1
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Terada M, Iwasaki Z, Yazaki R, Umemiya S, Kikuchi J. Development of a flow photochemical process for a π-Lewis acidic metal-catalyzed cyclization/radical addition sequence: in situ-generated 2-benzopyrylium as photoredox catalyst and reactive intermediate. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1973-1980. [PMID: 39161711 PMCID: PMC11331546 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A flow photochemical reaction system for a π-Lewis acidic metal-catalyzed cyclization/radical addition sequence was developed, which utilizes in situ-generated 2-benzopyrylium intermediates as the photoredox catalyst and electrophilic substrates. The key 2-benzopyrylium intermediates were generated in the flow reaction system through the intramolecular cyclization of ortho-carbonyl alkynylbenzene derivatives by the π-Lewis acidic metal catalyst AgNTf2 and the subsequent proto-demetalation with trifluoroacetic acid. The 2-benzopyrylium intermediates underwent further photoreactions with benzyltrimethylsilane derivatives as the donor molecule in the flow photoreactor to provide 1H-isochromene derivatives in higher yields in most cases than the batch reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Zen Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Umemiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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2
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Chen J, Tan C, Rodrigalvarez J, Zhang S, Martin R. Site-Selective Distal C(sp 3)-H Bromination of Aliphatic Amines as a Gateway for Forging Nitrogen-Containing sp 3 Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406485. [PMID: 38770612 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a new strategy that rapidly and reliably incorporates bromine atoms at distal, secondary C(sp3)-H sites in aliphatic amines with an excellent and predictable site-selectivity pattern. The resulting halogenated building blocks serve as versatile linchpins to enable a series of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-formations at remote C(sp3) sites, thus offering a new modular and unified platform that expediates the access to advanced sp3 architectures possessing valuable nitrogen-containing saturated heterocycles of interest in medicinal chemistry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Clarence Tan
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jesus Rodrigalvarez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Li WT, Zhang ZX, Huang J, Jiang HM, Luo ZW, Li JH, Ouyang XH. Photochemical Divergent Ring-Closing Metathesis of 1,7-Enynes: Efficient Synthesis of Spirocyclic Quinolin-2-ones. Org Lett 2024; 26:6664-6669. [PMID: 39078505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
A photocatalytic method for the ring-closing 1,7-enyne metathesis using the α-amino radical as an alkene deconstruction auxiliary is present. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer is the key to the generation and β-scission of the α-amino radical, while the dearomatization of arenes and ring opening of cyclopropanes are the key to construct spirocyclic quinolin-2-ones. This approach highlights the potential of ring-closing 1,7-enyne metathesis, providing a green, efficient, and step-economical way for the synthesis of spirocyclic quinolin-2-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
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4
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Ilic A, Strücker BR, Johnson CE, Hainz S, Lomoth R, Wärnmark K. Aminomethylations of electron-deficient compounds-bringing iron photoredox catalysis into play. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12077-12085. [PMID: 39092117 PMCID: PMC11290444 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02612h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The α-functionalisation of N-containing compounds is an area of broad interest in synthetic chemistry due to their presence in biologically active substances among others. Visible light-induced generation of nucleophilic α-aminoalkyl radicals as reactive intermediates that can be trapped by electron-deficient alkenes presents an attractive and mild approach to achieve said functionalisation. In this work, [Fe(iii)(phtmeimb)2]PF6 (phtmeimb = phenyl(tris(3-methylimidazol-2-ylidene))borate), an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex based on Earth-abundant iron, was used as photoredox catalyst to efficiently drive the formation of α-aminoalkyl radicals from a range of different α-trimethylsilylamines and their subsequent addition to a number of electron-deficient alkenes under green light irradiation. Mechanistic investigations elucidated the different reaction steps of the complete photocatalytic cycle. In terms of yields and substrate scope, we show that [Fe(iii)(phtmeimb)2]PF6 can compete with noble metal photoredox catalysts, for instance outcompeting archetypal [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 under comparable reaction conditions, illustrating that iron photocatalysts can efficiently facilitate photoredox reactions of synthetic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ilic
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Benjamin R Strücker
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Catherine E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Simon Hainz
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Reiner Lomoth
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University SE-22100 Lund Sweden
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5
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Liu H, Li W, Xu X, Yang M, Han D, Yang X. Visible light driven photoredox/nickel-catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of Z- or E-vinyl thioethers from thiosilane and terminal alkynes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5524-5528. [PMID: 38899407 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00652f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of anti-Markovnikov Z- or E-vinyl thioethers from thiosilane and terminal alkynes under visible-light-induced photoredox/nickel dual catalysis conditions is described. With a judicious choice of a simple nickel catalyst and a ligand, this strategy enables efficient and divergent access to both Z- or E-vinyl thioethers from the same set of simple starting materials. Notably, the approach is free of odorous thiol and has excellent compatibility with functional groups and substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China.
| | - Wenjing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China.
| | - Xia Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China.
| | - Meiding Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China.
| | - Deman Han
- School of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China.
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6
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Liu WQ, Lee BC, Song N, He Z, Shen ZA, Lu Y, Koh MJ. Electrochemical Synthesis of C(sp 3)-Rich Amines by Aminative Carbofunctionalization of Carbonyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402140. [PMID: 38650440 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Alkylamines form the backbone of countless nitrogen-containing small molecules possessing desirable biological properties. Despite advances in amine synthesis through transition metal catalysis and photoredox chemistry, multicomponent reactions that leverage inexpensive materials to transform abundant chemical feedstocks into three-dimensional α-substituted alkylamines bearing complex substitution patterns remain scarce. Here, we report the design of a catalyst-free electroreductive manifold that merges amines, carbonyl compounds and carbon-based radical acceptors under ambient conditions without rigorous exclusion of air and moisture. Key to this aminative carbofunctionalization process is the chemoselective generation of nucleophilic α-amino radical intermediates that readily couple with electrophilic partners, providing straightforward access to architecturally intricate alkylamines and drug-like scaffolds which are inaccessible by conventional means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Chong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - NingXi Song
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhenghao He
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zi-An Shen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
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7
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Weiser M, Pálvölgyi Á, Weil M, Bica-Schröder K. Continuous Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Ketones via Direct Photoexcitation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8906-8914. [PMID: 38856707 PMCID: PMC11197082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Motivated by the scarcity of enantioselective direct intermolecular α-alkylation reactions of ketones with simple alkyl halides, we report a photo-organocatalytic process to access diethyl 2-(2-oxocyclohexyl)malonate and derivatives in good yield and enantioselectivity. The reaction design is based on highly abundant and nature-derived 9-amino-9-deoxy-epi-cinchona alkaloids to activate ketones as transient secondary enamines, which exist unfavorably in equilibrium with imines. These condensed species can serve as powerful photoinitiators via direct photoexcitation. This concept provides access to both enantiomeric antipodes. In addition to introducing an uncomplicated batch-optimized procedure, we investigated the feasibility and limitations of implementing the reaction in continuous flow, thus enabling to obtain diethyl 2-(2-oxocyclohexyl)malonate with a productivity of 47 μmol/h and 84% enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weiser
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Matthias Weil
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Wang C, Chen Z, Sun J, Tong L, Wang W, Song S, Li J. Sulfonamide-directed site-selective functionalization of unactivated C(sp 3)-H enabled by photocatalytic sequential electron/proton transfer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5087. [PMID: 38876986 PMCID: PMC11178871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of alkyl radical from C(sp3)-H substrates via hydrogen atom abstraction represents a desirable yet underexplored strategy in alkylation reaction since involving common concerns remain adequately unaddressed, such as the harsh reaction conditions, limited substrate scope, and the employment of noble metal- or photo-catalysts and stoichiometric oxidants. Here, we utilize the synergistic strategy of photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis to accomplish a general and practical functionalization of unactived C(sp3)-H centers with broad reaction scope, high functional group compatibility, and operational simplicity. A combination of validation experiments and density functional theory reveals that the N-centered radicals, generated from free N - H bond in a stepwise electron/proton transfer event, are the key intermediates that enable an intramolecular 1,5-HAT or intermolecular HAT process for nucleophilic carbon-centered radicals formation to achieve heteroarylation, alkylation, amination, cyanation, azidation, trifluoromethylthiolation, halogenation and deuteration. The practical value of this protocol is further demonstrated by the gram-scale synthesis and the late-stage functionalization of natural products and drug derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Luwei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Shengjie Song
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China.
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Taizhou Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Taizhou, P. R. of China.
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9
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Sun NX, Wang LC, Fang Z, Wang CS, Guo K, Wu XF. Iron-Catalyzed Aminoalkylative Carbonylative Cyclization of Alkenes toward α-Tetralones. Org Lett 2024; 26:3140-3144. [PMID: 38563571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Carbonylative multifunctionalization of alkenes is an efficient approach to introduce multiple functional groups into one molecule from easily available materials. Herein, we developed an iron-catalyzed radical relay carbonylative cyclization of alkenes with acetamides. Various α-tetralones can be constructed in moderate yields from readily available substrates with an earth-abundant iron salt as the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Xian Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Le-Cheng Wang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, Liaoning China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, Liaoning China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., 18059, Rostock, Germany
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10
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Kundu S, Maji MS. Solution-Phase Late-Stage Chemoselective Photocatalytic Removal of Sulfonyl and Phenacyl Groups in Peptides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400033. [PMID: 38345998 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, BPC catalyzed visible-light-triggered target-specific late-stage solution phase desulfonylation from tryptophan in oligopeptides is portrayed by overcoming the isolation issue up to octamers. This robust and mild method is highly predictable and chemoselective, tolerating myriad of functional groups in aza-heteroaromatics and peptides. Interestingly, reductive desulfonylation is also amenable to biologically significant reactive histidine and tyrosine side chains, signifying the versatility of the strategy. Additional efficacy of BPC is demonstrated by solution phase phenacyl deprotection from C-terminal in peptides. Furthermore, excellent catalyst loading of 0.5 mol% and recyclability demonstrate the practical utility and applicability of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
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11
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Zhang X, Li R, Sun Z. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 1,6-Dicarbonyl Compounds through Photocatalytic One-Pot Tandem Three-Component Reaction. Org Lett 2024; 26:2585-2589. [PMID: 38517195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical 1,6-dicarbonyl compounds are useful building blocks in organic synthesis. However, the synthetic methods are limited. Herein we report a three-component one-pot reaction for the synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,6-diketones. This reaction utilizes sulfides as radical precursors and enol ethers as building blocks. It takes advantage of photocatalysis and Lewis acid catalysis. Its synthetic utility was demonstrated in the modification of biorelevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruining Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhankui Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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12
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Qi JQ, Suo W, Liu J, Sun S, Jiao L, Guo X. Direct Observation of All Open-Shell Intermediates in a Photocatalytic Cycle. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7140-7145. [PMID: 38466365 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Molecular photocatalysis has shown tremendous success in sustainable energy and chemical synthesis. However, visualizing the transient open-shell intermediates in photocatalysis is a significant and long-standing challenge. By employing our recently developed innovative time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance technique, we directly observed all radicals and radical ions involved in the photocatalytic addition of pempidine to tert-butyl acrylate. The full picture of the photocatalytic cycle is vividly illustrated by the fine structures, chemical kinetics, and dynamic spin polarization of all open-shell intermediates directly observed in this prototypical system. Given the universality of this methodology, we believe it greatly empowers the research paradigm of direct observation in both photocatalysis and radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qing Qi
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiqun Suo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Songtao Sun
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingwei Guo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Wang C, Liu X, Wang Q, Fang WH, Chen X. Unveiling Mechanistic Insights and Photocatalytic Advancements in Intramolecular Photo-(3 + 2)-Cycloaddition: A Comparative Assessment of Two Paradigmatic Single-Electron-Transfer Models. JACS AU 2024; 4:419-431. [PMID: 38425917 PMCID: PMC10900211 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1-aminonorbornane (1-aminoNB), a potential aniline bioisostere, through photochemistry or photoredox catalysis signifies a remarkable breakthrough with implications in organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, and sustainable chemistry. However, an understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in these reactions remains limited and ambiguous. Herein, we employ high-precision CASPT2//CASSCF calculations to elucidate the intricate mechanisms regulating the intramolecular photo-(3 + 2)-cycloaddition reactions for the synthesis of 1-aminoNB in the presence or absence of the Ir-complex-based photocatalyst. Our investigations delve into radical cascades, stereoselectivity, particularly single-electron-transfer (SET) events, etc. Furthermore, we innovatively introduce and compare two SET models integrating Marcus electron-transfer theory and transition-state theory. These models combined with kinetic data contribute to recognizing the critical control factors in diverse photocatalysis, thereby guiding the design and manipulation of photoredox catalysis as well as the improvement and modification of photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Li G, Shi S, Qian J, Norton JR, Xu GX, Liu JR, Hong X. Kinetics of H· Transfer from CpCr(CO) 3H to Various Enamides: Application to Construction of Pyrrolidines. JACS AU 2023; 3:3366-3373. [PMID: 38155656 PMCID: PMC10751771 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The rate constants kH (kD) have been determined at 27 °C for H· (D·) transfer from CpCr(CO)3H(D) to the C=C bonds of various enamides. This process leads to the formation of α-amino radicals. Vinyl enamides with N-alkyl and N-phenyl substituents have proven to be good H· acceptors, with rate constants close to those of styrene and methyl methacrylate. A methyl substituent on the incipient radical site decreases kH by a factor of 4; a methyl substituent on the carbon that will receive the H· decreases kH by a factor of 380. The measured kH values indicate that these α-amino radicals can be used for the cyclization of enamides to pyrrolidines. A vanadium hydride, HV(CO)4(dppe), has proven more effective at the cyclization of enamides than Cr or Co hydrides-presumably because the weakness of the V-H bond leads to faster H· transfer. The use of the vanadium hydride is operationally simple, employs mild reaction conditions, and has a broad substrate scope. Calculations have confirmed that H· transfer is the slowest step in these cyclization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchen Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shicheng Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jin Qian
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack R. Norton
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Guo-Xiong Xu
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ji-Ren Liu
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang
Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province , China
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
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15
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Qin Y, Cauwenbergh R, Pradhan S, Maiti R, Franck P, Das S. Straightforward synthesis of functionalized γ-Lactams using impure CO 2 stream as the carbon source. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7604. [PMID: 37989749 PMCID: PMC10663487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43289-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct utilization of CO2 into organic synthesis finds enormous applications to synthesize pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. However, pure CO2 gas is essential to achieve these transformations, and the purification of CO2 is highly cost and energy intensive. Considering this, we describe a straightforward synthetic route for the synthesis of γ-lactams, a pivotal core structure of bioactive molecules, by using commercially available starting materials (alkenes and amines) and impure CO2 stream (exhaust gas is collected from the car) as the carbon source. This blueprint features a broad scope, excellent functional group compatibility and application to the late-stage transformation of existing pharmaceuticals and natural products to synthesize functionalized γ-lactams. We believe that our strategy will provide direct access to γ-lactams in a very sustainable way and will also enhance the Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuman Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Robin Cauwenbergh
- Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Suman Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Rakesh Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Philippe Franck
- Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Shoubhik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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16
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Zhang T, Huang H. Photocatalyzed Aminomethylation of Alkyl Halides Enabled by Sterically Hindered N-Substituents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310114. [PMID: 37721856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) coupling of alkyl halides and tertiary amines offers a promising tool for the rapid decoration of amine skeletons. However, this approach has not been well established, partially due to the challenges in precisely distinguishing and controlling the reactivity of amine-coupling partners and their product homologues. Herein, we developed a metal-free photocatalytic system for the aminomethylation of alkyl halides through radical-involved C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation, allowing for the synthesis of sterically congested tertiary amines that are of interest in organic synthesis but not easily prepared by other methods. Mechanistic studies disclosed that sterically hindered N-substituents are key to activate the amine coupling partners by tuning their redox potentials to drive the reaction forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, P. R. China
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17
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Sun X, Zheng K. Electrochemical halogen-atom transfer alkylation via α-aminoalkyl radical activation of alkyl iodides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6825. [PMID: 37884528 PMCID: PMC10603137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyl halides, widely recognized as important building blocks and reagents in organic synthesis, can serve as versatile alkyl radical precursors in radical-based transformations. However, generating alkyl radicals directly from unactivated alkyl halides under mild conditions remains a challenge due to their extremely low reduction potentials. To address this issue, α-aminoalkyl radicals were employed as efficient halogen-atom transfer (XAT) reagents in the photoredox activation of unactivated alkyl halides. Here, we report an effective electrooxidation strategy for generating alkyl radicals from unactivated alkyl iodides via an electrochemical halogen-atom transfer (e-XAT) process under mild conditions. The α-aminoalkyl radicals generated by anodic oxidation are demonstrated to be efficient XAT reagents in these transformations. This facile electricity-driven strategy obviates the need for sacrificial anodes and external chemical oxidants. The method successfully applies to a wide variety of alkyl iodides, including primary, secondary, and tertiary, as well as structurally diverse olefins, exhibiting excellent functional group tolerance. Moreover, we further demonstrate the utility of this strategy by rapidly functionalizing complex molecules and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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18
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Wang W, Yan X, Ye F, Zheng S, Huang G, Yuan W. Nickel/Photoredox Dual-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Aminoalkylation of Unactivated Alkyl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23385-23394. [PMID: 37824756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
A mild and regiodivergent aminoalkylation of unactivated alkyl halides is disclosed via a dual photoredox/nickel catalysis. Bipyridyl-type ligands without an ortho-substituent control the site-selective coupling at the original position, while ortho-disubstituted ligands tune the site-selectivity at a remote, unprefunctionalized position. Mechanistic studies combined with DFT calculations give insight into the mechanism and the origins of the ligand-controlled regioselectivity. Notably, this redox-neutral, regiodivergent alkyl-alkyl coupling features mild conditions, broad substrate scope for both alkyl coupling partners, and excellent site-selectivity and offers a straightforward way for α-alkylation of tertiary amines to synthesize structurally diverse alkylamines and value-added amino acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyuan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Songlin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
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19
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Chen YZ, Chen YM, Hu Y, Qu JP, Kang YB. Transalkylation via C-N Bond Cleavage of Amines Catalyzed by Super Organophotoreductant CBZ6. Org Lett 2023; 25:7518-7522. [PMID: 37797085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The super organoreductant CBZ6-catalyzed tandem transalkylation-cyclization using amines as traceless radical donors and stabilizer is reported. The later-stage breaking of an N-C bond enables the transalkylation with a secondary amine as the leaving moiety. A wide range of tertiary amines were used as alkyl radical donors for the C1-C8 alkyls. This traceless stabilizer also enabled the transalkylation with methyl radical, which is normally not possible because of the instability of methyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ze Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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20
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Wang A, Yin YY, Rukhsana, Wang LQ, Jin JH, Shen YM. Visible-Light-Mediated Three-Component Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions to Synthesize 1,4-Diol Monoethers. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13871-13882. [PMID: 37683099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach for 1,2-difunctionalization of aromatic olefins and the synthesis of functionalized 1,4-diols monoethers has been established via a photoinduced three-component reaction of an α-alkoxycarboxylic acid, an aromatic olefin, and an aldehyde. The reaction proceeds by photoinduced oxidative decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid followed by the addition of the α-alkoxyalkyl radical to the olefin, one-electron reduction of the addition radical, and the nucleophilic attack of the resulting carbanion to the aldehyde. Besides the convenient one-pot protocol of the three-component reaction, this method offers several other advantages, including good functional group tolerance for the three substrates, gentle reaction conditions, and ease of scaling up. The reaction mechanism has been investigated through free radical trapping experiment and isotope labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Yun Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Shengzhou Innovation Research Institute, Shengzhou 312400, P.R. China
| | - Rukhsana
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Le-Quan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Miao Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Shengzhou Innovation Research Institute, Shengzhou 312400, P.R. China
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21
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Delos Reyes AMV, Nieves Escobar CS, Muñoz A, Huffman MI, Tan DS. Direct conversion of amino acids to oxetanol bioisosteres via photoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10524-10531. [PMID: 37799988 PMCID: PMC10548506 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00936j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are an important structural feature in many drugs, but are associated with a number of unfavorable pharmacological properties. To address this problem, carboxylic acids can be replaced with bioisosteric mimics that interact similarly with biological targets but avoid these liabilities. Recently, 3-oxetanols have been identified as useful carboxylic acid bioisosteres that maintain similar hydrogen-bonding capacity while decreasing acidity and increasing lipophilicity. However, the installation of 3-oxetanols generally requires multistep de novo synthesis, presenting an obstacle to investigation of these promising bioisosteres. Herein, we report a new synthetic approach involving direct conversion of carboxylic acids to 3-oxetanols using a photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative addition to 3-oxetanone. Two versions of the transformation have been developed, in the presence or absence of CrCl3 and TMSCl cocatalysts. The reactions are effective for a variety of N-aryl α-amino acids and have excellent functional group tolerance. The Cr-free conditions generally provide higher yields and avoid the use of chromium reagents. Further, the Cr-free conditions were extended to a series of N,N-dialkyl α-amino acid substrates. Mechanistic studies suggest that the Cr-mediated reaction proceeds predominantly via in situ formation of an alkyl-Cr intermediate while the Cr-free reaction proceeds largely via radical addition to a Brønsted acid-activated ketone. Chain propagation processes provide quantum yields of 5 and 10, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelyn Mae V Delos Reyes
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Christopher S Nieves Escobar
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Maya I Huffman
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Summer Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Derek S Tan
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Summer Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Tri-Institutional Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
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22
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Yue WJ, Martin R. α-Difluoroalkylation of Benzyl Amines with Trifluoromethylarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310304. [PMID: 37596243 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
An α-difluoroalkylation of benzyl amines with trifluoromethylarenes is disclosed herein. This protocol is characterized by its operational simplicity, excellent chemoselectivity and broad scope-even with advanced synthetic intermediates-, thus offering a new entry point to medicinally-relevant α-difluoroalkylated amines from simple, yet readily accessible, precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Yue
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel⋅lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Sportelli G, Grando G, Bevilacqua M, Filippini G, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalyst for the Direct Formylation of Anilines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301718. [PMID: 37439718 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) for the photocatalytic radical formylation of anilines, which represents a more sustainable and attractive alternative to the currently used approaches, is reported herein. Our operationally simple method occurs under mild conditions, employing air as an oxidant. In particular, the chemistry is driven by the ability of g-CN to reach an electronically excited state upon visible-light absorption, which has a suitable potential energy to trigger the formation of reactive α-amino radical species from anilines. Mechanistic investigations also proved the key role of the g-CN to form reactive superoxide radicals from O2 via single electron transfer. Importantly, this photocatalytic transformation provides a variety of functionalized formamides (15 examples, up to 89 % yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sportelli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaia Grando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuela Bevilacqua
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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24
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Filipović A, Džambaski Z, Bondžić AM, Bondžić BP. Visible-light promoted photoredox catalysis in flow: addition of biologically important α‑amino radicals to michael acceptors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2259-2270. [PMID: 37340217 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Visible light promoted photoredox catalyzed formation of α-amino radicals from cyclic tertiary amine compounds and their subsequent addition to Michael acceptors performed in flow conditions allowed access to a wide range of functionalized N-aryl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) and N-aryl-substituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs). Visible light in conjunction with Ru(bpy)3Cl2 photocatalyst allowed the formation and high reactivities of α-amino radicals in flow conditions at room temperature. These reactions gave valuable products with high efficiencies; some previously unavailable reaction pathways photo or thermal reaction conditions; i.e. direct synthesis of 1-substituted (THBCs) via α-amino radical path were successfully realized in flow. The use of custom-made FEP tube microreactor proved to be the key to succesfull α-amino-radical formation and overall reaction performance in flow. Three types of light transparent custom-made microfluidic devices were tested, among them glass/silicon and FEP type reactor showed very good results in the conversion of tested compounds. Plausible reaction mechanism is proposed in accordance with known principles of photo activation of tertiary amines. Visible light promoted C(sp3)-H functionalization of N-aryl-protected tetrahydroisoquinolines and N-aryl-protected tetrahydro-β-carbolines in microflow conditions via a-amino radical pathway with various coupling partners in excellent yields and efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Zdravko Džambaski
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra M Bondžić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan P Bondžić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
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25
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Zhao H, Hu Y, Zheng S, Yuan W. α-Tertiary Primary Amine Synthesis via Photocatalytic C(sp 3)-H Aminoalkylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:6699-6704. [PMID: 37675946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Facile access to sterically hindered α-tertiary primary amines via photocatalytic radical coupling of native C(sp3)-H substrates with N-unsubstituted ketimines is reported. LiBr was used as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent to cleave C(sp3)-H bonds to get alkyl radicals. The in situ-generated HBr can then serve as a Bronsted acid to activate N-unsubstituted ketimines readily for single-electron reduction to deliver α-amino radicals. As a consequence, radical-radical coupling affords primary amines with a congested α-tertiary substituent. This reaction is highlighted by simple and mild conditions, 100% atom-economy, and broad hydrocarbon substrate scope for benzyl ethers, cyclic ethers, benzyl alcohols, alkylarenes, and carbocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Songlin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
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26
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Singh T, Upreti GC, Arora S, Chauhan H, Singh A. Visible-light mediated, oxygen-promoted regioselective cross-dehydrogenative coupling of coumarins and dimethylanilines. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6671-6674. [PMID: 37540040 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00923h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a regioselective, photocatalytic C3 α-aminoalkylation of coumarins via a cross-dehydrogenative coupling of dimethylanilines and coumarins. Molecular oxygen was utilized as the oxidizing agent in this transformation, which exhibits a wide substrate scope and affords the products in good yields. It was established that 4-amino-substituted coumarin reacts via a different mechanism compared to coumarin derivatives that are unsubstituted at the 4-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ganesh Chandra Upreti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shivani Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Himanshu Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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27
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Takekawa Y, Nakagawa M, Nagao K, Ohmiya H. A Quadruple Catalysis Enabling Intermolecular Branch-Selective Hydroacylation of Styrenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301484. [PMID: 37260048 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A quadruple N-heterocyclic carbene/cobalt/photoredox/Brønsted base catalysis to realize branch-selective hydroacylation of styrenes with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes is demonstrated. This protocol allows access to branched ketones from readily available materials in an atom-economical manner. The quadruple catalysis can transfer a formyl hydrogen of aldehydes as a hydrogen radical equivalent onto the terminal carbon of an alkene by controlled electron and proton transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Takekawa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masanari Nakagawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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28
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Jiang Y, Liu D, Rotella ME, Deng G, Liu Z, Chen W, Zhang H, Kozlowski MC, Walsh PJ, Yang X. Net-1,2-Hydrogen Atom Transfer of Amidyl Radicals: Toward the Synthesis of 1,2-Diamine Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16045-16057. [PMID: 37441806 PMCID: PMC10411589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes are among the most useful approaches for the selective construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. 1,5-HAT with heteroatom-centered radicals (O•, N•) have been well established and are favored relative to other 1,n-HAT processes. In comparison, net 1,2-HAT processes have been observed infrequently. Herein, the first amidyl radicalls are reported that preferentially undergo a net 1,2-HAT over 1,5-HAT. Beginning with single electron transfer from 2-azaallyl anions to N-alkyl N-aryloxy amides, the latter generate amidyl radicals. The amidyl radical undergoes a net-1,2-HAT to generate a C-centered radical that participates in an intermolecular radical-radical coupling with the 2-azaallyl radical to generate 1,2-diamine derivatives. Mechanistic and EPR experiments point to radical intermediates. Density functional theory calculations provide support for a base-assisted, stepwise-1,2-HAT process. It is proposed that the generation of amidyl radicals under basic conditions can be greatly expanded to access α-amino C-centered radicals that will serve as valuable synthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Madeline E. Rotella
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Guogang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
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29
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Mei Y, Zhang T, Hao X, Jin K, Zhang R, Duan C, Li Y. Visible-light-mediated α-amino alkylation of ketimines and aldimines for the synthesis of 1,2-diamines. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37466287 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00808h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated protocol to prepare 1,2-diamines has been successfully explored based on the photoredox/Brønsted acid co-catalyzed α-amino alkylations of imines with tertiary amines. Both ketimines and aldimines are applicable to this transformation. Various 1,2-diamines with different functional groups were produced in moderate to excellent yields. Moreover, this approach could be performed on a gram scale, showing its practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Tiexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Xinyu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Kun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Yaming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
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30
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Chang X, Zhang F, Zhu S, Yang Z, Feng X, Liu Y. Photoredox-catalyzed diastereoselective dearomative prenylation and reverse-prenylation of electron-deficient indole derivatives. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3876. [PMID: 37391418 PMCID: PMC10313782 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenylated and reverse-prenylated indolines are privileged scaffolds in numerous naturally occurring indole alkaloids with a broad spectrum of important biological properties. Development of straightforward and stereoselective methods to enable the synthesis of structurally diverse prenylated and reverse-prenylated indoline derivatives is highly desirable and challenging. In this context, the most direct approaches to achieve this goal generally rely on transition-metal-catalyzed dearomative allylic alkylation of electron-rich indoles. However, the electron-deficient indoles are much less explored, probably due to their diminished nucleophilicity. Herein, a photoredox-catalyzed tandem Giese radical addition/Ireland-Claisen rearrangement is disclosed. Diastereoselective dearomative prenylation and reverse-prenylation of electron-deficient indoles proceed smoothly under mild conditions. An array of tertiary α-silylamines as radical precursors is readily incorporated in 2,3-disubstituted indolines with high functional compatibility and excellent diastereoselectivity (>20:1 d.r.). The corresponding transformations of the secondary α-silylamines provide the biologically important lactam-fused indolines in one-pot synthesis. Subsequently, a plausible photoredox pathway is proposed based on control experiments. The preliminary bioactivity study reveals a potential anticancer property of these structurally appealing indolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Chang
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Fangqing Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Yangbin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
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31
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Rostoll-Berenguer J, García-García V, Blay G, Pedro JR, Vila C. Organophotoredox 1,6-Addition of 3,4-Dihydroquinoxalin-2-ones to para-Quinone Methides Using Visible Light. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:130-135. [PMID: 37303504 PMCID: PMC10251499 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An organophotoredox 1,6-radical addition of 3,4-dihidroquinoxalin-2-ones to para-quinone methides catalyzed by Fukuzumi's photocatalyst is described under the irradiation of a HP Single LED (455 nm). The corresponding 1,1-diaryl compounds bearing a dihydroquinoxalin-2-one moiety (20 examples) are obtained with good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Several experiments have been carried out in order to propose a reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Rostoll-Berenguer
- Departament
de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universita de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Víctor García-García
- Departament
de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universita de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Blay
- Departament
de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universita de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - José R. Pedro
- Departament
de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universita de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Carlos Vila
- Departament
de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universita de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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32
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Qiu G, Ni CL, Knowles RR. Isotopic Fractionation as a Mechanistic Probe in Light-Driven C-H Bond Exchange Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11537-11543. [PMID: 37192535 PMCID: PMC10510749 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a diagnostic framework for elucidating the mechanisms of photoredox-based hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions based on hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) fractionation. Traditional thermal HIE methods generally proceed by reversible bond cleavage and bond reformation steps that share a common transition state. However, bond cleavage and bond reformation in light-driven HIE reactions can proceed via multiple, non-degenerate sets of elementary steps, complicating both mechanistic analysis and attendant optimization efforts. Building on classical treatments of equilibrium isotope effects, the fractionation method presented here extracts information regarding the nature of the key bond-forming and bond-breaking steps by comparing the extent of deuterium incorporation into an exchangeable C-H bond in the substrate relative to the H/D isotopic ratio of a solvent reservoir. We show that the extent of fractionation is sensitive to the mechanism of the exchange process and provides a means to distinguish between degenerate and non-degenerate mechanisms for isotopic exchange. In model systems, the mechanisms implied by the fractionation method align with those predicted by thermochemical considerations. We then employed the method to study HIE reactions whose mechanisms are ambiguous on thermodynamic grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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33
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Zou CP, Ma T, Qiao XX, Wu XX, Li G, He Y, Zhao XJ. B(C 6F 5) 3-catalyzed β-C(sp 3)-H alkylation of tertiary amines with 2-aryl-3 H-indol-3-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4393-4397. [PMID: 37161837 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00481c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The β-C-H functionalization of amines is one of the most powerful tools for the synthesis of saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycles in organic synthesis. However, the β-C-H functionalization of amines via redox-neutral addition with cyclic-ketimines is still unprecedented. Herein, the β-C-H functionalization of tertiary amines is described, providing the corresponding 1,3-diamines containing the indolin-3-one moiety in high yields via the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed borrowing hydrogen strategy. According to the experimental results, a possible catalytic cycle has been proposed to rationalize the process of this reaction. Notably, the β-C-H alkylation of amines is external oxidant- and transition-metal-free, which makes a significant contribution to promoting economical chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xiu-Xiu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xi-Xi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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34
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Lv S, Li Q, Sang JW, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang WD. Uranyl nitrate as a recyclable homogeneous photocatalyst for selective cross-coupling of N-substituted amines and indoles. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11929-11937. [PMID: 37077263 PMCID: PMC10108382 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01037f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A homogeneous photocatalytic recyclable system for the selective radical-radical cross-coupling of N-substituted amines and indoles has been established. This system could conduct in water or acetonitrile, featuring the reuse of uranyl nitrate as the recyclable photocatalyst via a simple extraction. With this mild strategy in hand, good to excellent yields of cross-coupling products could be achieved even under the irradiation of sunlight, including 26 natural product derivatives and 16 natural product inspired re-engineered compounds. A radical-radical cross-coupling mechanism was newly proposed based on experimental evidence and reported literature. This strategy has been also applied to a gram scale synthesis to demonstrate its practical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaipeng Lv
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ji-Wei Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
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35
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Interplay of diruthenium catalyst in controlling enantioselective propargylic substitution reactions with visible light-generated alkyl radicals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:859. [PMID: 36823151 PMCID: PMC9950057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective free radical substitution reactions have recently attracted attention as convenient and important building tools in synthetic chemistry, although construction of stereogenic carbon centers at the propargylic position of propargylic alcohols by reactions with free radicals remains unchallenged. Here we present a strategy to control enantioselective propargylic substitution reactions with alkyl radicals under photoredox conditions by applying dual photoredox and diruthenium catalytic system, where the photoredox catalyst generates alkyl radicals from 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines, and the diruthenium core with a chiral ligand traps propargylic alcohols and alkyl radicals to guide enantioselective alkylation at the propargylic position, leading to high yields of propargylic alkylated products containing a quaternary stereogenic carbon center at the propargylic position with a high enantioselectivity. The result described in this paper provides the successful example of transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective propargylic substitution reactions with free alkyl radicals.
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36
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Zou X, Zheng L, Zhuo X, Zhong Y, Wu Y, Yang B, He Q, Guo W. Copper-Promoted Aerobic Oxidative [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of N,N-Disubstituted Hydrazines with Alkynoates: Access to Substituted Pyrazoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2190-2206. [PMID: 36724037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A copper-promoted aerobic oxidative [3+2] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of various substituted pyrazoles from N,N-disubstituted hydrazines with alkynoates in the presence of bases is developed. This work involves a direct C(sp3)-H functionalization and the formation of new C-C/C-N bonds. In this strategy, inexpensive and easily available Cu2O serves as the promoter and air acts as the green oxidant. The reaction exhibits the advantages of high atom and step economy, high regioselectivity, and easy operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yumei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Beining Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qifang He
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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37
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Zhao H, Yuan W. Three-component reductive conjugate addition/aldol tandem reaction enabled by nickel/photoredox dual catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1485-1490. [PMID: 36794187 PMCID: PMC9906790 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06303d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A three-component reductive cross-coupling of aryl halides, aldehydes, and alkenes by nickel/photoredox dual catalysis is disclosed. The key to success for this tandem transformation is to identify α-silylamine as a unique organic reductant, which releases silylium ions instead of protons to prevent unwanted protonation processes, and meanwhile serves as Lewis acid to activate aldehydes in situ. This dual catalytic protocol completes a traditional conjugate addition/aldol sequence that eliminates the requirement of organometallic reagents and metal-based reductants, thus providing a mild synthetic route to highly valuable β-hydroxyl carbonyl compounds with contiguous 1,2-stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 PR China .,Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute Shenzhen 518000 PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 PR China
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38
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Lu YC, West JG. Chemoselective Decarboxylative Protonation Enabled by Cooperative Earth-Abundant Element Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213055. [PMID: 36350328 PMCID: PMC9839625 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylative protonation is a general deletion tactic to replace polar carboxylic acid groups with hydrogen or its isotope. Current methods rely on the pre-activation of acids, non-sustainable hydrogen sources, and/or expensive/highly oxidizing photocatalysts, presenting challenges to their wide adoption. Here we show that a cooperative iron/thiol catalyst system can readily achieve this transformation, hydrodecarboxylating a wide range of activated and unactivated carboxylic acids and overcoming scope limitations in previous direct methods. The reaction is readily scaled in batch configuration and can be directly performed in deuterated solvent to afford high yields of d-incorporated products with excellent isotope incorporation efficiency; characteristics not attainable in previous photocatalyzed approaches. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate a radical mechanism and kinetic results of unactivated acids (KIE=1) are consistent with a light-limited reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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39
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Runemark A, Sundén H. Overcoming Back Electron Transfer in the Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex-Mediated Visible Light-Driven Generation of α-Aminoalkyl Radicals from Secondary Anilines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:462-474. [PMID: 36479960 PMCID: PMC9830629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An additive-free, visible light-driven annulation between N-aryl amino acids and maleimide to form tetrahydroquinolines (THQs) is disclosed. Photochemical activation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between amino acids and maleimides drives the reaction, and aerobic oxygen acts as the terminal oxidant in the net oxidative process. A range of N-aryl amino acids and maleimides have been investigated as substrates to furnish the target THQ in good to excellent yield. Mechanistic investigations, including titration and UV-vis studies, demonstrate the key role of the EDA complex as the photoactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Runemark
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundén
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden,Chemistry
and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden,
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40
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Heterogeneous Photoredox Catalysis Based on Silica Mesoporous Material and Eosin Y: Impact of Material Support on Selectivity of Radical Cyclization. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020549. [PMID: 36677607 PMCID: PMC9865568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heterogenization of the photocatalyst appears to be a valuable solution to reach sustainable processes. Rapid and efficient synthesis of supported photocatalyst is still a remaining challenge and the choice of the support material is crucial. The present study aims at preparing a new generation of hybrid inorganic/organic photocatalysts based on silica mesoporous material and Eosin Y. These results highlight the influence of non-covalent interactions between the material support and the reagent impacting the selectivity of the reaction.
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41
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Castillo-Pazos DJ, Lasso JD, Hamzehpoor E, Ramos-Sánchez J, Salgado JM, Cosa G, Perepichka DF, Li CJ. Triarylamines as catalytic donors in light-mediated electron donor–acceptor complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3470-3481. [PMID: 37006691 PMCID: PMC10055340 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc07078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
EDA complexes with catalytic triarylamines allow C–H perfluoroalkylation of arenes and heteroarenes under visible light irradiation in pH- and redox-neutral conditions. A detailed photophysical characterization of the EDA complex is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durbis J. Castillo-Pazos
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Juan D. Lasso
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Ehsan Hamzehpoor
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jorge Ramos-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jan Michael Salgado
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dmytro F. Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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42
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Lahdenperä ASK, Bacoş PD, Phipps RJ. Enantioselective Giese Additions of Prochiral α-Amino Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22451-22457. [PMID: 36454604 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Amines featuring an adjacent stereocenter are important building blocks, and recent years have seen remarkable growth in methods forming these via prochiral α-amino radical intermediates. However, very few can exert control over the newly formed stereocenter. We disclose a strategy to overcome this in the context of one of the most widely used radical carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, the Giese reaction. Incorporation of a removable basic heteroarene into the substrate enables a network of attractive noncovalent interactions between a phosphoric acid catalyst, the subsequently formed α-amino radical, and the Giese acceptor, allowing the catalyst to exert control during the C-C bond forming step. Deprotection of the products leads to analogues of γ-aminobutyric acid. We anticipate that this strategy will be applicable to other asymmetric radical transformations in which catalyst control is presently challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti S K Lahdenperä
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - P David Bacoş
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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43
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Wang L, Chen Z, Fan G, Liu X, Liu P. Organophotoredox and Hydrogen Atom Transfer Cocatalyzed C-H Alkylation of Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones with Aldehydes, Amides, Alcohols, Ethers, or Cycloalkanes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14580-14587. [PMID: 36206555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Described is a mild method that merges organophotoredox catalysis with hydrogen atom transfer to enable C-H alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with feedstock aldehydes, amides, alcohols, ethers, or cycloalkanes. This reaction occurred under environmentally benign and external oxidant-free reaction conditions, providing a general and sustainable access to various C3-alkylated quinoxalinone derivatives with broad substituent diversity and good functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhaoxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Guohua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiaozu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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44
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Zheng S, Wang W, Yuan W. Remote and Proximal Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkenes Enabled by Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17776-17782. [PMID: 36136777 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A mild and site-selective hydroaminoalkylation of activated and unactivated alkenes via dual photoredox/Ni catalysis is developed. This dual catalytic strategy enables exclusive access to α-selective products, which is complementary to previously reported photocatalytic hydroaminoalkylation of activated alkenes that provides the β-selective products. The chain-walking of a Ni-H intermediate toward a carbonyl allows for the hydroaminoalkylation of unactivated alkenes at remote sp3 C-H sites. This method tolerates a broad substrate scope of both amines and alkenes as well as providing a streamlined synthesis of value-added β-amino acid derivatives from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China.,Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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45
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Exploiting photoredox catalysis for carbohydrate modification through C–H and C–C bond activation. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:782-805. [PMID: 37118094 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has recently emerged as a powerful synthetic platform for accessing complex chemical structures through non-traditional bond disconnection strategies that proceed through free-radical intermediates. Such synthetic strategies have been used for a range of organic transformations; however, in carbohydrate chemistry they have primarily been applied to the generation of oxocarbenium ion intermediates in the ubiquitous glycosylation reaction. In this Review, we present more intricate light-induced synthetic strategies to modify native carbohydrates through homolytic C-H and C-C bond cleavage. These strategies allow access to glycans and glycoconjugates with profoundly altered carbohydrate skeletons, which are challenging to obtain through conventional synthetic means. Carbohydrate derivatives with such structural motifs represent a broad class of natural products integral to numerous biochemical processes and can be found in active pharmaceutical substances. Here we present progress made in C-H and C-C bond activation of carbohydrates through photoredox catalysis, focusing on the operational mechanisms and the scope of the described methodologies.
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46
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Griffin SE, Adamczyk OV, Schafer LL. Vanadium pyridonates: dimerization, redox behaviour, and metal-ligand cooperativity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14654-14663. [PMID: 36093858 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, and reactivity of vanadium pyridonate complexes are described. Vanadium(III) pyridonate complexes were accessed through protonolysis and reduction of a tetrakis(amido)vanadium(IV) starting material. Bis(pyridonate) vanadium(IV) precursors could be isolated depending on the amount of proteoligand added. The targeted vanadium(III) species tend to form dimers, but monomeric complexes can be achieved in the presence of neutral donors such as amines or pyridine derivatives or through the use of sterically demanding proligands. The reduction process is proposed to involve dimeric intermediates and be mediated by the amine released from protonolysis, thereby forming the corresponding imine as a byproduct. Isolated amine complexes of vanadium(III) are presented. In contrast, bis(amidate)vanadium(IV) complexes were not found to undergo a similar reduction. This work informs on design principles for the synthesis and application of new vanadium pyridonate catalysts for transformations involving dimerization and PCET for changes in oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1.
| | - Olivia V Adamczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1.
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1.
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47
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Pistritto VA, Liu S, Nicewicz DA. Mechanistic Investigations into Amination of Unactivated Arenes via Cation Radical Accelerated Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15118-15131. [PMID: 35944280 PMCID: PMC10037305 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A mechanistic investigation into the amination of electron-neutral and electron-rich arenes using organic photoredox catalysis is presented. Kinetic and computational data support rate-limiting nucleophilic addition into an arene cation radical using both azole and primary amine nucleophiles. This finding is consistent with both fluoride and alkoxide nucleofuges, supporting a unified mechanistic picture using cation radical accelerated nucleophilic aromatic substitution (CRA-SNAr). Electrochemistry and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy confirm the key role solvents play in enabling selective arene oxidation in the presence of amines. The synthetic limitations of xanthylium salts are elucidated via photophysical studies. An alternative catalyst scaffold with improved turnover numbers is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Pistritto
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Shubin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3420, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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48
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Matsuo B, Granados A, Majhi J, Sharique M, Levitre G, Molander GA. 1,2-Radical Shifts in Photoinduced Synthetic Organic Transformations: A Guide to the Reactivity of Useful Radical Synthons. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:435-454. [PMID: 36510615 PMCID: PMC9732885 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of 1,2-radical shift (RS) mechanisms in photoinduced organic reactions has provided efficient routes for the generation of important radical synthons in many chemical transformations. In this Review, the basic concepts involved in the traditional 1,2-spin-center shift (SCS) mechanisms in recently reported studies are discussed. In addition, other useful 1,2-RSs are addressed, such as those proceeding through 1,2-group migrations in carbohydrate chemistry, via 1,2-boron shifts, and by the generation of α-amino radicals. The discussion begins with a general overview of the basic aspects of 1,2-RS mechanisms, followed by a demonstration of their applicability in photoinduced transformations. The sections that follow are organized according to the mechanisms operating in combination with the 1,2-radical migration event. This contribution is not a comprehensive review but rather aims to provide an understanding of the topic, focused on the more recent advances in the field, and establishes a definition for the nomenclature that has been used to describe such mechanisms.
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49
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Li X, Cheng Z, Liu J, Zhang Z, Song S, Jiao N. Selective desaturation of amides: a direct approach to enamides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9056-9061. [PMID: 36091215 PMCID: PMC9365091 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C(sp3)-H bond desaturation has been an attractive strategy in organic synthesis. Enamides are important structural fragments in pharmaceuticals and versatile synthons in organic synthesis. However, the dehydrogenation of amides usually occurs on the acyl side benefitting from enolate chemistry like the desaturation of ketones and esters. Herein, we demonstrate an Fe-assisted regioselective oxidative desaturation of amides, which provides an efficient approach to enamides and β-halogenated enamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
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50
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He FS, Zhang C, Jiang M, Lou L, Wu J, Ye S. Access to chiral β-sulfonyl carbonyl compounds via photoinduced organocatalytic asymmetric radical sulfonylation with sulfur dioxide. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8834-8839. [PMID: 35975150 PMCID: PMC9350669 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02497g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An organocatalytic enantioselective radical reaction of potassium alkyltrifluoroborates, DABCO·(SO2)2 and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds under photoinduced conditions is developed, which provides an efficient pathway for the synthesis of chiral β-sulfonyl carbonyl compounds in good yields with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 96% ee). Aside from α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with auxiliary groups, common chalcone substrates are also well compatible with this organocatalytic system. This method proceeds through an organocatalytic enantioselective radical sulfonylation under photoinduced conditions, and represents a rare example of asymmetric transformation involving sulfur dioxide insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Sheng He
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Minghui Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Lujun Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China
| | - Shengqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
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