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Zheng R, Wu A, Li J, Tang Z, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wei Z. Progress and Outlook on Electrochemical Sensing of Lung Cancer Biomarkers. Molecules 2024; 29:3156. [PMID: 38999110 PMCID: PMC11243195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for the ultrasensitive detection of lung cancer biomarkers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and alpha fetoprotein (AFP). This review comprehensively discusses the progress and potential of nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensors for early lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. By integrating nanomaterials like graphene, metal nanoparticles, and conducting polymers, these sensors have achieved clinically relevant detection limits in the fg/mL to pg/mL range. We highlight the key role of nanomaterial functionalization in enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and antifouling properties. This review also examines challenges related to reproducibility and clinical translation, emphasizing the need for standardization of fabrication protocols and robust validation studies. With the rapid growth in understanding lung cancer biomarkers and innovations in sensor design, nanocomposite electrochemical biosensors hold immense potential for point-of-care lung cancer screening and personalized therapy guidance. Realizing this goal will require strategic collaboration among material scientists, engineers, and clinicians to address technical and practical hurdles. Overall, this work provides valuable insight for developing next-generation smart diagnostic devices to combat the high mortality of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450053, China; (R.Z.); (A.W.)
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Aochun Wu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450053, China; (R.Z.); (A.W.)
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jiyue Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450099, China; (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zhengfang Tang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450099, China; (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Junping Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Mingli Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zheng Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
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2
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Long LL, Hu WX, Wang X, Yuan R, Chai YQ. Antibody-Protein-Aptamer Electrochemical Biosensor based on Highly Efficient Proximity-Induced DNA Hybridization on Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructure for Sensitive Detection of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3837-3843. [PMID: 38384162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein, an antibody-protein-aptamer electrochemical biosensor was designed by highly efficient proximity-induced DNA hybridization on a tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN) for ultrasensitive detection of human insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Impressively, the IGF-1 antibody immobilized on the top vertex of the TDN could effectively capture the target protein with less steric effect, and the ferrocene-labeled signal probe (SP) bound on the bottom vertex of the TDN was close to the electrode surface for generating a strong initial signal. In the presence of target protein IGF-1 and an aptamer strand, an antibody-protein-aptamer sandwich could be formed on the top vertex of TDN, which would trigger proximity-induced DNA hybridization to release the SP on the bottom vertex of TDN; therefore, the signal response would decrease dramatically, enhancing the sensitivity of the biosensor. As a result, the linear range of the proposed biosensor for target IGF-1 was 1 fM to 1 nM with the limit of detection down to 0.47 fM, which was much lower than that of the traditional TDN designs on electrochemical biosensors. Surprisingly, the use of this approach offered an innovative approach for the sensitive detection of biomarkers and illness diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Long
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Qin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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3
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Yang X, Li J, Qi H, Gao Q, Zhang C. Disposable capillary-fill device for the determination of proteases incorporating elimination of light-shielding from the magnetic beads with cleavage of the electrogenerated chemiluminescence label-tagged peptide probe. Analyst 2023; 148:6253-6260. [PMID: 37937443 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01591b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel point-of-care testing (POCT) method for the determination of proteases was developed for the first time using a designed disposable capillary-fill device based on the cleavage of electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL)-label-tagged peptide probes and enabling elimination of the light-shielding from the magnetic beads (MBs). As a proof-of-principle, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was taken as a model analyte, and streptavidin-coated magnetic beads bound with ruthenium-complex-tagged specific peptide (biotin-HSSKLQK) were utilized as MB ECL probes. The capillary-fill device was designed to be divided into a reaction zone and detection zone. In the reaction zone, the bio-cleavage reaction between the PSA analyte with the peptide on the surface of the MB ECL probes occurred, while in the detection zone, ECL emission was produced by a screen-printed carbon electrode, Ag/AgCl reference electrode and carbon counter electrode. When the analyte PSA was introduced into the suspension of MB ECL probes in the reaction zone of the device, biocleavage of the peptide occurred, and the cleaved Ru1 part was released from the surface of the MB ECL probes. The capillary-filled device was tilted 90°, and with the aid of gravity, the solution containing the released Ru1 part flowed to the surface of the working electrode in the detection region of the device, while the MB ECL probes were fixed in the reaction zone by an external magnet. PSA can be determined by the ECL emission from the released Ru1 part in the presence of the co-reactant tri-n-propylamine at the detection zone. Under the optimal conditions, the developed ECL method showed a low detection limit of 0.12 ng mL-1 for PSA. This work demonstrates that the developed ECL biosensing approach can eliminate the MB light-shielding effect and quantify proteases with high sensitivity and selectivity, which could be easily extended to POCT-based ECL biosensing for other proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
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4
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Sharafeldin M, Rusling JF. Multiplexed electrochemical assays for clinical applications. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2023; 39:101256. [PMID: 37006828 PMCID: PMC10062004 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2023.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, accurate diagnoses are central to future efficient healthcare to identify diseases at early stages, avoid unnecessary treatment, and improve outcomes. Electrochemical techniques have been applied in many ways to support clinical applications by enabling the analysis of relevant disease biomarkers in user-friendly, sensitive, low-cost assays. Electrochemistry offers a launchpad for multiplexed biomarker assays that offer more accurate and precise diagnostics compared to single biomarker assays. In this short review, we underpin the importance of multiplexed analyses and provide a universal overview of current electrochemical assay strategies for multiple biomarkers. We highlight relevant examples of electrochemical methods that successfully quantify important disease biomarkers. Finally, we offer a future outlook on possible strategies that can be employed to increase throughput, sensitivity, and specificity of multiplexed electrochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland. H91 TK33
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5
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Yi JY, Kim M, Ahn JH, Kim BG, Son J, Sung C. CRISPR/deadCas9-based high-throughput gene doping analysis (HiGDA): A proof of concept for exogenous human erythropoietin gene doping detection. Talanta 2023; 258:124455. [PMID: 36933297 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
A genetic approach targeted toward improving athletic performance is called gene doping and is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Currently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein (Cas)-related assays have been utilized to detect genetic deficiencies or mutations. Among the Cas proteins, deadCas9 (dCas9), a nuclease-deficient mutant of Cas9, acts as a DNA binding protein with a target-specific single guide RNA. On the basis of the principles, we developed a dCas9-based high-throughput gene doping analysis for exogenous gene detection. The assay comprises two distinctive dCas9s, a magnetic bead immobilized capture dCas9 for exogenous gene isolation and a biotinylated dCas9 with streptavidin-polyHRP that enables rapid signal amplification. For efficient biotin labeling via maleimide-thiol chemistry, two cysteine residues of dCas9 were structurally validated, and the Cys574 residue was identified as an essential labeling site. As a result, we succeeded in detecting the target gene in a concentration as low as 12.3 fM (7.41 × 105 copies) and up to 10 nM (6.07 × 1011 copies) in a whole blood sample within 1 h with HiGDA. Assuming an exogenous gene transfer scenario, we added a direct blood amplification step to establish a rapid analytical procedure while detecting target genes with high sensitivity. Finally, we detected the exogenous human erythropoietin gene at concentrations as low as 2.5 copies within 90 min in 5 μL of the blood sample. Herein, we propose that HiGDA is a very fast, highly sensitive, and practical detection method for actual doping field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Yeop Yi
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Ahn
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Bio-Max/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Changmin Sung
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
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6
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A Facile Integrated Microfluidic Chip Based On Chitosan-Gold Nanoparticles-Anchored Three-Dimensional Graphene Fiber Film for Monitoring Prostate Specific Antigen. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Dhanapala L, Joseph S, Jones AL, Moghaddam S, Lee N, Kremer RB, Rusling JF. Immunoarray Measurements of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptides Combined with Other Biomarkers to Diagnose Aggressive Prostate Cancer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12788-12797. [PMID: 36074029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is related to bone metastasis and hypercalcemia in prostate and breast cancers and should be an excellent biomarker for aggressive forms of these cancers. Current clinical detection protocols for PTHrP are immunoradiometric assay and radioimmunoassay but are not sensitive enough to detect PTHrPs at early stages. We recently evaluated a prostate cancer biomarker panel, including serum monocyte differentiation antigen (CD-14), ETS-related gene protein, pigment epithelial-derived factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1, with promise for identifying aggressive prostate cancers. This panel predicted the need for patient biopsy better than PSA alone. In the present paper, we report an ultrasensitive microfluidic assay for PTHrPs and evaluate their diagnostic value and the value of including them with our prior biomarker panel to diagnose aggressive forms of prostate cancer. The immunoarray features screen-printed carbon sensor electrodes coated with 5 nm glutathione gold nanoparticles with capture antibodies attached. PTHrPs are bound to a secondary antibody attached to a polyhorseradish peroxidase label and delivered to the sensors to provide high sensitivity when activated by H2O2 and a mediator. We obtained an unprecedented 0.3 fg mL-1 limit of detection for PTHrP bioactive moieties PTHrP 1-173 and PTHrP 1-86. We also report the first study of PTHrPs in a large serum pool to identify aggressive malignancies. In assays of 130 human patient serum samples, PTHrP levels distinguished between aggressive and indolent prostate cancers with 83-91% clinical sensitivity and 78-96% specificity. Logistic regression identified the best predictive model as a combination of PTHrP 1-86 and vascular endothelial growth factor-D. PTHrP 1-173 alone also showed a high ability to differentiate aggressive and indolent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasangi Dhanapala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Sophie Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Abby L Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Shirin Moghaddam
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics (MACSI), University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Norman Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, 2300 I Street, NW, Washington, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, United States.,George Washington University Cancer Center, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Richard B Kremer
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal QC H4A, Canada
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06232, United States.,School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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8
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Nicoliche CYN, Pascon AM, Bezerra ÍRS, de Castro ACH, Martos GR, Bettini J, Alves WA, Santhiago M, Lima RS. In Situ Nanocoating on Porous Pyrolyzed Paper Enables Antibiofouling and Sensitive Electrochemical Analyses in Biological Fluids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2522-2533. [PMID: 34990106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection in complex biofluids is a long-standing challenge as electrode biofouling hampers its sensing performance and commercial translation. To overcome this drawback, pyrolyzed paper as porous electrode coupled with the drop casting of an off-the-shelf polysorbate, that is, Tween 20 (T20), is described here by taking advantage of the in situ formation of a hydrophilic nanocoating (2 nm layer of T20). The latter prevents biofouling while providing the capillarity of samples through paper pores, leveraging redox reactions across both only partially fouled and fresh electrodic surfaces with increasing detection areas. The nanometric thickness of this blocking layer is also essential by not significantly impairing the electron-transfer kinetics. These phenomena behave synergistically to enhance the sensibility that further increases over long-term exposures (4 h) in biological fluids. While the state-of-the-art antibiofouling strategies compromise the sensibility, this approach leads to peak currents that are up to 12.5-fold higher than the original currents after 1 h exposure to unprocessed human plasma. Label-free impedimetric immunoassays through modular bioconjugation by directly anchoring spike protein on gold nanoparticles are also allowed, as demonstrated for the COVID-19 screening of patient sera. The scalability and simplicity of the platform combined with its unique ability to operate in biofluids with enhanced sensibility provide the generation of promising biosensing technologies toward real-world applications in point-of-care diagnostics, mass testing, and in-home monitoring of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Y N Nicoliche
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Aline M Pascon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ítalo R S Bezerra
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ana C H de Castro
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Martos
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Faculty of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13087-571, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Bettini
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Wendel A Alves
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Murilo Santhiago
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Renato S Lima
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
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9
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Advances in multiplex electrical and optical detection of biomarkers using microfluidic devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:167-180. [PMID: 34345949 PMCID: PMC8331214 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices can provide a versatile, cost-effective platform for disease diagnostics and risk assessment by quantifying biomarkers. In particular, simultaneous testing of several biomarkers can be powerful. Here, we critically review work from the previous 4 years up to February 2021 on developing microfluidic devices for multiplexed detection of biomarkers from samples. We focus on two principal approaches: electrical and optical detection methods that can distinguish and quantify biomarkers. Both electrical and spectroscopic multiplexed detection strategies are being employed to reach limits of detection below clinical sample levels. Some of the most promising strategies for point-of-care assays involve inexpensive materials such as paper-based microfluidic devices, or portable and accessible detectors such as smartphones. This review does not comprehensively cover all multiplexed microfluidic biomarker studies, but rather provides a critical evaluation of key work and suggests promising prospects for future advancement in this field. Electrical and optical multiplexing are powerful approaches for microfluidic biomarker analysis.
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10
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Tsurusawa N, Chang J, Namba M, Makioka D, Yamura S, Iha K, Kyosei Y, Watabe S, Yoshimura T, Ito E. Modified ELISA for Ultrasensitive Diagnosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5197. [PMID: 34768717 PMCID: PMC8585087 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used for quantitative measurement of proteins, and improving the detection sensitivity to the ultrasensitive level would facilitate the diagnosis of various diseases. In the present review article, we first define the term 'ultrasensitive'. We follow this with a survey and discussion of the current literature regarding modified ELISA methods with ultrasensitive detection and their application for diagnosis. Finally, we introduce our own newly devised system for ultrasensitive ELISA combined with thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cycling and its application for the diagnosis of infectious diseases and lifestyle-related diseases. The aim of the present article is to expand the application of ultrasensitive ELISAs in the medical and biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Tsurusawa
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Jyunhao Chang
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Mayuri Namba
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Daiki Makioka
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Sou Yamura
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kanako Iha
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yuta Kyosei
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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11
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Li Q, Bencherif SA, Su M. Edge-Enhanced Microwell Immunoassay for Highly Sensitive Protein Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10292-10300. [PMID: 34251806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive biosensors that can detect low concentrations of protein biomarkers at the early stages of diseases or proteins secreted from single cells are of importance for disease diagnosis and treatment assessment. This work reports a new signal amplification mechanism, that is, edge enhancement based on the vertical sidewalls of microwells for ultra-sensitive protein detection. The fluorescence emission at the edge of the microwells is highly amplified due to the microscopic axial resolution (depth of field) and demonstrates a microring effect. The enhanced fluorescence intensity from microrings is calibrated for bovine serum albumin detection, which shows a 6-fold sensitivity enhancement and a lower limit of detection at the microwell edge, compared to those obtained on a flat surface. The microwell chip is used to separate single cells, and the wall of each microwell is used to detect interferon-γ secretion from T cells stimulated with a peptide and whole cancer cells. Given its edge-enhancement ability, the microwell technique can be a highly sensitive biosensing platform for disease diagnosis at an early stage and for assessing potential treatments at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxuan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sidi A Bencherif
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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12
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Thaweeskulchai T, Schulte A. Sustainable and Efficient: A Reusable DIY Three-Electrode Base Plate for Microfluidic Electroanalysis and Biosensing. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7557-7561. [PMID: 33998230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sustainable three-electrode platform for affordable microfluidic electroanalysis is described. The device can be handmade using common tools and, facilitating broad applicability, is indefinitely reusable through simple surface polishing. Compact prototypes with Pt counter, Pt working, and Ag/AgCl reference electrode disks were combined with silicone lid plates containing a microchannel for electrolyte flow. Redox voltammetry/amperometry of excellent quality was achieved in static and flowing ferricyanide solutions, respectively. Modified with a glucose oxidase surface layer, base plate Pt WEs performed very well as amperometric biosensors for microfluidic blood glucose testing. The electrode system is recyclable, compatible with matching lid plate microchannels, and functionally adaptable regarding the constituent metal and electrode surface modifications. This asset combination makes the device a sustainable detection tool for microfluidic electroanalysis, with applications ranging from direct detection of redox-active analytes to bioreceptor-assisted biosensing. It avoids costly microfabrication with clean-room use, and the accessibility of microfluidic EC (bio)sensing is thus greatly increased, especially for users with restricted budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thana Thaweeskulchai
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wang Chan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wang Chan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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13
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Jiaul Haque A, Kwon J, Kim J, Kim G, Lee N, Ho Yoon Y, Yang H. Sensitive and Low‐background Electrochemical Immunosensor Employing Glucose Dehydrogenase and 1,10‐Phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Al‐Monsur Jiaul Haque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Jungwook Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Jihyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | | | | | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
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14
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Shlyapnikov YM, Malakhova EA, Vinarov AZ, Zamyatnin AA, Shlyapnikova EA. Can new immunoassay techniques improve bladder cancer diagnostics With protein biomarkers? Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:620687. [PMID: 33659273 PMCID: PMC7917292 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.620687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new diagnostic tests for cancer or ways to improve existing tests is primarily driven by the desire to identify the disease as early as possible. In this report, we summarize the current knowledge of the most promising diagnostic protein bladder cancer (BC) markers reported over the last decade. Unfortunately, analysis of published data suggests that a reliable, highly sensitive biomarker test-system based on ELISA for detecting BC has not yet been developed. The use of more sensitive assays to detect ultra-low concentrations of biomarkers not available for ELISA, could be very beneficial. Based on the literature and pilot experimental data, we conclude that a highly sensitive immunoassay using microarrays and magnetic labels, could be an effective and cheap technique suitable for the detection of diagnostically relevant BC biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Shlyapnikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Russia
| | | | - Andrey Z Vinarov
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
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15
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Jones AL, Dhanapala L, Baldo TA, Sharafeldin M, Krause CE, Shen M, Moghaddam S, Faria RC, Dey DK, Watson RW, Andrawis R, Lee NH, Rusling JF. Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in the Clinic Using an 8-Protein Biomarker Panel. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1059-1067. [PMID: 33289381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The inability to distinguish aggressive from indolent prostate cancer is a longstanding clinical problem. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) tests and digital rectal exams cannot differentiate these forms. Because only ∼10% of diagnosed prostate cancer cases are aggressive, existing practice often results in overtreatment including unnecessary surgeries that degrade patients' quality of life. Here, we describe a fast microfluidic immunoarray optimized to determine 8-proteins simultaneously in 5 μL of blood serum for prostate cancer diagnostics. Using polymeric horseradish peroxidase (poly-HRP, 400 HRPs) labels to provide large signal amplification and limits of detection in the sub-fg mL-1 range, a protocol was devised for the optimization of the fast, accurate assays of 100-fold diluted serum samples. Analysis of 130 prostate cancer patient serum samples revealed that some members of the protein panel can distinguish aggressive from indolent cancers. Logistic regression was used to identify a subset of the panel, combining biomarker proteins ETS-related gene protein (ERG), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF), and serum monocyte differentiation antigen (CD-14) to predict whether a given patient should be referred for biopsy, which gave a much better predictive accuracy than PSA alone. This represents the first prostate cancer blood test that can predict which patients will have a high biopsy Gleason score, a standard pathology score used to grade tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lasangi Dhanapala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Thaísa A Baldo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Sharafeldin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Colleen E Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Avenue, West Hartford, Connecticut 06117, United States
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Shirin Moghaddam
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Ronaldo C Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dipak K Dey
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, 215 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - R William Watson
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ramez Andrawis
- Department of Urology, George Washington University, 2300 I Street, NW, Washington, Washington, D.C. 20037, United States
| | - Norman H Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, 2300 I Street, NW, Washington, Washington, D.C. 20037, United States.,GW Cancer Center, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Department of Surgery, UConn Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06232, United States
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16
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Printed Electrodes in Microfluidic Arrays for Cancer Biomarker Protein Detection. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10090115. [PMID: 32906644 PMCID: PMC7559629 DOI: 10.3390/bios10090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Medical diagnostics is trending towards a more personalized future approach in which multiple tests can be digitized into patient records. In cancer diagnostics, patients can be tested for individual protein and genomic biomarkers that detect cancers at very early stages and also be used to monitor cancer progression or remission during therapy. These data can then be incorporated into patient records that could be easily accessed on a cell phone by a health care professional or the patients themselves on demand. Data on protein biomarkers have a large potential to be measured in point-of-care devices, particularly diagnostic panels that could provide a continually updated, personalized record of a disease like cancer. Electrochemical immunoassays have been popular among protein detection methods due to their inherent high sensitivity and ease of coupling with screen-printed and inkjet-printed electrodes. Integrated chips featuring these kinds of electrodes can be built at low cost and designed for ease of automation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) features are adopted in most of these ultrasensitive detection systems, with microfluidics allowing easy manipulation and good fluid dynamics to deliver reagents and detect the desired proteins. Several of these ultrasensitive systems have detected biomarker panels ranging from four to eight proteins, which in many cases when a specific cancer is suspected may be sufficient. However, a grand challenge lies in engineering microfluidic-printed electrode devices for the simultaneous detection of larger protein panels (e.g., 50-100) that could be used to test for many types of cancers, as well as other diseases for truly personalized care.
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