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Ondevilla NAP, Liu PW, Huang WT, Weng TP, Lee NY, Ma SC, Huang JJ, Wong TW, Chang HC. A point-of-care electrochemical biosensor for the rapid and sensitive detection of biomarkers in murine models with LPS-induced sepsis. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 254:116202. [PMID: 38489968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition, which is irreversible if diagnosis and intervention are delayed. The response of the immune cells towards an infection triggers widespread inflammation through the production of cytokines, which may result in multiple organ dysfunction and eventual death. Conventional detection techniques fail to provide a rapid diagnosis because of their limited sensitivity and tedious protocol. This study proposes a point-of-care (POC) electrochemical biosensor that overcomes the limitations of current biosensing technologies in the clinical setting by its integration with electrokinetics, enhancing the sensitivity to picogram level compared with the nanogram limit of current diagnostic technologies. This biosensor promotes the use of a microelectrode strip to address the limitations of conventional photolithographic fabrication methods. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and microRNA-155 (miR-155) were monitored in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic mouse model. The optimum target hybridization time in a high conductivity medium was observed to be 60 s leading to the completion of the whole operation within 5 min compared with the 4-h detection time of the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 0.84, 0.18, and 0.0014 pg mL-1, respectively. This novel sensor may have potential for the early diagnosis of sepsis in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng-Wen Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70430, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Weng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Yao Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Syu-Cing Ma
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70430, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan; Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Chang Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan; Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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2
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Cenaiko S, Lijnse T, Dalton C. Multiphase Actuation of AC Electrothermal Micropump. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:758. [PMID: 37420991 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrothermal micropumps apply an AC electric field to a conductive fluid within the range of 10 kHz-1 MHz to generate fluid flow. In this frequency range, coulombic forces dominate fluid interactions over opposing dielectric forces, resulting in high flow rates (~50-100 μm/s). To date, the electrothermal effect-using asymmetrical electrodes-has been tested only with single-phase and 2-phase actuation, while dielectrophoretic micropumps have shown improved flow rates with 3- and 4-phase actuation. Simulating muti-phase signals in COMSOL Multiphysics requires additional modules and a more involved implementation to accurately represent the electrothermal effect in a micropump. Here, we report detailed simulations of the electrothermal effect under multi-phase conditions, including single-phase, 2-phase, 3-phase and 4-phase actuation patterns. These computational models indicate that 2-phase actuation leads to the highest flow rate, with 3-phase resulting in a 5% reduced flow rate and 4-phase resulting in an 11% reduced flow rate compared to 2-phase. With these modifications to the simulation, various actuation patterns can later be tested in COMSOL for a range of electrokinetic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stirling Cenaiko
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas Lijnse
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Colin Dalton
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Electrical and Software Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Su X, Wang H, Wang C, Zhou X, Zou X, Zhang W. Programmable dual-electric-field immunosensor using MXene-Au-based competitive signal probe for natural parathion-methyl detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 214:114546. [PMID: 35820253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immunosensor is a promising tool for natural parathion-methyl (PTM) detection, and its analytical advantages can be magnified by introducing flexibly-fabricating technique. Herein, we present a dual-electric-field PTM immunosensor on highly-compatible screen-printed electrode (SPE). MXene-Au, the product of in-situ gold nanoparticle growth on MXene, provides considerable binding sites for PTM antigen (ATG) and methylene blue (MB). During sensing, the MXene-Au-MB-ATG probe competitively binds antibody against PTM, composing a ratiometric immune-system. With DC-biased sine excitations from complementary waveforms, on-chip electric field couple improves immunoreactions among PTM, probe, and antibody. Electric field distribution is programmed by trimming bypass resistors to pursue optimal performance. Probe synthesis is solidly proven with morphological examinations, and competition mechanism between the probe and target PTM is clarified in electrochemical analyses. Remarkably, this method brings less consumption of immune time than electric-field-free or solo-electric-field setup (50 s vs. 900 or 70 s), and simultaneously provides more powerful ratiometric signal than the rivals. Log-linear relationship, between PTM level and sensor readout, is established in 0.02-38 ng/mL, and limit of detection is found as 0.01 ng/mL. This method is applied in laboratorial and natural PTM analyses, and the readouts are consistent with high performance liquid chromatography and recovery test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Su
- Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, China
| | - Chengquan Wang
- Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, China.
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4
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Koklu A, Wustoni S, Guo K, Silva R, Salvigni L, Hama A, Diaz-Galicia E, Moser M, Marks A, McCulloch I, Grünberg R, Arold ST, Inal S. Convection Driven Ultrarapid Protein Detection via Nanobody-Functionalized Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202972. [PMID: 35772173 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional biosensors rely on the diffusion-dominated transport of the target analyte to the sensor surface. Consequently, they require an incubation step that may take several hours to allow for the capture of analyte molecules by sensor biorecognition sites. This incubation step is a primary cause of long sample-to-result times. Here, alternating current electrothermal flow (ACET) is integrated in an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based sensor to accelerate the device operation. ACET is applied to the gate electrode functionalized with nanobody-SpyCatcher fusion proteins. Using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human saliva as an example target, it is shown that ACET enables protein recognition within only 2 min of sample exposure, supporting its use in clinical practice. The ACET integrated sensor exhibits better selectivity, higher sensitivity, and lower limit of detection than the equivalent sensor with diffusion-dominated operation. The performance of ACET integrated sensors is compared with two types of organic semiconductors in the channel and grounds for device-to-device variations are investigated. The results provide guidelines for the channel material choice in OECT-based biochemical sensors, and demonstrate that ACET integration substantially decreases the detection speed while increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of transistor-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keying Guo
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raphaela Silva
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luca Salvigni
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Hama
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Escarlet Diaz-Galicia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Raik Grünberg
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Koklu A, Ohayon D, Wustoni S, Druet V, Saleh A, Inal S. Organic Bioelectronic Devices for Metabolite Sensing. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4581-4635. [PMID: 34610244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of metabolites is essential for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of a variety of health conditions. This review focuses on organic electronic material-based metabolite sensors and highlights their potential to tackle critical challenges associated with metabolite detection. We provide an overview of the distinct classes of organic electronic materials and biorecognition units used in metabolite sensors, explain the different detection strategies developed to date, and identify the advantages and drawbacks of each technology. We then benchmark state-of-the-art organic electronic metabolite sensors by categorizing them based on their application area (in vitro, body-interfaced, in vivo, and cell-interfaced). Finally, we share our perspective on using organic bioelectronic materials for metabolite sensing and address the current challenges for the devices and progress to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Saleh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Jiang T, Chen X, Ren Y, Tang D, Jiang H. Dielectric Characterization and Multistage Separation of Various Cells via Dielectrophoresis in a Bipolar Electrode Arrayed Device. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10220-10228. [PMID: 34261311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of microalgal cells is as an indispensable part of producing biofuels for energy security and detecting toxic contaminants for marine routine monitoring. Microalgae live together with various microalgae naturally, and abundant samples need to be tackled in practical applications. Therefore, effective separation technologies need to be developed urgently to achieve high-throughput separation of various microalgae. Herein, we develop a reliable device to characterize the dielectric response of microalgae and sequentially separate various microalgae utilizing dielectrophoretic force in a bipolar electrode (BPE) arrayed device. First, by investigating the array width extension (AWE) effect on the electric- and flow-field distributions, we explore consequences of incidental electrohydrodynamic mechanisms and axial flow rate on the separation. Second, based on device performance on sample characterizations, we demonstrate this technology by separating microparticles in three- and five-channel devices. Third, we discriminate dead and live cells to explore its capability using the cell viability test and illustrate the AWE influence on the separation. Fourth, we characterize dielectric responses of different microalgae and separate C. vulgaris and Oocystis sp. Finally, we extended BPEs in length and developed an arrayed device for sequential separation of various microalgae, and this platform is successfully engineered in high-throughput isolation of C. vulgaris from complex samples. This technology presents good potential in addressing depleting fossil fuel and burgeoning environmental concerns due to its performance in the separation of microalgal strains from complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Dewei Tang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
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Xuan X. Review of nonlinear electrokinetic flows in insulator-based dielectrophoresis: From induced charge to Joule heating effects. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:167-189. [PMID: 33991344 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) has been increasingly used for particle manipulation in various microfluidic applications. It exploits insulating structures to constrict and/or curve electric field lines to generate field gradients for particle dielectrophoresis. However, the presence of these insulators, especially those with sharp edges, causes two nonlinear electrokinetic flows, which, if sufficiently strong, may disturb the otherwise linear electrokinetic motion of particles and affect the iDEP performance. One is induced charge electroosmotic (ICEO) flow because of the polarization of the insulators, and the other is electrothermal flow because of the amplified Joule heating in the fluid around the insulators. Both flows vary nonlinearly with the applied electric field (either DC or AC) and exhibit in the form of fluid vortices, which have been utilized to promote some applications while being suppressed in others. The effectiveness of iDEP benefits from a comprehensive understanding of the nonlinear electrokinetic flows, which is complicated by the involvement of the entire iDEP device into electric polarization and thermal diffusion. This article is aimed to review the works on both the fundamentals and applications of ICEO and electrothermal flows in iDEP microdevices. A personal perspective of some future research directions in the field is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Interdigitated and Wave-Shaped Electrode-Based Capacitance Sensor for Monitoring Antibiotic Effects. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185237. [PMID: 32937982 PMCID: PMC7570453 DOI: 10.3390/s20185237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Label-free and real-time monitoring of the bacterial viability is essential for the accurate and sensitive characterization of the antibiotic effects. In the present study, we investigated the feasibility of the interdigitated and wave-shaped electrode (IWE) for monitoring the effect of tetracycline or kanamycin on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA). The electrical impedance spectra of the IWE immersed in the culture media for bacterial growth were characterized in a frequency range of 10 Hz to 1 kHz. The capacitance index (CI) (capacitance change relevant with the bacterial viability) was used to monitor the antibiotic effects on the S. aureus and MRSA in comparison to the traditional methods (disk diffusion test and optical density (OD) measurement). The experimental results showed that the percentage of change in CI (PCI) for the antibiotic effect on MRSA was increased by 51.58% and 57.83% in kanamycin and control, respectively. In contrast, the PCI value decreased by 0.25% for tetracycline, decreased by 52.63% and 37.66% in the cases of tetracycline and kanamycin-treated S. aureus, and increased 2.79% in the control, respectively. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the IWE-based capacitance sensor for the label-free and real-time monitoring of the antibiotic effects on S. aureus and MRSA.
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