements with membranes composed of poly[4,5-difluoro-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxole]-co-poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (87% dioxole monomer content; known as Teflon AF2400) as polymer matrix, a linear perfluorooligoether as plasticizer, sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate providing for ionic sites, and bis[(perfluorooctyl)propyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamine as H+ ionophore were investigated. All electrodes had excellent potentiometric selectivities, showed Nernstian responses to H+ over a wide pH range, exhibited enhanced mechanical stability, and maintained their selectivity over at least 4 weeks. For membranes of low ionophore concentration, the polymer affected the sensor selectivity noticeably at polymer concentrations exceeding 15%. Also, the membrane resistance increased quite strongly at high polymer concentrations, which cannot be explained by the Mackie-Meares obstruction model. The selectivities and resistances depend on the polymer concentration because of a functional group associated with Teflon AF2400, with a concentration of one functional group per 854 monomer units of the polymer. In the fluorous environment of these membranes, this functional group binds to Na+, K+, Ca2+, and the unprotonated ionophore with binding constants of 10(3.5), 10(1.8), 10(6.8), and 10(4.4) M(-1), respectively. Potentiometric and spectroscopic evidence indicates that these functional groups are COOH groups formed by the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid fluoride (COF) groups originally present in Teflon AF2400. The use of higher ionophore concentrations removes the undesirable effect of these COOH groups almost completely. Alternatively, the C(=O)F groups can be eliminated chemically, or they can be used to readily introduce new functionalities.
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SHOKROLLAHI A, GHAEDI M, RAJABI HR, KIANFAR AH. Highly Selective Perchlorate Membrane Electrode Based on Cobalt(III) Schiff Base as a Neutral Carrier. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Egorov VV. Ion-selective liquid electrodes: Problems of description and experimental determination of selectivity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036320812027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Lai CZ, Joyer MM, Fierke MA, Petkovich ND, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Subnanomolar Detection Limit Application of Ion-Selective Electrodes with Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous (3DOM) Carbon Solid Contacts. J Solid State Electrochem 2009; 13:123-128. [PMID: 20046876 PMCID: PMC2795580 DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) can exhibit very low detection limits and, in contrast to conventional ISEs, do not require an optimization of the inner filling solution. This work shows that subnanomolar detection limits can also be achieved with SC-ISEs with three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon contacts, which have been shown recently to exhibit excellent long-term stabilities and good resistance to the interferences from oxygen and light. The detection limit of 3DOM carbon-contacted electrodes with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) as membrane matrix can be improved with a high polymer content of the sensing membrane, a large ratio of ionophore and ionic sites, and conditioning with a low concentration of analyte ions. This permits detection limits as low as 1.6×10(-7) M for K(+) and 4.0×10(-11) M for Ag(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ze Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
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HASSAN SSM, BADR IHA, KAMEL AH, MOHAMED MS. A Novel Poly(vinyl chloride) Matrix Membrane Sensor for Batch and Flow-Injection Determinations of Thiocyanate, Cyanide and Some Metal Ions. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:911-7. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ayman H. KAMEL
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
| | - Mona S. MOHAMED
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
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40
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Mazloum Ardakani M, Ebrahimi P, Mansournia MR. The complex (2,3;6,7;10,11;14,15-tetraphenyl-4,9,13,16-tetraoxo-1,5,8,12-tetraazacyclohexadecane) copper(II) as a carrier for a salicylate-sensitive poly(vinylchloride) membrane electrode. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193508090127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Saraswathyamma B, Pająk M, Radecki J, Maes W, Dehaen W, Girish Kumar K, Radecka H. PVC Supported Liquid Membrane and Carbon Paste Potentiometric Sensors Incorporating a Mn(III)-Porphyrin for the Direct Determination of Undissociated Paracetamol. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Koseoglu S, Lai CZ, Ferguson C, Bühlmann P. Response Mechanism of Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on a Guanidine Ionophore: An Apparently ‘Two-Thirds Nernstian’ Response Slope. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Pomecko R, Asfari Z, Hubscher-Bruder V, Bochenska M, Arnaud-Neu F. A New Phosphonium Calix[4]arene for Selective Anion Recognition: Synthesis and Studies in Solution and in Ion Selective Electrodes. Supramol Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270601123995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Pomecko
- a IPHC-DSA, ULP, CNRS , 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
- b Department of Chemical Technology , Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology , ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-264, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zouhair Asfari
- a IPHC-DSA, ULP, CNRS , 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Maria Bochenska
- b Department of Chemical Technology , Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology , ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-264, Gdansk, Poland
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44
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Potentiometric Responses of Ion-Selective Electrodes Doped with Diureidocalix[4]arene towards Un-dissociated Benzoic Acid. SENSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/s7081655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Singh A, Mehtab S, Singh U, Aggarwal V. Comparative Studies of Tridentate Sulfur and Nitrogen-Containing Ligands as Ionophores for Construction of Cadmium Ion-Selective Membrane Sensors. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Shokrollahi A, Ghaedi M, Montazerozohori M, Hosaini O, Ghaedi H. Construction of Suitable Iodide–Selective Electrode Based on Phenyl Mercury (II)(2‐mercaptobezothiozolate) Carrier. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701298602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Mazloum Ardakani M, Pourhakak P, Salavati-Niasari M. Bis(2-hydroxyacetophenone)ethylenediimine as a neutral carrier in a coated-wire membrane electrode for lead(II). ANAL SCI 2007; 22:865-70. [PMID: 16772687 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A coated-wire ion-selective electrode (CWISE), based on a Schiff base as a neutral carrier, was successfully developed for the detection of Pb(II) in aqueous solution. CWISE exhibited a linear response with a Nernstian slope of 29.4 +/- 0.5 mV/decade within the concentration range of 1.0 x 10(-5) - 1.0 x 10(-1) M lead ion. CWISE has shown detection limits of 5.0 x 10(-6) M. The electrode exhibited good selectivity over a number of alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. This sensor yielded a steady potential within 10 to 20 s at a linear dynamic range. The electrode was suitable for use in aqueous solutions in a pH range of 2.0 to 5.0. Applications of this electrode for the determination of lead in real samples and as indicator electrode for potentiometric titration of Pb2+ ion using K2CrO4 are reported.
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Potentiometric response and mechanism of anionic recognition of heterocalixarene-based ion selective electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 587:247-53. [PMID: 17386780 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ion selective electrode (ISE)-based potentiometric approach is shown to be an effective means of characterizing the anion recognition sites in the molecular receptor calix[2]pyridino[2]pyrrole (CPP). In particular, potentiometric pH-measurements involving the use of experimental PVC-membranes based on CPP revealed the existence of both mono- and diprotonated forms of the receptor under readily accessible conditions. Based on these analyses, apparent surface protonation constants for this heterocalixarene were found to lie between 8.5-8.9 (pK(B1)) and 3.3-3.8 (pK(B2)). CPP was found to interact with targeted anionic analytes based on both coulombic and hydrogen bond interactions, as inferred from varying the kinds of ionic sites present within the membrane phase. Potentiometric selectivity studies revealed that CPP preferred "Y-shaped" anions (e.g. acetate, lactate, benzoate) over spherical anions (e.g. fluoride and chloride), fluoride over chloride within the set of spherical anions, and the ortho-isomer over the corresponding meta- and para-isomers in the case of hydroxybenzoate (salicylate and congeners). In the context of this study, the advantages of potentiometric determinations of acetylsalicylic acid using optimized PVC-membranes based on CPP relative to more conventional PVC-membrane ISEs based on traditional anion exchanger were also demonstrated.
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Ye G, Chai Y, Ruo Y, Zhou L, Li Y, Zhang L. Salicylate Ion-Selective Electrode Based on New Tetranuclear Copper Complexes of O-Vannlin-methionine as Neutral Carriers. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:171-6. [PMID: 17297228 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new salicylate-selective PVC membrane electrode based on a new Schiff base tetranuclear copper complex of O-vannlin-methionine (Cu(II)(4)-TVM) as a neutral carrier is described. This electrode displays a preferential potentiometric response to salicylate and an anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence in the following order: Sal(-) > ClO(4)(-) > SCN(-) > I(-) > NO(2)(-) > NO(3)(-) > Br(-) > Cl(-) > SO(3)(2-) > SO(4)(2-) > H(2)PO(4)(-). The electrode exhibits near-Nernstian potential linear range of 1.5 x 10(-6)-1.0 x 10(-1) M with a detection limit of 8.0 x 10(-7) M and a slope of -56.3 mV/decade in pH 3.0-8.0 of phosphorate buffer solution at 20 degrees C. Thanks to the tetranuclear copper(II) in the carrier, the electrode has the advantages of simplicity, fast response, fair stability and reproducibility and low detection limit. The response mechanism to the electrodes is discussed by the a.c. impedance technique and the UV spectroscopy technique. The electrode can be applied to analyses of medicine and the results obtained are in fair agreement with the results given by a standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Ye
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongquing, PR China
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Radecka H, Grzybowska I, Radecki J, Jakubowski P, Loteran S, Orlewska C, Maes W, Dehaen W. Salicylate Determination in Human Plasma by ISEs Incorporating Mn(III)‐Porphyrine and Zn(II)‐Dipyrromethene. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600964767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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