1
|
Comas-Vilà G, Salvador P. Quantification of the Donor-Acceptor Character of Ligands by the Effective Fragment Orbitals. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400582. [PMID: 38831714 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Metal-ligand interactions are at the heart of transition metal complexes. The Dewar-Chat-Duncanson model is often invoked, whereby the metal-ligand bonding is decomposed into the simultaneous ligand→metal electron donation and the metal→ligand back-donation. The separate quantification of both effects is not a trivial task, neither from experimental nor computational exercises. In this work we present the effective fragment orbitals (EFOs) and their occupations as a general procedure beyond the Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT) framework for the identification and quantification of donor-acceptor interactions, using solely the wavefunction of the complex. Using a common Fe(II) octahedral complex framework, we quantify the σ-donor, π-donor, and π-acceptor character for a large and chemically diverse set of ligands, by introducing the respective descriptors σd, πd, and πa. We also explore the effect of the metal size, coordination number, and spin state on the donor/acceptor features. The spin-state is shown to be the most critical effect, inducing a systematic decrease of the sigma donation and π-backdonation going from low spin to high spin. Finally, we illustrate the ability of the EFOs to rationalize the Tolman electronic parameter and the trans influence in planar square complexes in terms of these new descriptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Comas-Vilà
- Departament de Química and Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Departament de Química and Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Steffenfauseweh H, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, de Bruin B, Ghadwal RS. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Wittig Hydrocarbon. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400879. [PMID: 38437163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogues of Wittig hydrocarbon, [(NHC)(Stil)(NHC)] (3a-c) (NHC = SIPr (1a) = C[N(Dipp)CH2]2, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; IPr (1b) = C[N(Dipp)CH]2; Me-IPr (1c) = C[N(Dipp)CMe]2 and Stil = C6H4CHCHC6H4) have been reported as crystalline solids. 3a-c are prepared by two-electron reductions of the corresponding bis-1,3-imidazoli(ni)um bromides [(NHC)(Stil)NHC)](Br)2 (2a-c) with KC8 in >94 % yields. 2a-c are accessible by the nickel catalyzed direct C-C coupling of NHCs (1a-c) with (E)-4,4'-dibromostilbene. One-electron oxidation of 3a,b yields the corresponding radical cations [(NHC)(Stil)NHC)]B(C6F5)4 4a,b. All compounds have been characterized by UV-Vis/NMR/EPR spectroscopy as well as 2a, 3a, and 3b by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The electronic structures of representative systems have been analyzed by quantum chemical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henric Steffenfauseweh
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bas de Bruin
- University of Amsterdam (UvA), Faculty of Science, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weinert HM, Wölper C, Radović A, Cutsail GE, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. From Neutral Diarsenes to Diarsene Radical Ions and Diarsene Dications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400204. [PMID: 38391392 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Diarsene [L(MeO)GaAs]2 (L=HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2, Ar=2,6-iPr2C6H3, 4) reacts with MeOTf and MeNHC (MeNHC=1,3,4,5-tetra-methylimidazol-2-ylidene) to the diarsene [L(TfO)GaAs]2 (5) and the carbene-coordinated diarsene [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)Ga(OMe)L] (6). The NHC-coordination results in an inversion of the redox properties of the diarsene 4, which shows only a reversible reduction event at E1/2=-2.06 V vs Fc0/+1, whereas the carbene-coordinated diarsene 6 shows a reversible oxidation event at E1/2=-1.31 V vs Fc0/+1. Single electron transfer reactions of 4 and 6 yielded [K[2.2.2.]cryp][L(MeO)GaAs]2 (8) and [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)-Ga(OMe)L][B(C6F5)4] (9) containing the radical anion [L(MeO)GaAs]2⋅- (8⋅-) and the NHC-coordinated radical cation [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)Ga(OMe)L]⋅+ (9⋅+), respectively, while the salt-elimination reaction of the triflate-coordinated diarsene 5 with Na[B(C6F5)4] gave [LGaAs]2[B(C6F5)4]2 (11) containing the dication [LGaAs]2 2+ (112+). Compounds 1-11 were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, EPR (8, 9), IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD). DFT calculations provided a detailed understanding of the electronic nature of the diarsenes (4, 6) and the radical ions (8⋅-, 9⋅+), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Micha Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Aleksa Radović
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muralidharan AV, Frenette BL, Wicke J, Omaña AA, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis pair adducts of alkynyl-capped tetrelenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7206-7212. [PMID: 38584458 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00795f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) adducts PB{ECl2} (PB = iPr2P(C6H4)BCy2; Cy = cyclohexyl; E = Si, Ge) were used to access a bis(alkynyl)-functionalized silylene and a germylene; the goal behind preparing these species was to obtain new unsaturated main group polymers [E(CCSiMe3)2]n upon heating. While the silylene adduct PB{Si(CCSiMe3)2} was stable up to 150 °C, the heavier element congener PB{Ge(CCSiMe3)2} underwent a complicated rearrangement process accompanied by Cy-group migration and Ge(II)-alkyne coordination. Density functional theory computations were performed to understand the mechanistic pathway for the unusual rearrangement of PB{Ge(CCSiMe3)2}.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek V Muralidharan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Brandon L Frenette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Julius Wicke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Merschel A, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Boosting the π-Acceptor Property of Mesoionic Carbenes by Carbonylation with Carbon Monoxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318525. [PMID: 38284508 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We report the room temperature dimerization of carbon monoxide mediated by C4/C5-vicinal anionic dicarbenes Li(ADC) (ADC = ArC{(Dipp)NC}2 ; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ; Ar = Ph, DMP (4-Me2 NC6 H4 ), Bp (4-PhC6 H4 )) to yield (E)-ethene-1,2-bis(olate) (i.e. - O-C=C-O- = COen ) bridged mesoionic carbene (iMIC) lithium compounds COen -[(iMIC)Li]2 (COen -[iMIC]2 = [ArC{(Dipp)NC}2 (CO)]2 ) in quantitative yields. COen -[(iMIC)Li]2 are highly colored stable solids, exhibit a strikingly small HOMO-LUMO energy gap, and readily undergo 2e-oxidations with selenium, CuCl (or CuCl2 ), and AgCl to afford the dinuclear compounds COon -[(iMIC)E]2 (E = Se, CuCl, AgCl) featuring a 1,2-dione bridged neutral bis-iMIC (i.e. COon -[iMIC]2 = [ArC{(Dipp)NC}2 (C=O)]2 ). COen -[(iMIC)Li]2 undergo redox-neutral salt metathesis reactions with LiAlH4 and (Et2 O)2 BeBr2 and afford COen -[(iMIC)AlH2 ]2 and COen -[(iMIC)BeBr]2 , in which the dianionic COen -moiety remains intact. All compounds have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. Stereoelectronic properties of COon -[iMIC]2 are quantified by experimental and theoretical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Deng CL, Hollister KK, Molino A, Tra BYE, Dickie DA, Wilson DJD, Gilliard RJ. Unveiling Three Interconvertible Redox States of Boraphenalene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6145-6156. [PMID: 38380615 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Neutral 1-boraphenalene displays the isoelectronic structure of the phenalenyl carbocation and is expected to behave as an attractive organoboron multi-redox system. However, the isolation of new redox states have remained elusive even though the preparation of neutral boron(III)-containing phenalene compounds have been extensively studied. Herein, we have adopted an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand stabilization approach to achieve the first isolation of the stable and ambipolar 1-boraphenalenyl radical 1•. The 1-boraphenalenyl cation 1+ and anion 1- have also been electrochemically observed and chemically isolated, representing new redox forms of boraphenalene for the study of non-Kekulé polynuclear benzenoid molecules. Experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that the interconvertible three-redox-state species undergo reversible electronic structure modifications, which primarily take place on the polycyclic framework of the molecules, exhibiting atypical behavior compared to known donor-stabilized organoboron compounds. Initial reactivity studies, aromaticity evaluations, and photophysical studies show redox-state-dependent trends. While 1+ is luminescent in both the solution and solid states, 1• exhibits boron-centered reactivity and 1- undergoes substitution chemistry on the boraphenalenyl skeleton and serves as a single-electron transfer reductant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kimberly K Hollister
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086 Victoria, Australia
| | - Bi Youan E Tra
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086 Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eisner T, Kostenko A, J Kiefer F, Inoue S. Synthesis and isolation of a cyclic bis-vinyl germylene via a diazoolefin adduct of germylene dichloride. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:558-561. [PMID: 38090978 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05090d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Since the successful isolation of various stable diazoolefins, an array of complexes containing these promising ligands have been synthesized. We herein report the synthesis, characterization, and structures of neutral group 14 diazoolefin complexes and the subsequent transformation into a new cyclic bis-vinyl germylene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Eisner
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b, München, Germany.
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b, München, Germany.
| | - Fiona J Kiefer
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b, München, Germany.
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b, München, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin J, Liu S, Zhang J, Grützmacher H, Su CY, Li Z. Room temperature stable E, Z-diphosphenes: their isomerization, coordination, and cycloaddition chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10944-10952. [PMID: 37829033 PMCID: PMC10566463 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04506d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
E,Z-isomers display distinct physical properties and chemical reactivities. However, investigations on heavy main group elements remain limited. In this work, we present the isolation and X-ray crystallographic characterization of N-heterocyclic vinyl (NHV) substituted diphosphenes as both E- and Z-isomers (L[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-P[double bond, length as m-dash]P-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]L, E,Z-2b; L = N-heterocyclic carbene). E-2b is thermodynamically more stable and undergoes reversible photo-stimulated isomerization to Z-2b. The less stable Z-isomer Z-2b can be thermally reverted to E-2b. Theoretical studies support the view that this E ↔ Z isomerization proceeds via P[double bond, length as m-dash]P bond rotation, reminiscent of the isomerization observed in alkenes. Furthermore, both E,Z-2b coordinate to an AuCl fragment affording the complex [AuCl(η2-Z-2b)] with the diphosphene ligand in Z-conformation, exclusively. In contrast, E,Z-2b undergo [2 + 4] and [2 + 1] cycloadditions with dienes or diazo compounds, respectively, yielding identical cycloaddition products in which the phosphorus bound NHV groups are in trans-position to each other. DFT calculations provide insight into the E/Z-isomerisation and stereoselective formation of Au(i) complexes and cycloaddition products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Lin
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Shihua Liu
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Zhongshu Li
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sharma MK, Weinert HM, Li B, Wölper C, Henthorn JT, Cutsail GE, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Syntheses and Structures of 5-Membered Heterocycles Featuring 1,2-Diphospha-1,3-Butadiene and Its Radical Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309466. [PMID: 37582227 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
LGa(P2 OC)cAAC 2 features a 1,2-diphospha-1,3-butadiene unit with a delocalized π-type HOMO and a π*-type LUMO according to DFT calculations. [LGa(P2 OC)cAAC][K(DB-18-c-6)] 3[K(DB-18-c-6] containing the 1,2-diphospha-1,3-butadiene radical anion 3⋅- was isolated from the reaction of 2 with KC8 and dibenzo-18-crown-6. 3 reacted with [Fc][B(C6 F5 )4 ] (Fc=ferrocenium) to 2 and with TEMPO to [L-H Ga(P2 OC)cAAC][K(DB-18-c-6)] 4[K(DB-18-c-6] containing the 1,2-diphospha-1,3-butadiene anion 4- . The solid state structures of 2, 3K(DB-18-c-6], and 4[K(DB-18-c-6] were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Hanns M Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Justin T Henthorn
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hansmann MM. Diazoalkenes: From an Elusive Intermediate to a Stable Substance Class in Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304574. [PMID: 37095063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Over decades diazoalkenes (R2 C=C=N2 ) were postulated as reactive intermediates in organic chemistry even though their direct spectroscopic detection proved very challenging. In the 1970/80ies several groups probed their existence mainly indirectly by trapping experiments or directly by matrix-isolation studies. In 2021, our group and the Severin group reported independently the synthesis and characterization of the first room-temperature stable diazoalkenes, which initiated a rapidly expanding research field. Up to now four different classes of N-heterocyclic substituted room-temperature stable diazoalkenes have been reported. Their properties and unique reactivity, such as N2 /CO exchange or utilization as vinylidene precursors in organic and transition metal chemistry are presented. This review summarizes the early discoveries of diazoalkenes from their initial postulation as transient, elusive species up to the recent findings of the room-temperature stable derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s have been in the focus of molecular main group chemistry for nearly 30 years. During this time, the diradical concept has evolved and the focus has shifted to the rational design of diradical(oid)s for specific applications. This review article begins with some important theoretical considerations of the diradical and tetraradical concept. Based on these theoretical considerations, the design of diradical(oid)s in terms of ligand choice, steric, symmetry, electronic situation, element choice, and reactivity is highlighted with examples. In particular, heteroatom-centered diradical reactions are discussed and compared with closed-shell reactions such as pericyclic additions. The comparison between closed-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a concerted manner, and open-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a stepwise fashion, along with considerations of diradical(oid) design, provides a rational understanding of this interesting and unusual class of compounds. The application of diradical(oid)s, for example in small molecule activation or as molecular switches, is also highlighted. The final part of this review begins with application-related details of the spectroscopy of diradical(oid)s, followed by an update of the heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s and tetraradical(oid)s published in the last 10 years since 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gong K, Xu F, Zhao Z, Li W, Liu D, Zhou X, Wang L. Theoretical investigation on the functional group modulation of UV-Vis absorption profiles of triphenylamine derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22002-22010. [PMID: 37555282 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the functional group modulation of electronic structure and excitation is pivotal to the design of organic small molecules (OSMs) for photoelectric applications. In this study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations to explore the unique absorption character of four triphenylamine photosensitizers. The various conformations were investigated given the multiple single bonds in the compounds, and the resemblance in the electronic structure of different conformations is affirmed because the coplanarity and consequent long-range conjugation is maintained regardless of the orientation of the flexible blocks. Six functionals were evaluated, and MN15 was found to successfully reproduce the intense secondary absorption peak for the double 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) modified sensitizer over B3LYP, PBE0, M062X, CAM-B3LYP, and ωB97XD. The introduction of EDOT gives rise to a new excited state S4, which is a local excitation constrained in the EDOT substituent triphenylamine block. This new excited state S4, in combination with inherent S2 and S3 derived from prototype molecule TPA-Pyc, jointly contributes to the hump of the secondary absorption peak of ETE-Pyc and finally affects the light-harvesting ability of the dye-sensitized TiO2 photoanode. The current findings provide guidance toward the rational design of OSMs with good light-harvest ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Fang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Dongzhi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lichang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baird SR, Hupf E, Watson IC, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. An indium(I) tetramer bound by anionic N-heterocyclic olefins: ambiphilic reactivity, transmetallation and a rare indium-imide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2903-2906. [PMID: 36752173 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc07006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An organometallic tetrahedron-shaped indium(I) tetramer [(MeIPrCH)In]4 (MeIPrCH = [(MeCNDipp)2CCH]-; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) supported by anionic N-heterocyclic olefin (aNHO) ligands is reported. The monomeric unit of this species exhibits both Lewis acidic and basic character at indium, while the steric profile of the aNHO ligand enables isolation of a rare monomeric imide, RInNR'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Baird
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Ian C Watson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Merschel A, Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ringenberg M, van Gastel M, Demirer TI, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline Anions Based on Classical N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215244. [PMID: 36398890 PMCID: PMC10107637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the first stable anions K[SIPrBp ] (4 a-K) and K[IPrBp ] (4 b-K) (SIPrBp =BpC{N(Dipp)CH2 }2 , IPrBp =BpC{N(Dipp)CH}2 ; Bp=4-PhC6 H4 ; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) derived from classical N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) (i.e. SIPr and IPr) have been isolated as violet crystalline solids. 4 a-K and 4 b-K are prepared by KC8 reduction of the neutral radicals [SIPrBp ] (3 a) and [IPrBp ] (3 b), respectively. The radicals 3 a and 3 b as well as [Me-IPrBp ] 3 c (Me-IPrBp =BpC{N(Dipp)CMe}2 ) are accessible as crystalline solids on treatment of the respective 1,3-imidazoli(ni)um bromides (SIPrBp )Br (2 a), (IPrBp )Br (2 b), and (Me-IPrBp )Br (2 c) with KC8 . The cyclic voltammograms of 2 a-2 c exhibit two one-electron reversible redox processes in -0.5 to -2.5 V region that correspond to the radicals 3 a-3 c and the anions (4 a-4 c)- . Computational calculations suggest a closed-shell singlet ground state for (4 a-4 c)- with the singlet-triplet energy gap of 17-24 kcal mol-1 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mark Ringenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - T Ilgin Demirer
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sharma MK, Chabbra S, Wölper C, Weinert HM, Reijerse EJ, Schnegg A, Schulz S. Modulating the frontier orbitals of L(X)Ga-substituted diphosphenes [L(X)GaP] 2 (X = Cl, Br) and their facile oxidation to radical cations. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12643-12650. [PMID: 36519043 PMCID: PMC9645402 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04207j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating the electronic structures of main group element compounds is crucial to control their chemical reactivity. Herein we report on the synthesis, frontier orbital modulation, and one-electron oxidation of two L(X)Ga-substituted diphosphenes [L(X)GaP]2 (X = Cl 2a, Br 2b; L = HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2, Ar = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3). Photolysis of L(Cl)GaPCO 1 gave [L(Cl)GaP]22a, which reacted with Me3SiBr with halide exchange to [L(Br)GaP]22b. Reactions with MeNHC (MeNHC = 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene) gave the corresponding carbene-coordinated complexes L(X)GaPP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L (X = Cl 3a, Br 3b). DFT calculations revealed that the carbene coordination modulates the frontier orbitals (i.e. HOMO/LUMO) of diphosphenes 2a and 2b, thereby affecting the reactivity of 3a and 3b. In marked contrast to diphosphenes 2a and 2b, the cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the carbene-coordinated complexes each show one reversible redox event at E 1/2 = -0.65 V (3a) and -0.36 V (3b), indicating their one-electron oxidation to the corresponding radical cations as was confirmed by reactions of 3a and 3b with the [FeCp2][B(C6F5)4], yielding the radical cations [L(X)GaPP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L]B(C6F5)4 (X = Cl 4a, Br 4b). The unpaired spin in 4a (79%) and 4b (80%) is mainly located at the carbene-uncoordinated phosphorus atoms as was revealed by DFT calculations and furthermore experimentally proven in reactions with n Bu3SnH, yielding the diphosphane cations [L(X)GaPHP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L]B(C6F5)4 (X = Cl 5a, Br 5b). Compounds 2-5 were fully characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD), and compounds 4a and 4b were further studied by EPR spectroscopy, while their bonding nature was investigated by DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Sonia Chabbra
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Hanns M Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Steffenfauseweh H, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler H, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of an Arsenic Diradicaloid with a Cyclic C 2 As 2 -Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207415. [PMID: 35652361 PMCID: PMC9545666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity studies of the first cyclic C2 As2 -diradicaloid {(IPr)CAs}2 (6) (IPr = C{N(Dipp)CH}2 ; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ). Treatment of (IPr)CH2 (1) with AsCl3 affords the Lewis adduct {(IPr)CH2 }AsCl3 (2). Compound 2 undergoes stepwise dehydrochlorination to yield {(IPr)CH}AsCl2 (3) and {(IPr)CAsCl}2 (5 a) or [{(IPr)CAs}2 Cl]OTf (5 b). Reduction of 5 a (or 5 b) with magnesium turnings gives 6 as a red crystalline solid in 90% yield. Compound 6 featuring a planar C2 As2 ring is diamagnetic and exhibits well resolved NMR signals. DFT calculations reveal a singlet ground state for 6 with a small singlet-triplet energy gap of 8.7 kcal mol-1 . The diradical character of 6 amounts to 20% (CASSCF, complete active space self consistent field) and 28% (DFT). Treatments of 6 with (PhSe)2 and Fe2 (CO)9 give rise to {(IPr)CAs(SePh)}2 (7) and {(IPr)CAs}2 Fe(CO)4 (8), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henric Steffenfauseweh
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Yury V. Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schulz A, Beweries T, Rothe J, Villinger A, Reiss F, Bresien J. A 2‐Aza‐3,4‐Diphospha‐1‐Bora‐Butadiene. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schulz
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock GERMANY
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Singh PR, Gopal B, Kumar M, Goswami A. A metal-free BF 3·OEt 2 mediated chemoselective protocol for the synthesis of propargylic cyclic imines. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4933-4941. [PMID: 35648486 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chemoselective and metal/additive-free protocol for the synthesis of propargylic cyclic imine derivatives via (3 + 2)-cycloaddition of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes and alkynylnitriles in the presence of BF3·OEt2 has been established. The newly developed methodology provided access to a variety of propargylic cyclic imines in good to excellent yields. In addition, the synthesis of propargylic amines and the corresponding very stable enol derivatives from the title compound is also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon Raj Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, SS Bhatnagar Block, Main Campus, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Braj Gopal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, SS Bhatnagar Block, Main Campus, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Madan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, SS Bhatnagar Block, Main Campus, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Avijit Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, SS Bhatnagar Block, Main Campus, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
This Perspective article highlights the recent development of mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefins (mNHOs), where the exo-cyclic olefinic carbon is not bonded to strongly electron-withdrawing groups. The unquenched basicity and nucleophilicity of the exo-cyclic olefinic carbon make mNHOs strong σ-donors and enable unique reactivity patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Liang
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6.
| | - Datong Song
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Steffenfauseweh H, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Andrada DM, Ghadwal R. Isolation of an Arsenic Diradicaloid with a Cyclic C2As2‐Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beate Neumann
- Bielefeld University: Universitat Bielefeld Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | - Diego M. Andrada
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Rajendra Ghadwal
- Universitat Bielefeld Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universitätstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Ebeler F, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler H, Ghadwal RS. Mesoionic Dithiolates (MIDts) Derived from 1,3-Imidazole-Based Anionic Dicarbenes (ADCs). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200739. [PMID: 35363912 PMCID: PMC9323478 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesoionic dithiolates [(MIDtAr )Li(LiBr)2 (THF)3 ] (MIDtAr ={SC(NDipp)}2 CAr; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ; Ar=Ph 3 a, 3-MeC6 H4 (3-Tol) 3 b, 4-Me2 NC6 H4 (DMP) 3 c) and [(MIDtPh )Li(THF)2 ] (4) are readily accessible (in≥90 % yields) as crystalline solids on treatments of anionic dicarbenes Li(ADCAr ) (2 a-c) (ADCAr ={C(NDipp)2 }2 CAr) with elemental sulfur. 3 a-c and 4 are monoanionic ditopic ligands with both the sulfur atoms formally negatively charged, while the 1,3-imidazole unit bears a formal positive charge. Treatment of 4 with (L)GeCl2 (L=1,4-dioxane) affords the germylene (MIDtPh )GeCl (5) featuring a three-coordinated Ge atom. 5 reacts with (L)GeCl2 to give the Ge-Ge catenation product (MIDtPh )GeGeCl3 (6). KC8 reduction of 5 yields the homoleptic germylene (MIDtPh )2 Ge (7). Compounds 3 a-c and 4-7 have been characterized by spectroscopic studies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The electronic structures of 4-7 have been analyzed by DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falk Ebeler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Yury V. Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Watson I, Zhou Y, Ferguson M, Rivard E. Group 4 Transition Metal Complexes with Anionic N‐Heterocyclic Olefin Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Rivard
- University of Alberta Deptm. of Chemistry 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. T6G 2G2 Edmonton CANADA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kooij B, Dong Z, Varava P, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Piveteau L, Severin K. Vanadium complexes with N-heterocyclic vinylidene ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4204-4207. [PMID: 35274647 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and the structural characterization of vanadium complexes with terminal and bridging N-heterocyclic vinylidene ligands is reported. The synthesis of the complexes was enabled by utilization of diazoolefins as ligand precursors. Structural data and theoretical results show that N-heterocyclic vinylidenes can act as 6e- donor ligands, leading to strong metal-carbon interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Kooij
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Zhaowen Dong
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Varava
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Piveteau
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Merschel A, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler G, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline phosphino-functionalized mesoionic olefins (p-MIOs). Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8217-8222. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01314b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphino-functionalized mesoionic olefins (p-MIOs), (iMIC)CHR (iMIC = PhC{N(Dipp)}2C(PPh2)C, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; R = H 4a or Ph 4b) derived from a 1,3-imidazole based mesoionic carbene (iMIC) are reported. The p-MIOs...
Collapse
|