1
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Gaudin LF, Wright IR, Harris-Lee TR, Jayamaha G, Kang M, Bentley CL. Five years of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM): new insights and innovations. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12345-12367. [PMID: 38874335 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00859f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a nanopipette-based technique which enables measurement of localised electrochemistry. SECCM has found use in a wide range of electrochemical applications, and due to the wider uptake of this technique in recent years, new applications and techniques have been developed. This minireview has collected all SECCM research articles published in the last 5 years, to demonstrate and celebrate the recent advances, and to make it easier for SECCM researchers to remain well-informed. The wide range of SECCM applications is demonstrated, which are categorised here into electrocatalysis, electroanalysis, photoelectrochemistry, biological materials, energy storage materials, corrosion, electrosynthesis, and instrumental development. In the collection of this library of SECCM studies, a few key trends emerge. (1) The range of materials and processes explored with SECCM has grown, with new applications emerging constantly. (2) The instrumental capabilities of SECCM have grown, with creative techniques being developed from research groups worldwide. (3) The SECCM research community has grown significantly, with adoption of the SECCM technique becoming more prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan F Gaudin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
| | - India R Wright
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
| | - Thom R Harris-Lee
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Gunani Jayamaha
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Minkyung Kang
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
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2
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Alden S, Zhang L, Wang Y, Lavrik NV, Thorgaard SN, Baker LA. High-Throughput Single-Entity Electrochemistry with Microelectrode Arrays. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9177-9184. [PMID: 38780285 PMCID: PMC11154736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We describe micro- and nanoelectrode array analysis with an automated version of the array microcell method (AMCM). Characterization of hundreds of electrodes, with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 2 μm, was carried out by using AMCM voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The influence of solvent evaporation on mass transport in the AMCM pipette and the resultant electrochemical response were investigated, with experimental results supported by finite element method simulations. We also describe the application of AMCM to high-throughput single-entity electrochemistry in measurements of stochastic nanoparticle impacts. Collision experiments recorded 3270 single-particle events from 671 electrodes. Data collection parameters were optimized to enable these experiments to be completed in a few hours, and the collision transient sizes were analyzed with a U-Net deep learning model. Elucidation of collision transient sizes by histograms from these experiments was enhanced due to the large sample size possible with AMCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha
E. Alden
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yunong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nickolay V. Lavrik
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oakridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Scott N. Thorgaard
- Department
of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Zhang L, Wahab OJ, Jallow AA, O’Dell ZJ, Pungsrisai T, Sridhar S, Vernon KL, Willets KA, Baker LA. Recent Developments in Single-Entity Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8036-8055. [PMID: 38727715 PMCID: PMC11112546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - O. J. Wahab
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - A. A. Jallow
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Z. J. O’Dell
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - T. Pungsrisai
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - S. Sridhar
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - K. L. Vernon
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - K. A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - L. A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
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4
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Wu ZF, Sun PZ, Wahab OJ, Tan YT, Barry D, Periyanagounder D, Pillai PB, Dai Q, Xiong WQ, Vega LF, Lulla K, Yuan SJ, Nair RR, Daviddi E, Unwin PR, Geim AK, Lozada-Hidalgo M. Proton and molecular permeation through the basal plane of monolayer graphene oxide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7756. [PMID: 38012200 PMCID: PMC10682477 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43637-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer a prospect of membranes that combine negligible gas permeability with high proton conductivity and could outperform the existing proton exchange membranes used in various applications including fuel cells. Graphene oxide (GO), a well-known 2D material, facilitates rapid proton transport along its basal plane but proton conductivity across it remains unknown. It is also often presumed that individual GO monolayers contain a large density of nanoscale pinholes that lead to considerable gas leakage across the GO basal plane. Here we show that relatively large, micrometer-scale areas of monolayer GO are impermeable to gases, including helium, while exhibiting proton conductivity through the basal plane which is nearly two orders of magnitude higher than that of graphene. These findings provide insights into the key properties of GO and demonstrate that chemical functionalization of 2D crystals can be utilized to enhance their proton transparency without compromising gas impermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z F Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - P Z Sun
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - O J Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Y T Tan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - D Barry
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - D Periyanagounder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - P B Pillai
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Q Dai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - W Q Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of the Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - L F Vega
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH Center) and Chemical Engineering Department, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center for graphene and 2D materials (RIC2D), Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - K Lulla
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - S J Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of the Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - R R Nair
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - E Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - P R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - A K Geim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - M Lozada-Hidalgo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Research and Innovation Center for graphene and 2D materials (RIC2D), Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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5
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Vicente RA, Raju SP, Gomes HVN, Neckel IT, Tolentino HCN, Fernández PS. Development of Electrochemical Cells and Their Application for Spatially Resolved Analysis Using a Multitechnique Approach: From Conventional Experiments to X-Ray Nanoprobe Beamlines. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16144-16152. [PMID: 37883715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Real (electro)catalysts are often heterogeneous, and their activity and selectivity depend on the properties of specific active sites. Therefore, unveiling the so-called structure-activity relationship is essential for a rational search for better materials and, consequently, for the development of the field of (electro-)catalysis. Thus, spatially resolved techniques are powerful tools as they allow us to characterize and/or measure the activity and selectivity of different regions of heterogeneous catalysts. To take full advantage of that, we have developed spectroelectrochemical cells to perform spatially resolved analysis using X-ray nanoprobe synchrotron beamlines and conventional pieces of equipment. Here, we describe the techniques available at the Carnaúba beamline at the Sirius-LNLS storage ring, and then we show how our cells enable obtaining X-ray (XRF, XRD, XAS, etc.) and vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR and Raman) contrast images. Through some proof-of-concept experiments, we demonstrate how using a multi-technique approach could render a complete and detailed analysis of an (electro)catalyst overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Alcides Vicente
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
| | - Swathi Patchaiammal Raju
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Vampré Nascimento Gomes
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
| | - Itamar Tomio Neckel
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000 - Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Hélio Cesar Nogueira Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000 - Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastián Fernández
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
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6
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Wahab OJ, Daviddi E, Xin B, Sun PZ, Griffin E, Colburn AW, Barry D, Yagmurcukardes M, Peeters FM, Geim AK, Lozada-Hidalgo M, Unwin PR. Proton transport through nanoscale corrugations in two-dimensional crystals. Nature 2023; 620:782-786. [PMID: 37612394 PMCID: PMC10447238 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Defect-free graphene is impermeable to all atoms1-5 and ions6,7 under ambient conditions. Experiments that can resolve gas flows of a few atoms per hour through micrometre-sized membranes found that monocrystalline graphene is completely impermeable to helium, the smallest atom2,5. Such membranes were also shown to be impermeable to all ions, including the smallest one, lithium6,7. By contrast, graphene was reported to be highly permeable to protons, nuclei of hydrogen atoms8,9. There is no consensus, however, either on the mechanism behind the unexpectedly high proton permeability10-14 or even on whether it requires defects in graphene's crystal lattice6,8,15-17. Here, using high-resolution scanning electrochemical cell microscopy, we show that, although proton permeation through mechanically exfoliated monolayers of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride cannot be attributed to any structural defects, nanoscale non-flatness of two-dimensional membranes greatly facilitates proton transport. The spatial distribution of proton currents visualized by scanning electrochemical cell microscopy reveals marked inhomogeneities that are strongly correlated with nanoscale wrinkles and other features where strain is accumulated. Our results highlight nanoscale morphology as an important parameter enabling proton transport through two-dimensional crystals, mostly considered and modelled as flat, and indicate that strain and curvature can be used as additional degrees of freedom to control the proton permeability of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - E Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - B Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P Z Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E Griffin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A W Colburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - D Barry
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Yagmurcukardes
- Department of Photonics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Turkey
| | - F M Peeters
- Departement Fysica, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - A K Geim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - M Lozada-Hidalgo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - P R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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7
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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8
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Veloso WB, Paixão TR, Meloni GN. 3D printed electrodes design and voltammetric response. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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9
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Perry S, Arumugam S, Beeby S, Nandhakumar I. Template-free nanostructured poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) films via single pulse-nucleated electrodeposition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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10
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Xu X, Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Confederat S, Marcuccio F, Lemineur JF, Actis P, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. The New Era of High-Throughput Nanoelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:319-356. [PMID: 36625121 PMCID: PMC9835065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université
Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Samuel Confederat
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Fabio Marcuccio
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Faculty
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paolo Actis
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,
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11
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Lai Z, Li D, Cai S, Liu M, Huang F, Zhang G, Wu X, Jin Y. Small-Area Techniques for Micro- and Nanoelectrochemical Characterization: A Review. Anal Chem 2023; 95:357-373. [PMID: 36625128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogui Lai
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dingshi Li
- Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Shuangyu Cai
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Ying Jin
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
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12
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Godeffroy L, Lemineur JF, Shkirskiy V, Miranda Vieira M, Noël JM, Kanoufi F. Bridging the Gap between Single Nanoparticle Imaging and Global Electrochemical Response by Correlative Microscopy Assisted By Machine Vision. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200659. [PMID: 35789075 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nanostructuration of an electrochemical interface dictates its micro- and macroscopic behavior. It is generally highly complex and often evolves under operating conditions. Electrochemistry at these nanostructurations can be imaged both operando and/or ex situ at the single nanoobject or nanoparticle (NP) level by diverse optical, electron, and local probe microscopy techniques. However, they only probe a tiny random fraction of interfaces that are by essence highly heterogeneous. Given the above background, correlative multimicroscopy strategy coupled to electrochemistry in a droplet cell provides a unique solution to gain mechanistic insights in electrocatalysis. To do so, a general machine-vision methodology is depicted enabling the automated local identification of various physical and chemical descriptors of NPs (size, composition, activity) obtained from multiple complementary operando and ex situ microscopy imaging of the electrode. These multifarious microscopically probed descriptors for each and all individual NPs are used to reconstruct the global electrochemical response. Herein the methodology unveils the competing processes involved in the electrocatalysis of hydrogen evolution reaction at nickel based NPs, showing that Ni metal activity is comparable to that of platinum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
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13
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Wahab OJ, Kang M, Daviddi E, Walker M, Unwin PR. Screening Surface Structure-Electrochemical Activity Relationships of Copper Electrodes under CO 2 Electroreduction Conditions. ACS Catal 2022; 12:6578-6588. [PMID: 35692254 PMCID: PMC9171721 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how crystallographic orientation influences the electrocatalytic performance of metal catalysts can potentially advance the design of catalysts with improved efficiency. Although single crystal electrodes are typically used for such studies, the one-at-a-time preparation procedure limits the range of secondary crystallographic orientations that can be profiled. This work employs scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) together with co-located electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) as a screening technique to investigate how surface crystallographic orientations on polycrystalline copper (Cu) correlate to activity under CO2 electroreduction conditions. SECCM measures spatially resolved voltammetry on polycrystalline copper covering low overpotentials of CO2 conversion to intermediates, thereby screening the different activity from low-index facets where H2 evolution is dominant to high-index facets where more reaction intermediates are expected. This approach allows the acquisition of 2500 voltammograms on approximately 60 different Cu surface facets identified with EBSD. The results show that the order of activity is (111) < (100) < (110) among the Cu primary orientations. The collection of data over a wide range of secondary orientations leads to the construction of an "electrochemical-crystallographic stereographic triangle" that provides a broad comprehension of the trends among Cu secondary surface facets rarely studied in the literature, [particularly (941) and (741)], and clearly shows that the electroreduction activity scales with the step and kink density of these surfaces. This work also reveals that the electrochemical stripping of the passive layer that is naturally formed on Cu in air is strongly grain-dependent, and the relative ease of stripping on low-index facets follows the order of (100) > (111) > (110). This allows a procedure to be implemented, whereby the oxide is removed (to an electrochemically undetectable level) prior to the kinetic analyses of electroreduction activity. SECCM screening allows for the most active surfaces to be ranked and prompts in-depth follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Enrico Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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14
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Molina NY, Pungsrisai T, O'Dell ZJ, Paranzino B, Willets KA. The Hidden Role of the Supporting Electrode for Creating Heterogeneity in Single Entity Electrochemistry. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Y. Molina
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. 13th Street Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Tipsiri Pungsrisai
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. 13th Street Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Zachary J. O'Dell
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. 13th Street Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Bianca Paranzino
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. 13th Street Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. 13th Street Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
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