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Pence M, Rodríguez O, Lukhanin NG, Schroeder CM, Rodríguez-López J. Automated Measurement of Electrogenerated Redox Species Degradation Using Multiplexed Interdigitated Electrode Arrays. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:62-72. [PMID: 36817007 PMCID: PMC9936799 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the decomposition of electrogenerated species in solution is essential for applications involving electrosynthesis, homogeneous electrocatalysis, and energy storage with redox flow batteries. In this work, we present an automated, multiplexed, and highly robust platform for determining the rate constant of chemical reaction steps following electron transfer, known as the EC mechanism. We developed a generation-collection methodology based on microfabricated interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs) with variable gap widths on a single device. Using a combination of finite-element simulations and statistical analysis of experimental data, our results show that the natural logarithm of collection efficiency is linear with respect to gap width, and this quantitative analysis is used to determine the decomposition rate constant of the electrogenerated species (k c). The integrated IDA method is used in a series of experiments to measure k c values between ∼0.01 and 100 s-1 in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents and at concentrations as high as 0.5 M of the redox-active species, conditions that are challenging to address using standard methods based on conventional macroelectrodes. The versatility of our approach allows for characterization of a wide range of reactions including intermolecular cyclization, hydrolysis, and the decomposition of candidate molecules for redox flow batteries at variable concentration and water content. Overall, this new experimental platform presents a straightforward automated method to assess the degradation of redox species in solution with sufficient flexibility to enable high-throughput workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Pence
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Oliver Rodríguez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Nikita G. Lukhanin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
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2
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A universal approach to recover the original superhydrophilicity of micro/nano-textured metal or metal oxide surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:534-544. [PMID: 36007418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Micro/nano-textured metal or metal oxide surfaces that are naturally superhydrophilic will spontaneously transform into hydrophobic even superhydrophobic after being exposed to ambient air due to the adsorption of airborne organics. This fast wettability transition not only affects the true evaluation of surface wettability but also deteriorates the application performance. Albeit the mechanisms responsible for the wettability transition have been clarified, there is no universal method to recover the initial superhydrophilicity, and how the surface morphology affects the wettability transition is still unclear. Herein, we observe and compare the wettability transition of a wide variety of micro/nano-textured metal or metal oxide surfaces and propose a solvent cleaning method to recover their original superhydrophilicity. We prove that the spontaneously adsorbed organics can be removed by our proposed cleaning method while maintaining the original surface morphology and composition. Our proposed cleaning method is valid for both micro/nano-textured metal and metal oxide surfaces. We also prove that the rate of the wettability transition is not primarily affected by the specific area of surface structures but by the closeness of structural arrangement. Densely packed surface nanostructures can significantly delay the wettability transition by suppressing the diffusion of organic molecules. Our results help the true evaluation of surface wettability and provide a route for the design and preparation of long-lasting superhydrophilic surfaces.
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3
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Ai R, Boukouvala C, Lewis G, Wang H, Zhang H, Lai Y, Huang H, Ringe E, Shao L, Wang J. Facet- and Gas-Dependent Reshaping of Au Nanoplates by Plasma Treatment. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9860-9870. [PMID: 34114456 PMCID: PMC8223482 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The reshaping of metal nanocrystals on substrates is usually realized by pulsed laser irradiation or ion-beam milling with complex procedures. In this work, we demonstrate a simple method for reshaping immobilized Au nanoplates through plasma treatment. Au nanoplates can be reshaped gradually with nearly periodic right pyramid arrays formed on the surface of the nanoplates. The gaseous environment in the plasma-treatment system plays a significant role in the reshaping process with only nitrogen-containing environments leading to reshaping. The reshaping phenomenon is facet-dependent, with right pyramids formed only on the exposed {111} facets of the Au nanoplates. The morphological change of the Au nanoplates induced by the plasma treatment leads to large plasmon peak redshifts. The reshaped Au nanoplates possess slightly higher refractive index sensitivities and largely increased surface-enhanced Raman scattering intensities compared to the flat, untreated nanoplates. Our results offer insights for studying the interaction mechanism between plasma and the different facets of noble metal nanocrystals and an approach for reshaping light-interacting noble metal nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Ai
- Department
of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Christina Boukouvala
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - George Lewis
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Wang
- Shenzhen
JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518109, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department
of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yunhe Lai
- Department
of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - He Huang
- Department
of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Emilie Ringe
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Shao
- Shenzhen
JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518109, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department
of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR China
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4
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Vinoth Kumar SHB, Muydinov R, Szyszka B. Plasma Assisted Reduction of Graphene Oxide Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:382. [PMID: 33546135 PMCID: PMC7913195 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen enormous efforts in the investigation and development of reduced graphene oxide (GO) and its applications. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) derived from GO is known to have relatively inferior electronic characteristics when compared to pristine graphene. Yet, it has its significance attributed to high-yield production from inexpensive graphite, ease of fabrication with solution processing, and thus a high potential for large-scale applications and commercialization. Amongst several available approaches for GO reduction, the mature use of plasma technologies is noteworthy. Plasma technologies credited with unique merits are well established in the field of nanotechnology and find applications across several fields. The use of plasma techniques for GO development could speed up the pathway to commercialization. In this report, we review the state-of-the-art status of plasma techniques used for the reduction of GO-films. The strength of various techniques is highlighted with a summary of the main findings in the literature. An analysis is included through the prism of chemistry and plasma physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Hari Bharath Vinoth Kumar
- Institute of High-Frequency and Semiconductor System Technologies, Technische Universität Berlin, HFT 5-2, Einsteinufer 25, 10587 Berlin, Germany; (R.M.); (B.S.)
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Wu C, Ma K, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Bai N. Bioactive effects of nonthermal argon-oxygen plasma on inorganic bovine bone surface. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17973. [PMID: 33087839 PMCID: PMC7578038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a commonly used bone substitute material in the clinic, inorganic bovine bone has the characteristics of osteoconduction but not osteoinduction. This study aimed to treat inorganic bovine bone using nonthermal argon-oxygen plasma (NTAOP) to obtain greater bioreactivity for enhancing adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of mouse preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. In this study, inorganic bovine bone was activated by NTAOP, and the surface characteristics were analyzed. MC3T3-E1 cells were then seeded onto the surface of inorganic bovine bone. Cell morphology, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were examined. There was no obvious change in the surface morphology of specimens between the two groups. Regarding the elemental composition of the material, the amount of surface carbon was reduced, whereas oxygen, phosphorus and calcium levels were increased in the NTAOP group. Further studies showed that the NTAOP groups performed better than their untreated counterparts in terms of supporting cell proliferation and differentiation. Inorganic bovine bone treated with NTAOP can promote preosteoblast adhesion, proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzan Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Kai Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.16 Jiangsu Rd, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.16 Jiangsu Rd, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yanshan Liu
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Na Bai
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.16 Jiangsu Rd, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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6
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Ying YL, Wang J, Leach AR, Jiang Y, Gao R, Xu C, Edwards MA, Pendergast AD, Ren H, Weatherly CKT, Wang W, Actis P, Mao L, White HS, Long YT. Single-entity electrochemistry at confined sensing interfaces. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Yi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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8
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Kai T, Zoski CG, Bard AJ. Scanning electrochemical microscopy at the nanometer level. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1934-1947. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and electrochemical reactions at high temporal and spatial resolution can be studied using nanoscale SECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Kai
- Center for Electrochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Cynthia G. Zoski
- Center for Electrochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
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9
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Izquierdo J, Knittel P, Kranz C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy: an analytical perspective. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:307-324. [PMID: 29214533 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has evolved from an electrochemical specialist tool to a broadly used electroanalytical surface technique, which has experienced exciting developments for nanoscale electrochemical studies in recent years. Several companies now offer commercial instruments, and SECM has been used in a broad range of applications. SECM research is frequently interdisciplinary, bridging areas ranging from electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and materials science to biomedical research. Although SECM is considered a modern electroanalytical technique, it appears that less attention is paid to so-called analytical figures of merit, which are essential also in electroanalytical chemistry. Besides instrumental developments, this review focuses on aspects such as reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility of SECM data. The review is intended to spark discussion within the community on this topic, but also to raise awareness of the challenges faced during the evaluation of quantitative SECM data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Knittel
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastraße 72, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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10
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Duriyasart F, Ohtani M, Oh JS, Hatta A, Kobiro K. A new approach to surface activation of porous nanomaterials using non-thermal helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:6704-6707. [PMID: 28560362 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02927f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-thermal helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment is applied to the surface activation of porous TiO2 nanoparticle assemblies. Treatment conditions such as the working distance of the plasma discharge, helium gas flow rate, and treatment time are optimized for effective removal of contaminants from the assembly surface. Laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF MS) is applied to detect trace amounts of contaminants on assembly surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations confirm that the nanoparticle assemblies retain their original perfect spherical structures as well as their ultra-fine convex-concave nano-surfaces even after the plasma jet treatment. N2 adsorption/desorption and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements show no significant changes in their BET specific surface areas and crystal structures, respectively. The plasma jet-treated TiO2 nanoparticle assemblies show a 3.8 fold improvement in their reaction rate constants for methylene blue degradation and a 2 fold enhancement of their photocurrents under UV irradiation when compared with untreated TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkfun Duriyasart
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.
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11
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Nellist MR, Chen Y, Mark A, Gödrich S, Stelling C, Jiang J, Poddar R, Li C, Kumar R, Papastavrou G, Retsch M, Brunschwig BS, Huang Z, Xiang C, Boettcher SW. Atomic force microscopy with nanoelectrode tips for high resolution electrochemical, nanoadhesion and nanoelectrical imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:095711. [PMID: 28139467 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal nano-imaging in electrochemical environments is important across many areas of science and technology. Here, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) using an atomic force microscope (AFM) platform with a nanoelectrode probe is reported. In combination with PeakForce tapping AFM mode, the simultaneous characterization of surface topography, quantitative nanomechanics, nanoelectronic properties, and electrochemical activity is demonstrated. The nanoelectrode probe is coated with dielectric materials and has an exposed conical Pt tip apex of ∼200 nm in height and of ∼25 nm in end-tip radius. These characteristic dimensions permit sub-100 nm spatial resolution for electrochemical imaging. With this nanoelectrode probe we have extended AFM-based nanoelectrical measurements to liquid environments. Experimental data and numerical simulations are used to understand the response of the nanoelectrode probe. With PeakForce SECM, we successfully characterized a surface defect on a highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite electrode showing correlated topographical, electrochemical and nanomechanical information at the highest AFM-SECM resolution. The SECM nanoelectrode also enabled the measurement of heterogeneous electrical conductivity of electrode surfaces in liquid. These studies extend the basic understanding of heterogeneity on graphite/graphene surfaces for electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Nellist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
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12
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Ying YL, Ding Z, Zhan D, Long YT. Advanced electroanalytical chemistry at nanoelectrodes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3338-3348. [PMID: 28507703 PMCID: PMC5416909 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00433h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes, with dimensions below 100 nm, have the advantages of high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. These electrodes have attracted increasing attention in various fields such as single cell analysis, single-molecule detection, single particle characterization and high-resolution imaging. The rapid growth of novel nanoelectrodes and nanoelectrochemical methods brings enormous new opportunities in the field. In this perspective, we discuss the challenges, advances, and opportunities for nanoelectrode fabrication, real-time characterizations and high-performance electrochemical instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lun Ying
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , 200237 , P. R. China .
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , ON N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , 200237 , P. R. China .
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13
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Nanoelectrodes: Applications in electrocatalysis, single-cell analysis and high-resolution electrochemical imaging. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Jacobse L, Raaijman SJ, Koper MTM. The reactivity of platinum microelectrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:28451-28457. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05361k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Platinum ultramicroelectrodes exhibit lower reactivity towards surface sensitive reactions than macroelectrodes, typically due to (trace) contamination, making electrochemical characterization very important for a proper comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Jacobse
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- 2300 RA Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Stefan J. Raaijman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- 2300 RA Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- 2300 RA Leiden
- The Netherlands
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Oja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Chadd M. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Peter Defnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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16
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Zhou M, Yu Y, Blanchard PY, Mirkin MV. Surface Patterning Using Diazonium Ink Filled Nanopipette. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10956-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Blanchard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
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