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Bi S, Ao J, Jiang T, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Yang W, Zheng B, Ji M. Imaging Metabolic Flow of Water in Plants with Isotope-Traced Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2407543. [PMID: 39301930 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202407543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Water plays a vital role in the life cycle of plants, participating in various critical biochemical reactions during both non-photosynthetic and photosynthetic processes. Direct visualization of the metabolic activities of water in plants with high spatiotemporal resolution is essential to reveal the functional utilization of water. Here, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is applied to monitor the metabolic processes of deuterated water (D2O) in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana). The work shows that in plants uptaking D2O/water solution, proton-transfer from water to organic metabolites results in the formation of C-D bonds in newly synthesized biomolecules (lipid, protein, and polysaccharides, etc.) that allow high-resolution detection with SRS. Reversible metabolic pathways of oil-starch conversion between seed germination and seed development processes are verified. Spatial heterogeneity of metabolic activities along the vertical axis of plants (root, stem, and tip meristem), as well as the radial distributions of secondary growth on the horizontal cross-sections are quantified. Furthermore, metabolic flow of protons from plants to animals is visualized in aphids feeding on A. thaliana. Collectively, SRS microscopy has potential to trace a broad range of matter flows in plants, such as carbon storage and nutrition metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Human Phenome Institute, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jianpeng Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Human Phenome Institute, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xianmiao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weibing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Binglian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Human Phenome Institute, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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2
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Clark MG, Mohn KJ, Dong B, Campbell HC, Zhang C. Frequency-Domain Low-Wavenumber Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10341-10347. [PMID: 38863402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has experienced rapid technological advancements and has found widespread applications in chemical analysis. Hyperspectral SRS (hSRS) microscopy further enhances the chemical selectivity in imaging by providing a Raman spectrum for each pixel. Time-domain hSRS techniques often require interferometry and ultrashort femtosecond laser pulses. They are especially suited to measuring low-wavenumber Raman transitions but are susceptible to scattering-induced distortions. Frequency-domain hSRS microscopy, on the other hand, offers a simpler optical configuration and demonstrates high tolerance to sample scattering but typically operates within the spectral range of 400-4000 cm-1. Conventional frequency-domain hSRS microscopy is widely employed in biological applications but falls short in detecting chemical bonds with a weaker vibrational energy. In this work, we extend the spectral coverage of picosecond spectral-focusing hSRS microscopy to below 100 cm-1. This frequency-domain low-wavenumber hSRS approach can measure the weaker vibrational energy from the sample and has a strong tolerance to sample scattering. By expanding spectral coverage to 100-4000 cm-1, this development enhances the capability of spectral-domain SRS microscopy for chemical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University; 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Karsten J Mohn
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University; 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University; 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research; 201 S University St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Helen C Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University; 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University; 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research; 201 S University St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, 207 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Wei Y, Pence IJ, Wiatrowski A, Slade JB, Evans CL. Quantitative analysis of drug tablet aging by fast hyper-spectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Analyst 2024; 149:1436-1446. [PMID: 38050860 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01527k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical development of solid-state formulations requires testing active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and excipients for uniformity and stability. Solid-state properties such as component distribution and grain size are crucial factors that influence the dissolution profile, which greatly affect drug efficacy and toxicity, and can only be analyzed spatially by chemical imaging (CI) techniques. Current CI techniques such as near infrared microscopy and confocal Raman spectroscopy are capable of high chemical and spatial resolution but cannot achieve the measurement speeds necessary for integration into the pharmaceutical production and quality assurance processes. To fill this gap, we demonstrate fast chemical imaging by epi-detected sparse spectral sampling stimulated Raman scattering to quantify API and excipient degradation and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wei
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 260 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Isaac J Pence
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | - Anna Wiatrowski
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | - Julia B Slade
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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4
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Diehn S, Kirby N, Ben-Zeev S, Alemu MD, Saranga Y, Elbaum R. Raman developmental markers in root cell walls are associated with lodging tendency in tef. PLANTA 2024; 259:54. [PMID: 38294548 PMCID: PMC10830713 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Using Raman micro-spectroscopy on tef roots, we could monitor cell wall maturation in lines with varied genetic lodging tendency. We describe the developing cell wall composition in root endodermis and cylinder tissue. Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is an important staple crop in Ethiopia and Eritrea, producing gluten-free and protein-rich grains. However, this crop is not adapted to modern farming practices due to high lodging susceptibility, which prevents the application of mechanical harvest. Lodging describes the displacement of roots (root lodging) or fracture of culms (stem lodging), forcing plants to bend or fall from their vertical position, causing significant yield losses. In this study, we aimed to understand the microstructural properties of crown roots, underlining tef tolerance/susceptibility to lodging. We analyzed plants at 5 and 10 weeks after emergence and compared trellised to lodged plants. Root cross sections from different tef genotypes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, micro-computed tomography, and Raman micro-spectroscopy. Lodging susceptible genotypes exhibited early tissue maturation, including developed aerenchyma, intensive lignification, and lignin with high levels of crosslinks. A comparison between trellised and lodged plants suggested that lodging itself does not affect the histology of root tissue. Furthermore, cell wall composition along plant maturation was typical to each of the tested genotypes independently of trellising. Our results suggest that it is possible to select lines that exhibit slow maturation of crown roots. Such lines are predicted to show reduction in lodging and facilitate mechanical harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Diehn
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Noa Kirby
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shiran Ben-Zeev
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Muluken Demelie Alemu
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yehoshua Saranga
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
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5
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Tamamizu K, Sakamoto T, Kurashige Y, Nozue S, Kumazaki S. Scytonemin redox status in a filamentous cyanobacterium visualized by an excitation-laser-line-scanning spontaneous Raman scattering spectral microscope. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 290:122258. [PMID: 36571864 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Some cyanobacteria produce a UVA-absorbing pigment, scytonemin, at extracellular sheaths. Although scytonemin-containing dark sheaths are recognizable through optical microscopes and its redox changes have been known for decades, there has been no report to obtain images of both oxidized and reduced scytonemins at subcellular resolution. Here, we show that a spontaneous Raman scattering spectral microscopy based on an excitation-laser-line-scanning method unveil 3D subcellular distributions of both the oxidized and reduced scytonemins in a filamentous cyanobacterium. The redox changes of scytonemin were supported by comparison in the Raman spectra between the cyanobacterial cells, solid-state scytonemin and quantum chemical normal mode analysis. Distributions of carotenoids, phycobilins, and the two redox forms of scytonemin were simultaneously visualized with an excitation wavelength at 1064 nm that is virtually free from the optical screening by the dark sheaths. The redox differentiation of scytonemin will advance our understanding of the redox homeostasis and secretion mechanisms of individual cyanobacteria as well as microscopic chemical environments in various microbial communities. The line-scanning Raman microscopy based on the 1064 nm excitation is thus a promising tool for exploring hitherto unreported Raman spectral features and distribution of nonfluorescent molecules embedded below nontransparent layers for visible light, while avoiding interference by autofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouto Tamamizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshio Sakamoto
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuki Kurashige
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shuho Nozue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeichi Kumazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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6
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Pence IJ, Kuzma BA, Brinkmann M, Hellwig T, Evans CL. Multi-window sparse spectral sampling stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6095-6114. [PMID: 34745724 PMCID: PMC8547998 DOI: 10.1364/boe.432177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is a nondestructive and rapid technique for imaging of biological and clinical specimens with label-free chemical specificity. SRS spectral imaging is typically carried out either via broadband methods, or by tuning narrowband ultrafast light sources over narrow spectral ranges thus specifically targeting vibrational frequencies. We demonstrate a multi-window sparse spectral sampling SRS (S4RS) approach where a rapidly-tunable dual-output all-fiber optical parametric oscillator is tuned into specific vibrational modes across more than 1400 cm-1 during imaging. This approach is capable of collecting SRS hyperspectral images either by scanning a full spectrum or by rapidly tuning into select target frequencies, hands-free and automatically, across the fingerprint, silent, and high wavenumber windows of the Raman spectrum. We further apply computational techniques for spectral decomposition and feature selection to identify a sparse subset of Raman frequencies capable of sample discrimination. Here we have applied this novel method to monitor spatiotemporal dynamic changes of active pharmaceutical ingredients in skin, which has particular relevance to topical drug product delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Pence
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Benjamin A Kuzma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Tim Hellwig
- Refined Laser Systems GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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7
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Zhang C, Aldana-Mendoza JA. Coherent Raman scattering microscopy for chemical imaging of biological systems. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/abfd09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) processes, including both the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and stimulated Raman scattering, have been utilized in state-of-the-art microscopy platforms for chemical imaging of biological samples. The key advantage of CRS microscopy over fluorescence microscopy is label-free, which is an attractive characteristic for modern biological and medical sciences. Besides, CRS has other advantages such as higher selectivity to metabolites, no photobleaching, and narrow peak width. These features have brought fast-growing attention to CRS microscopy in biological research. In this review article, we will first briefly introduce the history of CRS microscopy, and then explain the theoretical background of the CRS processes in detail using the classical approach. Next, we will cover major instrumentation techniques of CRS microscopy. Finally, we will enumerate examples of recent applications of CRS imaging in biological and medical sciences.
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8
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Liedtke I, Diehn S, Heiner Z, Seifert S, Obenaus S, Büttner C, Kneipp J. Multivariate Raman mapping for phenotypic characterization in plant tissue sections. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 251:119418. [PMID: 33461131 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and characterizing the biochemical variation in plant tissues is an important task in many research fields. Small spectral differences of the plant cell wall that are caused by genetic or environmental influences may be superimposed by individual variation as well as by a microscopic heterogeneity in molecular composition and structure of different histological substructures. A set of 56 samples from Cucumis sativus (cucumber) plants, comprising a total of ~168,000 spectra from tissue sections of leaf, stem, and roots was investigated by Raman microspectroscopic mapping excited at 532 nm. A multivariate analysis was carried out in order to assess the variation of the spectra with respect to origin of the tissue, the histological (cell wall) substructures, and the possibility to discriminate the spectra obtained from different individuals that had been subjected to two different conditions during growth. Combining the results of principal component analysis (PCA) based classification with the original spatial information in the maps of 23 sections of leaf xylem, variation in cell wall composition is found for four different individuals that also includes a discrimination of tissue grown in the presence and absence of additional silicic acid in the irrigation water of the plants. The spectral data point to differences in a contribution by carotenoids, as well as by hydroxycinnamic acids to the spectra. The results give new insight into the chemical heterogeneity of plant tissues and may be useful for elucidating biochemical processes associated with biomineralization by vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Liedtke
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Diehn
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Heiner
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany; School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Straße 5-11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Seifert
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Obenaus
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Gartenbauwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Phytomedizin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Büttner
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Gartenbauwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Phytomedizin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Iino T, Hashimoto K, Asai T, Kuchitsu K, Ozeki Y. Multicolour chemical imaging of plant tissues with hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:1234-1238. [PMID: 33355541 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows for label-free biological imaging with chemical specificity based on molecular-vibrational signatures. In particular, hyperspectral SRS imaging can acquire a molecular-vibrational spectrum at each pixel, allowing us not only to investigate the spectral difference of various biological molecules but also to discriminate different constituents based on their spectral difference. However, the number of constituents discriminated in previous label-free SRS imaging was limited to four because of the subtleness of spectral difference. Here, we report hyperspectral SRS imaging of plant tissues including leaves of Camellia japonica, roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, and thalli of a liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. We show that SRS can discriminate as many as six components in Marchantia polymorpha L. without labeling. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of hyperspectral SRS imaging as a tool for label-free multicolour imaging analysis of various biomolecules in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iino
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan. and Imaging Frontier Center, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takuya Asai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan. and Imaging Frontier Center, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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10
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Li H, Cheng Y, Tang H, Bi Y, Chen Y, Yang G, Guo S, Tian S, Liao J, Lv X, Zeng S, Zhu M, Xu C, Cheng J, Wang P. Imaging Chemical Kinetics of Radical Polymerization with an Ultrafast Coherent Raman Microscope. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903644. [PMID: 32440482 PMCID: PMC7237838 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Numerous mechanisms have been proposed for polymerization to provide qualitative and quantitative prediction of how monomers spatially and temporally arrange into the polymeric chains. However, less is known about this process at the molecular level because the ultrafast chemical reaction is inaccessible for any form of microscope so far. Here, to address this unmet challenge, a stimulated Raman scattering microscope based on collinear multiple beams (COMB-SRS) is demonstrated, which allows label-free molecular imaging of polymer synthesis in action at speed of 2000 frames per second. The field of view of the developed 2 kHz SRS microscope is 30 × 28 µm2 with 50 × 46 pixels and 7 µs dwell time. By catching up the speed of chemical reaction, COMB-SRS is able to quantitatively visualize the ultrafast dynamics of molecular vibrations with submicron spatial resolution and sub-millisecond temporal resolution. The propagating polymer waves driven by reaction rate and persistent UV initiation are observed in situ. This methodology is expected to permit the development of novel functional polymers, controllable photoresists, 3D printing, and other new polymerization technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Huajun Tang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yali Bi
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yage Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Guang Yang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Shoujing Guo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Sidan Tian
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Jiangshan Liao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Xiaohua Lv
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Shaoqun Zeng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Mingqiang Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637457Singapore
| | - Ji‐Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsCollaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Engineering SciencesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
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11
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Huang KC, Li J, Zhang C, Tan Y, Cheng JX. Multiplex Stimulated Raman Scattering Imaging Cytometry Reveals Lipid-Rich Protrusions in Cancer Cells under Stress Condition. iScience 2020; 23:100953. [PMID: 32179477 PMCID: PMC7078382 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ measurement of cellular metabolites is still a challenge in biology. Conventional methods, such as mass spectrometry or fluorescence microscopy, would either destroy the sample or introduce strong perturbations to target molecules. Here, we present multiplex stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging cytometry as a label-free single-cell analysis platform with chemical specificity and high-throughput capabilities. Using SRS imaging cytometry, we studied the metabolic responses of human pancreatic cancer cells under stress by starvation and chemotherapeutic drug treatments. We unveiled protrusions containing lipid droplets as a metabolic marker for stress-resistant cancer cells. Furthermore, by spectroscopic SRS mapping, we unveiled that triglyceride in lipid droplets are used for local energy production through lipolysis, autophagy, and β-oxidation. Our findings demonstrate the potential of targeting lipid metabolism for selective treatment of stress-resistant cancers. Collectively, these results highlight SRS imaging cytometry as a powerful label-free tool for biological discoveries with a high-throughput, high-content capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chih Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yuying Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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12
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Bock P, Nousiainen P, Elder T, Blaukopf M, Amer H, Zirbs R, Potthast A, Gierlinger N. Infrared and Raman spectra of lignin substructures: Dibenzodioxocin. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY : JRS 2020; 51:422-431. [PMID: 32214622 PMCID: PMC7079546 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.5808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy is a very suitable tool for investigating the plant cell wall in situ with almost no sample preparation. The structural information of all different constituents is contained in a single spectrum. Interpretation therefore heavily relies on reference spectra and understanding of the vibrational behavior of the components under study. For the first time, we show infrared (IR) and Raman spectra of dibenzodioxocin (DBDO), an important lignin substructure. A detailed vibrational assignment of the molecule, based on quantum chemical computations, is given in the Supporting Information; the main results are found in the paper. Furthermore, we show IR and Raman spectra of synthetic guaiacyl lignin (dehydrogenation polymer-G-DHP). Raman spectra of DBDO and G-DHP both differ with respect to the excitation wavelength and therefore reveal different features of the substructure/polymer. This study confirms the idea previously put forward that Raman at 532 nm selectively probes end groups of lignin, whereas Raman at 785 nm and IR seem to represent the majority of lignin substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bock
- Institute of BiophysicsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | - Thomas Elder
- USDA Forest ServiceSouthern Research StationAuburnAlabama
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Hassan Amer
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of Natural and Microbial Products ChemistryNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Ronald Zirbs
- Institute of Biologically Inspired MaterialsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute of BiophysicsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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13
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Zhu N, Yang Y, Ji M, Wu D, Chen K. Label-free visualization of lignin deposition in loquats using complementary stimulated and spontaneous Raman microscopy. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:72. [PMID: 31231530 PMCID: PMC6544619 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The lignification triggered by biotic or abiotic stresses hardens fruits and vegetables and eventually influences their consumer appeal. Extensive prior efforts have been made to unveil the underlying mechanism of flesh lignification, primarily focused on its physicochemical and molecular biological properties. Nevertheless, most of these studies used destroyed and homogenized bulk tissues as analytes; as a result, potentially valuable spatial information was lost. In this study, the deposition of lignin in loquat flesh during lignification was visualized from the tissue level to the single-cell level by combining the advantages of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and spontaneous Raman microscopy using label-free in situ molecular imaging. SRS has the advantages of being fast and providing large-area chemical imaging to reveal the spatial heterogeneity of lignin and cell wall polysaccharide distribution in loquat flesh. After 2 days of storage at 0 °C, increased lignins were observed by large-area SRS imaging. In addition, microscopic SRS images of the flesh cells indicated that the increased lignins were trapped in the cell corner (CC) and middle lamella (ML). Furthermore, the compositional and structural features of lignified cells (LCs), CC and ML of loquat flesh were investigated by spontaneous Raman microscopy, and the results showed that the LCs were a combination of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, whereas CC and ML showed only deposited lignin and pectin without cross-linked cellulose and hemicellulose. This result further suggests that the lignins in the CC and ML regions of loquats were later synthesized alone during postharvest storage. This innovative combination of SRS and spontaneous Raman microscopy allows the label-free macroscale and fine chemical imaging of plant cell walls and will enhance our fundamental understanding of the structures and functions of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 People’s Republic of China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
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14
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Wang JP, Matthews ML, Naik PP, Williams CM, Ducoste JJ, Sederoff RR, Chiang VL. Flux modeling for monolignol biosynthesis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 56:187-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Wang CC, Moorhouse S, Stain C, Seymour M, Green E, Penfield S, Moger J. In situ chemically specific mapping of agrochemical seed coatings using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800108. [PMID: 29770613 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Providing sufficient, healthy food for the increasing global population is putting a great deal of pressure on the agrochemical industry to maximize crop yields without sustaining environmental damage. The growth and yield of every plant with sexual reproduction, depends on germination and emergence of sown seeds, which is affected greatly by seed disease. This can be most effectively controlled by treating seeds with pesticides before they are sown. An effective seed coating treatment requires a high surface coverage and adhesion of active ingredients onto the seed surface and the addition of adhesive agents in coating formulations plays a key role in achieving this. Although adhesive agents are known to enhance seed germination, little is understood about how they affect surface distribution of actives and how formulations can be manipulated to rationally engineer seed coating preparations with optimized coverage and efficacy. We show, for the first time, that stimulated Raman scattering microscopy can be used to map the seed surface with microscopic spatial resolution and with chemical specificity to identify formulation components distributed on the seed surface. This represents a major advance in our capability to rationally engineer seed coating formulations with enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siân Moorhouse
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Chris Stain
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Mark Seymour
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Ellen Green
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Steven Penfield
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Julian Moger
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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16
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Noothalapati H, Iwasaki K, Yamamoto T. Biological and Medical Applications of Multivariate Curve Resolution Assisted Raman Spectroscopy. ANAL SCI 2018; 33:15-22. [PMID: 28070069 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological specimens such as cells, tissues and biofluids (urine, blood) contain mixtures of many different biomolecules, all of which contribute to a Raman spectrum at any given point. The separation and identification of pure biochemical components remains one of the biggest challenges in Raman spectroscopy. Multivariate curve resolution, a matrix factorization method, is a powerful, yet flexible, method that can be used with constraints, such as non-negativity, to decompose a complex spectroscopic data matrix into a small number of physically meaningful pure spectral components along with their relative abundances. This paper reviews recent applications of multivariate curve resolution by alternating least squares analysis to Raman spectroscopic and imaging data obtained either in vivo or in vitro from biological and medical samples.
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17
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Heiner Z, Zeise I, Elbaum R, Kneipp J. Insight into plant cell wall chemistry and structure by combination of multiphoton microscopy with Raman imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700164. [PMID: 29024576 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous Raman scattering microspectroscopy, second harmonic generation (SHG) and 2-photon excited fluorescence (2PF) were used in combination to characterize the morphology together with the chemical composition of the cell wall in native plant tissues. As the data obtained with unstained sections of Sorghum bicolor root and leaf tissues illustrate, nonresonant as well as pre-resonant Raman microscopy in combination with hyperspectral analysis reveals details about the distribution and composition of the major cell wall constituents. Multivariate analysis of the Raman data allows separation of different tissue regions, specifically the endodermis, xylem and lumen. The orientation of cellulose microfibrils is obtained from polarization-resolved SHG signals. Furthermore, 2-photon autofluorescence images can be used to image lignification. The combined compositional, morphological and orientational information in the proposed coupling of SHG, Raman imaging and 2PF presents an extension of existing vibrational microspectroscopic imaging and multiphoton microscopic approaches not only for plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Heiner
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- SALSA School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrid Zeise
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- SALSA School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Özparpucu M, Gierlinger N, Burgert I, Van Acker R, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Pilate G, Déjardin A, Rüggeberg M. The effect of altered lignin composition on mechanical properties of CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD) deficient poplars. PLANTA 2018; 247:887-897. [PMID: 29270675 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
CAD-deficient poplars enabled studying the influence of altered lignin composition on mechanical properties. Severe alterations in lignin composition did not influence the mechanical properties. Wood represents a hierarchical fiber-composite material with excellent mechanical properties. Despite its wide use and versatility, its mechanical behavior has not been entirely understood. It has especially been challenging to unravel the mechanical function of the cell wall matrix. Lignin engineering has been a useful tool to increase the knowledge on the mechanical function of lignin as it allows for modifications of lignin content and composition and the subsequent studying of the mechanical properties of these transgenics. Hereby, in most cases, both lignin composition and content are altered and the specific influence of lignin composition has hardly been revealed. Here, we have performed a comprehensive micromechanical, structural, and spectroscopic analysis on xylem strips of transgenic poplar plants, which are downregulated for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) by a hairpin-RNA-mediated silencing approach. All parameters were evaluated on the same samples. Raman microscopy revealed that the lignin of the hpCAD poplars was significantly enriched in aldehydes and reduced in the (relative) amount of G-units. FTIR spectra indicated pronounced changes in lignin composition, whereas lignin content was not significantly changed between WT and the hpCAD poplars. Microfibril angles were in the range of 18°-24° and were not significantly different between WT and transgenics. No significant changes were observed in mechanical properties, such as tensile stiffness, ultimate stress, and yield stress. The specific findings on hpCAD poplar allowed studying the specific influence of lignin composition on mechanics. It can be concluded that the changes in lignin composition in hpCAD poplars did not affect the micromechanical tensile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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19
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Zeise I, Heiner Z, Holz S, Joester M, Büttner C, Kneipp J. Raman Imaging of Plant Cell Walls in Sections of Cucumis sativus. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7010007. [PMID: 29370089 PMCID: PMC5874596 DOI: 10.3390/plants7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Raman microspectra combine information on chemical composition of plant tissues with spatial information. The contributions from the building blocks of the cell walls in the Raman spectra of plant tissues can vary in the microscopic sub-structures of the tissue. Here, we discuss the analysis of 55 Raman maps of root, stem, and leaf tissues of Cucumis sativus, using different spectral contributions from cellulose and lignin in both univariate and multivariate imaging methods. Imaging based on hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicates different substructures in the xylem cell walls of the different tissues. Using specific signals from the cell wall spectra, analysis of the whole set of different tissue sections based on the Raman images reveals differences in xylem tissue morphology. Due to the specifics of excitation of the Raman spectra in the visible wavelength range (532 nm), which is, e.g., in resonance with carotenoid species, effects of photobleaching and the possibility of exploiting depletion difference spectra for molecular characterization in Raman imaging of plants are discussed. The reported results provide both, specific information on the molecular composition of cucumber tissue Raman spectra, and general directions for future imaging studies in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Zeise
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Zsuzsanna Heiner
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 5-9, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sabine Holz
- Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maike Joester
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstatter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carmen Büttner
- Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 5-9, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Gierlinger N. New insights into plant cell walls by vibrational microspectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS 2017; 53:517-551. [PMID: 30057488 PMCID: PMC6050719 DOI: 10.1080/05704928.2017.1363052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy provides non-destructively the molecular fingerprint of plant cells in the native state. In combination with microscopy, the chemical composition can be followed in context with the microstructure, and due to the non-destructive application, in-situ studies of changes during, e.g., degradation or mechanical load are possible. The two complementary vibrational microspectroscopic approaches, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Microspectroscopy and Confocal Raman spectroscopy, are based on different physical principles and the resulting different drawbacks and advantages in plant applications are reviewed. Examples for FT-IR and Raman microscopy applications on plant cell walls, including imaging as well as in-situ studies, are shown to have high potential to get a deeper understanding of structure-function relationships as well as biological processes and technical treatments. Both probe numerous different molecular vibrations of all components at once and thus result in spectra with many overlapping bands, a challenge for assignment and interpretation. With the help of multivariate unmixing methods (e.g., vertex components analysis), the most pure components can be revealed and their distribution mapped, even tiny layers and structures (250 nm). Instrumental as well as data analysis progresses make both microspectroscopic methods more and more promising tools in plant cell wall research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Özparpucu M, Rüggeberg M, Gierlinger N, Cesarino I, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Burgert I. Unravelling the impact of lignin on cell wall mechanics: a comprehensive study on young poplar trees downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:480-490. [PMID: 28440915 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin engineering is a promising tool to reduce the energy input and the need of chemical pre-treatments for the efficient conversion of plant biomass into fermentable sugars for downstream applications. At the same time, lignin engineering can offer new insight into the structure-function relationships of plant cell walls by combined mechanical, structural and chemical analyses. Here, this comprehensive approach was applied to poplar trees (Populus tremula × Populus alba) downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD) in order to gain insight into the impact of lignin reduction on mechanical properties. The downregulation of CAD resulted in a significant decrease in both elastic modulus and yield stress. As wood density and cellulose microfibril angle (MFA) did not show any significant differences between the wild type and the transgenic lines, these structural features could be excluded as influencing factors. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman imaging were performed to elucidate changes in the chemical composition directly on the mechanically tested tissue sections. Lignin content was identified as a mechanically relevant factor, as a correlation with a coefficient of determination (r²) of 0.65 between lignin absorbance (as an indicator of lignin content) and tensile stiffness was found. A comparison of the present results with those of previous investigations shows that the mechanical impact of lignin alteration under tensile stress depends on certain structural conditions, such as a high cellulose MFA, which emphasizes the complex relationship between the chemistry and mechanical properties in plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, Empa, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, Empa, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, Empa, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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22
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Lee HJ, Cheng JX. Imaging chemistry inside living cells by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Methods 2017; 128:119-128. [PMID: 28746829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a vibrational imaging platform developed to visualize chemical content of a biological sample based on molecular vibrational fingerprints. With high-speed, high-sensitivity, and three-dimensional sectioning capability, SRS microscopy has been used to study chemical distribution, molecular transport, and metabolic conversion in living cells in a label-free manner. Moreover, aided with bio-orthogonal small-volume Raman probes, SRS microscopy allows direct imaging of metabolic activities of small molecules in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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23
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Monitoring Chemical Changes on the Surface of Kenaf Fiber during Degumming Process Using Infrared Microspectroscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1240. [PMID: 28450712 PMCID: PMC5430656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Degumming is the dominant method to obtain lignocellulosic fibers in the textile industry. Traditionally, wet chemistry methods are used to monitor the evolution of major chemical components during the degumming process. However, these methods lack the ability to provide spatial information for these heterogeneous materials. In this study, besides wet chemistry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, a Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) method was employed to monitor the changes in spatial distribution of the main chemical components on the kenaf surface during a steam explosion followed by chemical degum process. The results showed that hemicellulose and lignin were degummed at different rates, and the mechanisms of their degumming are different. The infrared microspectral images revealed the distribution changes of chemical components on the fiber bundle surface during the process, indicating that FTIRM is an effective tool to analyze the degumming process and improve degumming methods.
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24
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Zhang C, Huang KC, Rajwa B, Li J, Yang S, Lin H, Liao CS, Eakins G, Kuang S, Patsekin V, Robinson JP, Cheng JX. Stimulated Raman scattering flow cytometry for label-free single-particle analysis. OPTICA 2017; 4:103-109. [PMID: 39238893 PMCID: PMC11375991 DOI: 10.1364/optica.4.000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is one of the most important technologies for high-throughput single-cell analysis. Fluorescent labeling acts as the primary approach for cellular analysis in flow cytometry. Nevertheless, the fluorescent tags are not applicable to all cases, especially to small molecules, for which labeling may significantly perturb the biological functionality. Spontaneous Raman scattering flow cytometry offers the capability to non-invasively detect chemical contents of cells but suffers from slow data acquisition. In order to achieve label-free high-throughput single-particle analysis using Raman scattering, we developed a 32-channel multiplex stimulated Raman scattering flow cytometry (SRS-FC) technique that can measure chemical contents of single particles at a speed of 5 μs per Raman spectrum. Using mixed polymer beads, we demonstrate the discrimination of different particles at a throughput of up to 11,000 particles per second. This is a four orders of magnitude improvement in throughput compared to conventional spontaneous Raman flow cytometry. As a proof of concept, we show the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells at different states by SRS-FC according to the difference in cellular chemical content. The SRS-FC technique opens new opportunities for high-throughput and high-content chemical analysis of live cells in a label-free manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Kai-Chih Huang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Junjie Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Shiqi Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Haonan Lin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Chien-Sheng Liao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Gregory Eakins
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Valery Patsekin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - J Paul Robinson
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Liao CS, Cheng JX. In Situ and In Vivo Molecular Analysis by Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:69-93. [PMID: 27306307 PMCID: PMC5367927 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy is a high-speed vibrational imaging platform with the ability to visualize the chemical content of a living specimen by using molecular vibrational fingerprints. We review technical advances and biological applications of CRS microscopy. The basic theory of CRS and the state-of-the-art instrumentation of a CRS microscope are presented. We further summarize and compare the algorithms that are used to separate the Raman signal from the nonresonant background, to denoise a CRS image, and to decompose a hyperspectral CRS image into concentration maps of principal components. Important applications of single-frequency and hyperspectral CRS microscopy are highlighted. Potential directions of CRS microscopy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Sheng Liao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
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Tokunaga K, Fang YC, Yokoyama H, Ozeki Y. Generation of synchronized picosecond pulses by a 1.06-µm gain-switched laser diode for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:9617-28. [PMID: 27137575 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.009617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose that a gain-switched laser diode (GS-LD) can be used as a picosecond laser source for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. We employed a 1.06-µm GS-LD to generate ~13-ps pulses at a repetition rate of 38 MHz and amplified them to >100 mW with Yb-doped fiber amplifiers. The GS-LD was driven by 200-ps electrical pulses, which were triggered through a toggle flip-flop (T-FF) so that the GS-LD pulses were synchronized to Ti:sapphire laser (TSL) pulses at a repetition rate of 76 MHz. We found the timing jitter of GS-LD pulses to be approximately 2.7 ps in a jitter bandwidth of 7 MHz. We also show that the delay of electrical pulses can be less sensitive to the optical power of TSL pulses by controlling the threshold voltage of the T-FF. We demonstrate the SRS imaging of polymer beads and of HeLa cells with GS-LD pulses and TSL pulses, proving that GS-LD is readily applicable to SRS microscopy as a compact and stable pulse source.
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Properties, Chemical Characteristics and Application of Lignin and Its Derivatives. PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS AND CHEMICALS FROM LIGNIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1965-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Cheng JX, Xie XS. Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of living systems: An emerging platform for biology and medicine. Science 2015; 350:aaa8870. [PMID: 26612955 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy has been extensively applied to the study of molecules in gas phase, in condensed phase, and at interfaces. The transition from spectroscopy to spectroscopic imaging of living systems, which allows the spectrum of biomolecules to act as natural contrast, is opening new opportunities to reveal cellular machinery and to enable molecule-based diagnosis. Such a transition, however, involves more than a simple combination of spectrometry and microscopy. We review recent efforts that have pushed the boundary of the vibrational spectroscopic imaging field in terms of spectral acquisition speed, detection sensitivity, spatial resolution, and imaging depth. We further highlight recent applications in functional analysis of single cells and in label-free detection of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - X Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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