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Jiang LX, Hilger RT, Laskin J. Hardware and software solutions for implementing nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) sources on commercial mass spectrometers. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5065. [PMID: 38866597 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) is an ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) approach that enables spatial mapping of biological and environmental samples with high spatial resolution and throughput. Because nano-DESI has not yet been commercialized, researchers develop their own sources and interface them with different commercial mass spectrometers. Previously, several protocols focusing on the fabrication of nano-DESI probes have been reported. In this tutorial, we discuss different hardware requirements for coupling the nano-DESI source to commercial mass spectrometers, such as the safety interlock, inlet extension, and contact closure. In addition, we describe the structure of our custom software for controlling the nano-DESI MSI platform and provide detailed instructions for its usage. With this tutorial, interested researchers should be able to implement nano-DESI experiments in their labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xue Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ryan T Hilger
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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2
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Holbrook JH, Kemper GE, Hummon AB. Quantitative mass spectrometry imaging: therapeutics & biomolecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2137-2151. [PMID: 38284765 PMCID: PMC10878071 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05988j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has become increasingly utilized in the analysis of biological molecules. MSI grants the ability to spatially map thousands of molecules within one experimental run in a label-free manner. While MSI is considered by most to be a qualitative method, recent advancements in instrumentation, sample preparation, and development of standards has made quantitative MSI (qMSI) more common. In this feature article, we present a tailored review of recent advancements in qMSI of therapeutics and biomolecules such as lipids and peptides/proteins. We also provide detailed experimental considerations for conducting qMSI studies on biological samples, aiming to advance the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Holbrook
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Gabrielle E Kemper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Amanda B Hummon
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Gorman BL, Torti SV, Torti FM, Anderton CR. Mass spectrometry imaging of metals in tissues and cells: Methods and biological applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130329. [PMID: 36791830 PMCID: PMC10423302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metals are pervasive throughout biological processes, where they play essential structural and catalytic roles. Metals can also exhibit deleterious effects on human health. Powerful analytical techniques, such as mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), are required to map metals due to their low concentrations within biological tissue. SCOPE OF REVIEW This Mini Review focuses on key MSI technology that can image metal distributions in situ, describing considerations for each technique (e.g., resolution, sensitivity, etc.). We highlight recent work using MSI for mapping trace metals in tissues, detecting metal-based drugs, and simultaneously imaging metals and biomolecules. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MSI has enabled significant advances in locating bioactive metals at high spatial resolution and correlating their distributions with that of biomolecules. The use of metal-based immunochemistry has enabled simultaneous high-throughput protein and biomolecule imaging. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The techniques and examples described herein can be applied to many biological questions concerning the important biological roles of metals, metal toxicity, and localization of metal-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney L Gorman
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States of America
| | - Suzy V Torti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America
| | - Frank M Torti
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States of America.
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Sharma VV, Lanekoff I. Revealing Structure and Localization of Steroid Regioisomers through Predictive Fragmentation Patterns in Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17843-17850. [PMID: 37974413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and mapping steroids in tissues can provide opportunities for biomarker discovery, the interrogation of disease progression, and new therapeutics. Although separation coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for studying steroids, imaging and annotating steroid isomers remains challenging. Herein, we present a new method based on the fragmentation of silver-cationized steroids in tandem MS, which produces distinctive and consistent fragmentation patterns conferring confidence in steroid annotation at the regioisomeric level without using prior derivatization, separation, or instrumental modification. In addition to predicting the structure of the steroid with isomeric specificity, the method is simple, flexible, and inexpensive, suggesting that the wider community will easily adapt to it. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by visualizing steroids and steroid isomer distributions in mouse brain tissue using silver-doped pneumatically assisted nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun V Sharma
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingela Lanekoff
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Li X, Hu H, Laskin J. High-resolution integrated microfluidic probe for mass spectrometry imaging of biological tissues. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341830. [PMID: 37827646 PMCID: PMC10594281 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) is an ambient ionization technique that enables molecular imaging of biological samples with high spatial resolution. We have recently developed an integrated microfluidic probe (iMFP) for nano-DESI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) that significantly enhances the robustness of the technique. In this study, we designed a new probe that enables imaging of biological samples with high spatial resolution. The new probe design features smaller primary and spray channels and an entirely new configuration of the sampling port that enables robust imaging of tissues with a spatial resolution of 8-10 μm. We demonstrate the spatial resolution, sensitivity, durability, and throughput of the iMFP by imaging mouse uterine and brain tissue sections. The robustness of the high-resolution iMFP allowed us to perform first imaging experiments with both high spatial resolution and high throughput, which is particularly advantageous for high-resolution imaging of large tissue sections of interest to most MSI applications. Overall, the new probe design opens opportunities for mapping of biomolecules in biological samples with high throughput and cellular resolution, which is important for understanding biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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Rankin‐Turner S, Sears P, Heaney LM. Applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in 2022: An annual review. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 4:133-153. [PMID: 38716065 PMCID: PMC10989672 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) has transformed analytical science, providing the means of performing rapid analysis of samples in their native state, both in and out of the laboratory. The capacity to eliminate sample preparation and pre-MS separation techniques, leading to true real-time analysis, has led to AIMS naturally gaining a broad interest across the scientific community. Since the introduction of the first AIMS techniques in the mid-2000s, the field has exploded with dozens of novel ion sources, an array of intriguing applications, and an evident growing interest across diverse areas of study. As the field continues to surge forward each year, ambient ionization techniques are increasingly becoming commonplace in laboratories around the world. This annual review provides an overview of AIMS techniques and applications throughout 2022, with a specific focus on some of the major fields of research, including forensic science, disease diagnostics, pharmaceuticals and food sciences. New techniques and methods are introduced, demonstrating the unwavering drive of the analytical community to further advance this exciting field and push the boundaries of what analytical chemistry can achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rankin‐Turner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Patrick Sears
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Liam M Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
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Guo X, Wang X, Tian C, Dai J, Zhao Z, Duan Y. Development of mass spectrometry imaging techniques and its latest applications. Talanta 2023; 264:124721. [PMID: 37271004 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a novel molecular imaging technology that collects molecular information from the surface of samples in situ. The spatial distribution and relative content of various compounds can be visualized simultaneously with high spatial resolution. The prominent advantages of MSI promote the active development of ionization technology and its broader applications in diverse fields. This article first gives a brief introduction to the vital parts of the processes during MSI. On this basis, provides a comprehensive overview of the most relevant MS-based imaging techniques from their mechanisms, pros and cons, and applications. In addition, a critical issue in MSI, matrix effects is also discussed. Then, the representative applications of MSI in biological, forensic, and environmental fields in the past 5 years have been summarized, with a focus on various types of analytes (e.g., proteins, lipids, polymers, etc.) Finally, the challenges and further perspectives of MSI are proposed and concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Caiyan Tian
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Jianxiong Dai
- Aliben Science and Technology Company Limited, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | | | - Yixiang Duan
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China; Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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Mavroudakis L, Lanekoff I. Ischemic Stroke Causes Disruptions in the Carnitine Shuttle System. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020278. [PMID: 36837897 PMCID: PMC9968086 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ischemic stroke is necessary to develop treatment alternatives. Ischemic stroke is known to cause a cellular energy imbalance when glucose supply is deprived, enhancing the role for energy production via β-oxidation where acylcarnitines are essential for the transportation of fatty acids into the mitochondria. Although traditional bulk analysis methods enable sensitive detection of acylcarnitines, they do not provide information on their abundances in various tissue regions. However, with quantitative mass spectrometry imaging the detected concentrations and spatial distributions of endogenous molecules can be readily obtained in an unbiased way. Here, we use pneumatically assisted nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (PA nano-DESI MSI) doped with internal standards to study the distributions of acylcarnitines in mouse brain affected by stroke. The internal standards enable quantitative imaging and annotation of endogenous acylcarnitines is achieved by studying fragmentation patterns. We report a significant accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines due to ischemia in brain tissue of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model. Further, we estimate activities of carnitine transporting enzymes and demonstrate disruptions in the carnitine shuttle system that affects the β-oxidation in the mitochondria. Our results show the importance for quantitative monitoring of metabolite distributions in distinct tissue regions to understand cell compensation mechanisms involved in handling damage caused by stroke.
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Costa C, De Jesus J, Nikula C, Murta T, Grime GW, Palitsin V, Dartois V, Firat K, Webb R, Bunch J, Bailey MJ. A Multimodal Desorption Electrospray Ionisation Workflow Enabling Visualisation of Lipids and Biologically Relevant Elements in a Single Tissue Section. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020262. [PMID: 36837881 PMCID: PMC9964958 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The colocation of elemental species with host biomolecules such as lipids and metabolites may shed new light on the dysregulation of metabolic pathways and how these affect disease pathogeneses. Alkali metals have been the subject of extensive research, are implicated in various neurodegenerative and infectious diseases and are known to disrupt lipid metabolism. Desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) is a widely used approach for molecular imaging, but previous work has shown that DESI delocalises ions such as potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl), precluding the subsequent elemental analysis of the same section of tissue. The solvent typically used for the DESI electrospray is a combination of methanol and water. Here we show that a novel solvent system, (50:50 (%v/v) MeOH:EtOH) does not delocalise elemental species and thus enables elemental mapping to be performed on the same tissue section post-DESI. Benchmarking the MeOH:EtOH electrospray solvent against the widely used MeOH:H2O electrospray solvent revealed that the MeOH:EtOH solvent yielded increased signal-to-noise ratios for selected lipids. The developed multimodal imaging workflow was applied to a lung tissue section containing a tuberculosis granuloma, showcasing its applicability to elementally rich samples displaying defined structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Costa
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Janella De Jesus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Chelsea Nikula
- The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Teresa Murta
- The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | | | | | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Kaya Firat
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Roger Webb
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | - Melanie J. Bailey
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1483682593
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Mavroudakis L, Lanekoff I. Matrix Effects Free Imaging of Thin Tissue Sections Using Pneumatically Assisted Nano-DESI MSI. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2688:107-121. [PMID: 37410288 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3319-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging has the potential to reveal important molecular interaction in morphological regions in tissue. However, the simultaneous ionization of the continuously altered and complex chemistry in each pixel can introduce artifacts that result in skewed molecular distributions in the compiled ion images. These artifacts are known as matrix effects. Mass spectrometry imaging using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI MSI) enables the elimination of matrix effects by doping the nano-DESI solvent with internal standards. Carefully selected internal standards ionize similarly and simultaneously with the extracted analytes from thin tissue sections, and the matrix effects are eliminated through a robust data normalization method. Herein we describe the setup and use of pneumatically assisted (PA) nano-DESI MSI with standards doped in the solvent for elimination of matrix effects in ion images.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingela Lanekoff
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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