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Prakobdi C, Nacapricha D, Bunchuay T, Saetear P. Exploitations of Schiff's test and iodoform test for an effective quality assessment of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 302:123076. [PMID: 37392537 PMCID: PMC10299952 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In the period of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, an alcohol-based hand sanitizer is one of the most in-demand products for disinfection purposes. Two major concerns are adulteration of methanol, which causes toxicity to human health, and the concentration of legal alcohol in hand sanitizers due to their effect on antivirus. In this work, the first report of the entire quality assessment of alcohol-based hand sanitizers in terms of detection of methanol adulteration and quantification of ethanol is presented. Detection of adulterated methanol is carried out based on Schiff's reagent after the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde, giving a bluish-purple solution to detect at 591 nm. In cases where a colorless solution is observed, an iodoform reaction with turbidimetric detection is then performed for quantitative analysis of legal alcohol (ethanol or isopropanol). To comply with the regulation of quality assessment of alcohol-based hand sanitizers, a regulation chart with four safety zones is also presented, employing a combination of two developed tests. The coordinates of a point (x, y) obtained from the two tests are extrapolated to the safety zone in the regulation chart. The regulation chart also showed consistency of analytical results as compared with the gas chromatography-flame ionization detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirapha Prakobdi
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Nacapricha
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanthapatra Bunchuay
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phoonthawee Saetear
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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2
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Alam S, Rahat MMR, Upoma NJ, Halder C, Moulick SP, Islam MM, Liu W, Habib A. Assessment of quality of commercial hand sanitizers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. MethodsX 2023; 11:102274. [PMID: 37484519 PMCID: PMC10362314 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use and manufacture of alcohol-based hand sanitizers increased exponentially. Efficacy of hand sanitizers mainly depends on active ingredients like ethanol and isopropanol (IPA). Even though methanol is extremely hazardous to people, it is still illegally used in hand sanitizers in Bangladesh. Developing a quick and simple analytical method for detecting and quantifying ethanol/IPA/methanol is crucial. Here, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify and quantify alcohol content in commercially available hand sanitizers in a quick and easy way. Comparing the FTIR and GC data, provided quite similar results. Unlike previous studies by FTIR, C-H, CH3-C-CH3 stretching, and C-H bending vibrational modes were employed to construct analytical calibration curves to detect and quantify alcohol in hand sanitizers. According to FTIR and GC findings, ethanol and IPA content were found to be 43-82% and 40-69%, and 56-64% and 61-66%, respectively, whereas ethanol was labeled at 66-80% and IPA at 65-70%. FTIR and GC revealed methanol content ranging from 37 to 98 and 19 to 81%, respectively. Also, the FTIR was significantly faster than the GC. Therefore, FTIR can be used to commercially analyze the quality of hand sanitizers.•FTIR was used to identify and quantify alcohol content in commercially available hand sanitizers in a quick and easy way.•Comparing the FTIR and GC data, provided quite similar results.•Out of ten samples, five contained ethanol, three IPA, and two methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Chandan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shyama Prosad Moulick
- Chemical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Monarul Islam
- Chemical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Wenben Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Fomina P, Femenias A, Hlavatsch M, Scheuermann J, Schäfer N, Freitag S, Patel N, Kohler A, Krska R, Koeth J, Mizaikoff B. A Portable Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectrometer for Food Analysis. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1073-1086. [PMID: 37525897 PMCID: PMC10478342 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231190660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The analytical performance of a compact infrared attenuated total reflection spectrometer using a pyroelectric detector array has been evaluated and compared to a conventional laboratory Fourier transform infrared system for applications in food analysis. Analytical characteristics including sensitivity, repeatability, linearity of the calibration functions, signal-to-noise ratio, and spectral resolution have been derived for both approaches. Representative analytes of relevance in food industries (i.e., organic solvents, fatty acids, and mycotoxins) have been used for the assessment of the performance of the device and to discuss the potential of this technology in food and feed analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Fomina
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Antoni Femenias
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Hlavatsch
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Nicolas Schäfer
- Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Gerbrunn, Germany
| | - Stephan Freitag
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Nageshvar Patel
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
- School of Biological Science, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Johannes Koeth
- Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Gerbrunn, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Ulm, Germany
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Salerno TMG, Trovato E, Cafeo G, Vento F, Zoccali M, Donato P, Dugo P, Mondello L. Hidden threat lurking in extensive hand hygiene during the Covid-19 pandemic: investigation of sensitizing molecules in gel products by hyphenated chromatography techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04714-7. [PMID: 37191715 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
During the Covid-19 pandemic, health agencies worldwide have recommended frequent handwashing and sanitizing. A variety of hand gel products were made available on the market, often with fragrances added to curtail the strong smell of alcohol. Commonly used Citrus fragrances contain volatile aroma constituents and non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic compounds (OHCs), consisting mostly of polymethoxyflavones, coumarins, and furocoumarins. The latter have long been investigated for their phototoxic properties, and their safety as cosmetic product ingredients has been debated recurrently. To this concern, twelve commercial Citrus-scented products were investigated in this study. An extraction method was optimized for thirty-seven OHC compounds, obtaining absolute mean recovery values in the 73.5-116% range with only few milliliters of solvent consumption. Analysis by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection evidenced that three samples did not conform to the labeling requirements for fragrance allergens (coumarin) laid down by the European Union Regulation on Cosmetic Products. The total furocoumarin (FC) content of the samples investigated was in the 0.003-3.7ppm range, with some noteworthy exceptions. Specifically, in two samples, the total FCs were quantified as 89 and 219 ppm, thus exceeding the safe limits recommended up to a factor of 15. Finally, the consistency of the volatile fingerprint attained by gas chromatography allowed drawing conclusions on the authenticity of the Citrus fragrances labeled, and several products did not conform to the information reported on the label concerning the presence of essential oils. Besides the issue of product authenticity, analytical tools and regulatory actions for widespread testing of hand hygiene products are urgent, to protect consumers' health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M G Salerno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Trovato
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cafeo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Vento
- Chromaleont S.R.L., at Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Donato
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont S.R.L., at Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy.
- Chromaleont S.R.L., at Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy.
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Gloekler LE, de Gandiaga EJ, Binczewski NR, Steimel KG, Massarsky A, Kozal J, Vincent M, Zisook R, LaGuardia MJ, Dotson S, Gaffney S. Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Hand Sanitizer Products Marketed to Children Available during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14424. [PMID: 36361303 PMCID: PMC9655340 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hand sanitizer use in the United States (U.S.) increased after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released temporary manufacturer guidance, changing impurity level limits for alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs). Since the guidance took effect, the FDA has recommended against using these hand sanitizers due to concerns over safety, efficacy, and/or risk of incidental ingestion. To address current gaps in exposure characterization, this study describes a survey of ABHSs marketed to children available in the U.S., as defined by several inclusion criteria. A subset of ABHSs (n = 31) were evaluated for ethanol and organic impurities using a modified FDA method. Products with detectable impurity levels were compared to the FDA's established interim limits. Seven children's products had impurity levels exceeding the FDA's recommended interim limits, including benzene (up to 9.14 ppm), acetaldehyde (up to 134.12 ppm), and acetal (up to 75.60 ppm). The total measured alcohol content ranged from 52% to 98% in all hand sanitizers tested, ranging from 39% below, and up to 31% above, the labeled concentration. Future studies should confirm impurity contamination sources. A risk assessment could determine whether dermal application or incidental ingestion of impurity-containing hand sanitizers pose any consumer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jordan Kozal
- Stantec (ChemRisk), San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
| | | | | | - Mark J. LaGuardia
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Scott Dotson
- Insight Exposure and Risk Sciences Group, Cincinnati, OH 45249, USA
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Poonprasartporn A, Chan KA. Label-free study of intracellular glycogen level in metformin and resveratrol-treated insulin-resistant HepG2 by live-cell FTIR spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 212:114416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Manuel CS, Yeomans DJ, Williams JA, Fricker C, Kucera K, Light D, Arbogast JW. Presence of unsafe chemical impurities, accelerated evaporation of alcohol, and lack of key labeling requirements are risks and concerns for some alcohol-based hand sanitizers and dispenser practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265519. [PMID: 35303018 PMCID: PMC8932570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) have been an important hand hygiene tool during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, ABHS from non-traditional drug manufacturers have entered the market, triggered by a lack of ABHS availability. Some of these ABHS contain high levels of chemical impurities that may be harmful with frequent exposure. Additionally, the use of refillable dispensers designed to accept ABHS from bulk containers allows for mixing and evaporation that may compromise ABHS integrity. To understand the risks associated with low quality ABHS and bulk refilling practices, we collected 77 ABHS samples sourced from community settings (restaurants, grocery stores, etc.) and 40 samples from a single school district. All samples were obtained from bulk refillable dispensers that were in use. Samples were analyzed for alcohol content, chemical impurities, aesthetic qualities, and presence of drug labeling information. Additionally, we performed laboratory-based experiments to determine the impact of dispenser design on alcohol evaporation rates. Over 70% of samples for which photos were available showed lack of essential labeling information, including missing "Drug Facts Labels". For ABHS samples acquired from community settings, nearly 14% of samples had visible impurities, and over 30% of samples had concentrations of acetal and acetaldehyde in excess of FDA interim limits. Subpotent ethanol concentrations were observed in 9.09% and 82.05% of samples from community settings and the school district, respectively, with the school district sample results being associated with dispenser misuse. Laboratory-based experiments show dispenser design significantly impacts the rate of ethanol evaporation of ABHS products, especially if stored in open refillable dispensers without an internal reservoir. This study demonstrates risks associated with use of inferior ABHS and bulk refilling practices. Regulatory agencies should issue guidance on best practices in community settings to ensure the integrity of ABHS as an essential public health tool to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and other transmissible diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde S. Manuel
- GOJO Industries, Inc., Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dawn J. Yeomans
- GOJO Industries, Inc., Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | | | - Kaury Kucera
- Valisure, LLC, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David Light
- Valisure, LLC, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Monitoring of alcohol-based hand rubs in SARS-CoV-2 prevention by HS-GC/MS and electrochemical biosensor: A survey of commercial samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114694. [PMID: 35290924 PMCID: PMC8882042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) have found large diffusion during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, thus becoming the most widespread means for hand hygiene. Whereby, it is fundamental to assess the alignment of commercial ABHRs to the indications provided by the principal health agencies regarding alcohol content and possible impurities. In this work, a novel improvement of previous existent methods for the determination of alcohol content in such products was reported. In particular, two alternative sensitive and reproducible methods, such as an electrochemical screen-printed based enzymatic (alcohol oxidase) biosensor and a Headspace Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) were proposed. The electrochemical device represents a rapid, low-cost and accurate fraud screening method for alcohol-based hand rubs. The second technique confirms, identifies and simultaneously determines ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, improving their extraction through acidification in the sample pre-treatment step. The developed specific HS-GC/MS method was in-house validated according to ISO/IEC 17025 requirements. Analytical parameters such as limit of detection (LoD 0.13%v/v - 0.17%v/v), limit of quantification (LoQ 0.44% v/v - 0.57% v/v), inter-day repeatability (RSDR 2.1–10.7%) and recovery (80–110%) were assessed. The relative expanded uncertainties range (between 0.1%v/v and 3.4%v/v) for all the analytes were evaluated. Results obtained using the different analytical approaches were compared and indicated that the two data sets were comparable (median; HS-GC/MS, 56%v/v; electrochemical biosensor, 62%v/v) and were not statistically different (one-way ANOVA test; p = 0.062). In addition, a good correlation (95%) was found. This study noticed that only 39% of the tested hand sanitiser products had the recommended average alcohol content, thus highlighting the need for analytical controls on this type of products.
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