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Lee H, Liao JD, Tsai HP, Wang H, Sitjar J. Focused ion beam-fabricated nanorod substrate for label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and enabling dual virus detection. Talanta 2024; 278:126466. [PMID: 38944940 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presents global challenges, notably with co-infections in respiratory tract involving SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza strains. Detecting multiple viruses simultaneously is crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective tracking infectious sources, and containment of the epidemic. This study uses a label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method using Au NPs/pZrO2 (250) and FIB-made Au NRs (100) to detect dual viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (D) and influenza A (A) or B (B) virus. Results demonstrate distinct peaks facilitating virus differentiation, especially between D and A or B, with clear disparities between substrates; specific peaks at 950 and 1337 cm-1 are pivotal for discerning viruses using Au NPs/pZrO2 (250), while those at 1050, 1394, and 1450 cm-1 and 1033, 1165, 1337, and 1378 cm-1 are key for validation using Au NRs (100). Differences in substrate surface morphology and spatial disposition of accommodating viruses significantly influence hotspot formation and Raman signal amplification efficiency, thereby affecting the ability to distinguish various viruses. Furthermore, both substrates offer insights, even in the presence of oxymetazoline hydrochloride (an interfering substance), with practical implications in viral diagnosis. The customized design and reproducibility underscore efficient Raman signal amplification, even in challenging environments, highlighting potential for widespread virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lee
- Laboratory of Engineered Materials for Biomedical Applications, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Jiunn-Der Liao
- Laboratory of Engineered Materials for Biomedical Applications, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Huey-Pin Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Engineered Materials for Biomedical Applications, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Jaya Sitjar
- Laboratory of Engineered Materials for Biomedical Applications, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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Zhou Y, Zhang J, Lai X, Chen Y, Fu F, Lin Z, Dong Y. Aggregated gold nanoparticles rich in electromagnetic field "hotspots" for surface enhanced Raman scattering. Talanta 2024; 282:126948. [PMID: 39369657 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
A simple method for one-step synthesis of aggregated gold nanoparticles (a-AuNPs) using single-layer carbon dots (s-CDs) as the capping agents has been proposed. The obtained a-AuNPs are mainly composed of several spherical AuNPs of 20-25 nm sized, which aggregate to form nanogaps of ∼1 nm. Furthermore, the obtained a-AuNPs produce a strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption band centered at around 640 nm, which is quite close to the wavelength of the commonly used 633 nm laser in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Thus, under the irradiation of 633 nm laser, a lot of electromagnetic field "hot spots" are formed at around the nanogaps, and strong SERS activity is achieved. The obtained a-AuNPs are dropped on tin-foil wafers to fabricate SERS substrates, which show the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response, good repeatability and satisfactory stability. On the basis, a sensitive SERS sensor is developed to detect malachite green in aquaculture water, with a low detection limit of 1 × 10-9 mol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xiaojing Lai
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yiquan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Fengfu Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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Zhong X, Liu P, Wen J, Qiu Y, Zhang M, Xie D, Wang S, Xie S, Cheng F. An in-situ method for SERS substrate preparation and optimization based on galvanic replacement reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1303:342512. [PMID: 38609275 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate preparation methods have been reported, however, how to tune the "gap" between nanostructures to make more "hot spots" is still a barrier that restricts their application. The gap between nanostructures is usually fixed when the substrates are prepared. In other words, it is hard to tune interparticle distances for maximum electromagnetic coupling during substrate preparation process. Therefore, an in-situ substrate optimization method that could monitor the SERS signal intensity changes, i.e., to find the optimum gap width and particle size, during substrate preparation process is needed. RESULTS A method based on the galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) is proposed for the in-situ gap width tuning between nanostructures as well as for the optimization of SERS substrates. Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) form and grow on the sacrificial templates' surface while noble metal ions are reduced by sacrificial metal (oxides) in GRR. Along with the fresh and clean NPs' surface generated, the gap between two noble metal NPs decreases with the growth of the NPs. To demonstrate this strategy, cuprous oxide/Ti (Cu2O/Ti) sacrificial templates were prepared, and then a GRR was carried out with HAuCl4. The real-time SERS detection during GRR show that the optimum reaction time (ORT) is 300 ± 30 s. Furthermore, SERS performance testing was conducted on the optimized substrate, revealing that the detection limit for crystal violet can reach 1.96 × 10-11 M, confirming the feasibility of this method. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY By monitoring the in-situ SERS signal of probes during GRR will obtain an "optimal state" of the SERS substrate with optimal gap width and particle size. The SERS substrate preparation and optimization strategy proposed in this article not only provides a simple, efficient, and low-cost method to fabricate surface-clean noble NPs but also paves the way for the in-situ optimization of NPs size and gap width between NPs which could achieve wider applications of SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhong
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Jiaxing Wen
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yongfu Qiu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Shoushan Wang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Shilei Xie
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Faliang Cheng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China.
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Zhang X, Gan T, Xu Z, Zhang H, Wang D, Zhao X, Huang Y, Liu Q, Fu B, Dai Z, Li P, Xu W. Immune-like sandwich multiple hotspots SERS biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of NDKA biomarker in serum. Talanta 2024; 271:125630. [PMID: 38237280 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Developing the rapid, specific, and sensitive tumor marker NDKA biosensor has become an urgent need in the field of early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with the advantages of high sensitivity, high resolution as well as providing sample fingerprint, enables rapid and sensitive detection of tumor markers. However, many SERS biosensors rely on boosting the quantity of Raman reporter molecules on individual nanoparticle surfaces, which can result in nanoparticle agglomeration, diminishing the stability and sensitivity of NDKA detection. Here, we proposed an immune-like sandwich multiple hotspots SERS biosensor for highly sensitive and stable analysis of NDKA in serum based on molecularly imprinted polymers and NDKA antibody. The SERS biosensor employs an array of gold nanoparticles, which are coated with a biocompatible polydopamine molecularly imprinted polymer as a substrate to specifically capture NDKA. Then the biosensor detects NDKA through Raman signals as a result of the specific binding of NDKA to the SERS nanotag affixed to the capture substrate along with the formation of multiple hotspots. This SERS biosensor not only avoids the aggregation of nanoparticles but also presents a solution to the obstacles encountered in immune strategies for certain proteins lacking multiple antibody or aptamer binding sites. Furthermore, the practical application of the SERS biosensor is validated by the detection of NDKA in serum with the lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.25 pg/mL, meanwhile can detect NDKA of 10 ng/mL in mixed proteins solution, illustrating high sensitivity and specificity. This immune-like sandwich multiple hotspots biosensor makes it quite useful for the early detection of CRC and also provides new ideas for cancer biomarker sensing strategy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Tian Gan
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Ziming Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Hanyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Qunshan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Bangguo Fu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zuyun Dai
- Anhui Jianghuai Horticulture Seeds Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Pan Li
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China.
| | - Weiping Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Anhui, Hefei, 230001, China.
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Tan L, Yue S, Lou Y, Zhu JJ. Enhancing charge transfer in a W 18O 49/g-C 3N 4 heterostructure via band structure engineering for effective SERS detection and flexible substrate applications. Analyst 2023; 149:180-187. [PMID: 38009267 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01690k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical mechanism (CM)-related surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has received tremendous interest due to its exceptional stability and excellent uniformity. Nevertheless, there remains a demand for ingenious methodologies for promoting effective charge transfer (CT) to improve SERS sensitivity further. Herein, a band structure engineered W18O49/g-C3N4 heterostructure (WCN) was first employed as a CM-based SERS substrate with remarkable enhancement and sensitivity. To investigate the Raman enhancement properties of the substrate, malachite green (MG) was employed as the Raman probe with the excitation of a 633 nm laser. The WCN substrate exhibits a Raman enhancement factor (EF) of 2.6 × 107, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.9 × 10-10 M for MG. The outstanding Raman amplification behavior can be attributed to the heterojunction-induced efficient CT process, energy band matching resonance due to minor doping with g-C3N4 serving as a band gap modifier, and improved photo-induced charge transfer (PICT) efficiency via the oxygen vacancies in the W18O49 units. Additionally, a flexible SERS substrate based on WCN was constructed using a vacuum filtration method and utilized to detect prohibited pharmaceutical residues on fish skin. The integration of this WCN and a nylon membrane not only preserves the Raman activity of the WCN for sensitive detection but also endows the Raman substrate with high flexibility and good mechanical durability, making it a potential candidate for in situ detection in particular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Shuzhen Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yongbing Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China.
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Tan L, Lou Y, Zhu JJ. High-performance SERS chips for sensitive identification and detection of antibiotic residues with self-assembled hollow Ag octahedra. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14443-14446. [PMID: 37982297 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05297d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
High-performance SERS chips via self-assembled hollow Ag octahedra on PDMS were employed to achieve the sensitive identification and detection of antibiotic residues. The developed SERS chips were successfully applied in the detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP), amoxicillin (AMX) and cefazolin (CZL) in wastewater and tap water samples, as well as enrofloxacin (ENR) in milk, demonstrating the sensitive determination of antibiotics in the real environment. From this perspective, these SERS chips are expected to expand the on spot sensitive detection and identification field of antibiotic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yongbing Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China.
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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7
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Zhang H, Zhang C, Wang Z, Cao W, Yu M, Sun Y. Antibody- and aptamer-free SERS substrate for ultrasensitive and anti-interference detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in untreated saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115457. [PMID: 37321043 PMCID: PMC10247595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and anti-interference detection of targeted signal(s) in body fluids is one of the paramount tasks in biosensing. Overcoming the complication and high cost of antibody/aptamer-modification, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on antibody/aptamer-free (AAF) substrates has shown great promise, yet with rather limited detection sensitivity. Herein, we report ultrasensitive and anti-interference detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in untreated saliva by an AAF SERS substrate, applying the evanescent field induced by the high-order waveguide modes of well-defined nanorods for SERS for the first time. A detection limit of 3.6 × 10-17 M and 1.6 × 10-16 M are obtained in phosphate buffered saline and untreated saliva, respectively; the detection limits are three orders of magnitude improved than the best records from AAF substrates. This work unlocks an exciting path to design AAF SERS substrates for ultrasensitive biosensing, not limited to detection of viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China
| | - Zhaotong Wang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China
| | - Wenwu Cao
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China.
| | - Ye Sun
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China.
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Wu P, Fang N, Tao Y, Wang Y, Jia W, Zhang H, Cai C, Zhu JJ. Enhancing the Reliability of SERS Detection in Ampicillin Using Oriented Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acid Probes and a Long-Range SERS Substrate. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14271-14278. [PMID: 37695688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Indirect surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based methods are highly efficient in detecting and quantitatively analyzing trace antibiotics in complex samples. However, the poor reproducibility of indirect SERS assays caused by the diffusion and orientation changes of the probing molecules on SERS substrates still presents a significant challenge. To address this issue, this study reports the construction of a novel SERS sensing platform using tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA) as SERS probes in conjunction with a long-range SERS (LR-SERS) substrate. The tFNA was modified with sulfhydryl groups at three vertices and appended with a probing DNA at the remaining vertex, anchored on the substrate surface with a well-ordered orientation and stable coverage density, resulting in highly reproducible SERS signals. Owing to the weak SERS signal of tFNA inherited from its size being larger than the effective range of the enhancing electric field (E-field) of conventional SERS substrates, we utilized an LR-SERS substrate to enhance the signal of tFNA probes by capitalizing on its extended E-field. Correspondingly, the LR-SERS substrate demonstrated a 54-fold increase in the intensity of tFNA probes compared to the conventional substrate. Using this novel platform, we achieved a highly reliable detection of the antibiotic ampicillin with a wide linear range (10 fM to 1 nM), low detection limit (3.1 fM), small relative standard deviation (3.12%), and yielded quantitative recoveries of 97-102% for ampicillin in water, milk, and human serum samples. These findings, therefore, effectively demonstrate the achievement of highly reliable SERS detection of antibiotics using framework nucleic acids and an LR-SERS substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Ningning Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Chenxin Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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