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Rydberg M, Bruening ML, Manicke NE. Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry with On-Paper Electrokinetic Manipulations: Part-Per-Trillion Detection of Per/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Water and Opioids in Urine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401729. [PMID: 38657037 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We developed a simple, paper-based device that enables sensitive detection by mass spectrometry (MS) without solid phase extraction or other sample preparation. Using glass fiber filter papers within a 3D printed holder, the device employs electrokinetic manipulations to stack, separate, and desalt charged molecules on paper prior to spray into the MS. Due to counter-balanced electroosmotic flow and electrophoresis, charged analytes stack on the paper and desalting occurs in minutes. One end of the paper strip was cut into a sharp point and positioned near the inlet of a MS. The stacked analyte bands move toward the paper tip with the EOF where they are ionized by paper spray. The device was applied to analysis of PFAS in tap water with sub part-per-trillion detection limits in less than ten minutes with no sample pretreatment. Analysis of opioids in urine also occurs in minutes. The crucial parameters to enable stacking, separation, and MS ionization of both positively and negatively charged analytes were determined and optimized. Experimental and computational modeling studies confirm the electrokinetic stacking and analyte transport mechanisms. On-paper separations were carried out by stacking analyte bands at different locations depending on their electrophoretic mobility, achieving baseline separation in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Rydberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue, University Indianapolis
| | - Merlin L Bruening
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame
| | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue, University Indianapolis
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2
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Huang Y, Zheng Y, Zuo Q, Zhang Z, Zhu L, Li Y, Zhang Z. Surface charge-induced electrospray for high-throughput analysis of complex samples and electrochemical reaction intermediates using mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2002-2008. [PMID: 38497481 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Electrospray-related ion sources are promising for direct mass spectrometric analysis of complex samples, but current protocols suffer from complicated components and low analytical sensitivity. Here, we propose a surface charge-induced electrospray ionization (SCIESI) inspired by flashover on an insulator surface under high voltage. This protocol not only effectively avoids contact between the sample solution and metal electrode, but also allows completion of the entire analytical process in less than 40 seconds and limits of detection in the pictogram per milliliter range. SCIESI coupled to mass spectrometry can also be used to monitor electro-chemical processes, and a number of oxidation and reduction reactions have been studied, demonstrating that it is a powerful tool for understanding electrochemical reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Qianqian Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Lixuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Yun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
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3
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Vallejo DD, Corstvet JL, Fernández FM. Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Low-Cost Power Supplies for Improved Electrospray Ionization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 495:117167. [PMID: 38053979 PMCID: PMC10695355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2023.117167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is one of the most popular methods to generate ions for mass spectrometry (MS). When compared with other ionization techniques, it can generate ions from liquid-phase samples without additives, retaining covalent and non-covalent interactions of the molecules of interest. When hyphenated to liquid chromatography, it greatly expands the versatility of MS analysis of complex mixtures. However, despite the extensive growth in the application of ESI, the technique still suffers from some drawbacks when powered by direct current (DC) power supplies. Triboelectric nanogenerators promise to be a new power source for the generation of ions by ESI, improving on the analytical capabilities of traditional DC ESI. In this review we highlight the fundamentals of ESI driven by DC power supplies, its contrasting qualities to triboelectric nanogenerator power supplies, and its applications to three distinct fields of research: forensics, metabolomics, and protein structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Vallejo
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph L. Corstvet
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Arias A, Windham PE, Cheyne NA, Gilliland WM. Rapid fabrication of hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterns on paper substrates for paper spray mass spectrometry. Analyst 2023; 148:5496-5506. [PMID: 37782094 PMCID: PMC10849044 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid chemical coating and patterning method was developed and optimized for paper-based substrates for use in paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). A variety of chlorosilanes were explored for coating paper substrates, and their effectiveness in forming hydrophobic surfaces was characterized via contact angle goniometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Trichloromethylsilane was selected as the primary coating agent because of the short time required to produce a hydrophobic surface (contact angle > 130°), as well as the ease of patterning. Patterning was performed using 3D-printed masks and an oxygen/plasma cleaner. Optimal mask thickness and oxygen/plasma cleaning parameters were determined to produce channels varying from 0.5 to 2.5 mm in width. The effectiveness of the patterned substrates for PS-MS was determined via analysis of four antiretrovirals: emtricitabine, lamivudine, efavirenz, and dolutegravir. Calibration curves were made for each antiretroviral at varying channel widths, and the limits of detection and limits of quantification for each drug were determined. These results show that this patterning method results in an average 7.2-fold improvement in sensitivity and an average 190-fold improvement in limits of detection over uncoated paper substrates in a neat matrix. In a proof-of-concept experiment, calibration curves were generated for each antiretroviral in urine. A patterned paper substrate with a 2-mm channel resulted in an average 7.4-fold improvement in sensitivity and an average 18-fold improvement in limits of detection over uncoated paper substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Arias
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
| | - Peyton E Windham
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
| | - Natalie A Cheyne
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
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5
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Zheng Y, Zuo Q, Xiang Z, Huang Y, Zhang Z. Improvement in the performance of focusing plasma desorption ionization by altering its counter electrode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37 Suppl 1:e9458. [PMID: 36523174 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Plasma-based ionization sources play a vital role in rapidly analyzing diverse compounds without extensive sample pretreatment. In contrast to other sources, DC voltage-based ionizations are more advantageous due to their high analytical sensitivity and good tandem with commercially available mass spectrometers without extra power supplies. However, their performance is at the risk of high current DC voltage and helium flow rate, which poses significant challenges to practical operation and increased expense. METHODS In this work, we propose a novel focusing plasma desorption ionization (FPDI) in which a visible plasma beam is favorably generated between a conducting wire in a polymeric tube and a counter electrode composed of metal mesh and filter paper drilled with holes. A systematic investigation has been conducted on the influences of the geometry of drilled holes in filter paper, applied DC voltage, helium flow rate, and filter paper size. The optimized system is used to analyze various pesticides in fluid foodstuffs. RESULTS Compared to metal mesh and conducting paper as the counter electrode for FPDI-MS, combining metal mesh and filter paper drilled holes improved the analysis sensitivity by a factor of more than five. By applying the developed protocol for determining pesticides in complex matrixes such as orange juice and milk, a limit of detection as low as 1.3-3.0 ng mL-1 could be achieved. CONCLUSIONS A novel FPDI-MS technique has been developed by combining metal mesh and filter paper drilled with holes as the counter electrode and sample carrier. The corresponding improvement in analysis sensitivity facilitates the future expansion of FPDI-MS applications into different pesticides and other compounds in complex matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qianqian Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhicheng Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yajie Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Zhou W, Nazdrajić E, Pawliszyn J. High-Throughput and Rapid Screening of Drugs of Abuse in Saliva by Multi-Segment Injection Using Solid-Phase Microextraction-Automated Microfluidic Open Interface-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6367-6373. [PMID: 37021600 PMCID: PMC10848236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
There is great demand for analytical methods capable of providing high-throughput and rapid screening, especially for anti-doping and clinical point-of-care applications. In this work, automated microfluidic open interface-mass spectrometry (MOI-MS) was used for coupling with high-throughput, automated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to achieve this objective. The design of the MOI-MS interface provides a continuous and stable electrospray fluid flow to the MS without introducing any bubble, a feature that we exploit to introduce the concept of multi-segment injection for the determination of multiple samples in a single MS run. By eliminating the need to start a new MS run between sample assays, the developed approach provides significantly simplified protocols controlled by programmed software and increased reproducibility. Furthermore, the biocompatible SPME device, which utilizes coating consisting of hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced particles embedded in a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) binder, can be directly used for biological sample analysis, as the PAN acts as both a binder and a matrix-compatible barrier, thus enabling the enrichment of small molecules while eliminating interferences associated with the presence of interfering macromolecules. The above design was employed to develop a fast, quantitative method capable of analyzing drugs of abuse in saliva samples in as little as 75 s per sample. The findings indicate that the developed method provides good analytical performance, with limits of detection ranging between 0.05 and 5 ng/mL for analysis of 16 drugs of abuse, good calibration linear correlation coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.9957), accuracy between 81 and 120%, and excellent precision (RSD% < 13%). Finally, a proof-of-concept experiment was performed to demonstrate the method's suitability for real-time analysis in anti-doping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emir Nazdrajić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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7
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Zheng Y, Huang Y, Zuo Q, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Zhang Z. On-Demand Portable Paper-Based Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for High-Sensitivity Analysis of Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6163-6171. [PMID: 36996354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray ionization has been demonstrated to be the most promising substrate-based source, but this technique suffers from the low desorption efficiency of target compounds and poor portability. In the current study, we describe a portable paper-based electrospray ionization (PPESI) in which a piece of triangle paper and adsorbent are packed sequentially into a modified disposable micropipette tip. This source not only captures the feature of paper spray and adsorbent for highly efficient suppression of sample matrixes for target compound analysis but also takes advantage of a micropipette tip to prevent spray solvent from rapid evaporation. The performance of developed PPESI depends on the type and amount of packed adsorbent, paper substrate, and spray solvent and applied voltage. Moreover, by contrast to other related sources, the analytical sensitivity and the spray duration of PPESI in tandem with MS have been improved by factors of 2.8-32.3 and 2.0-13.3, respectively. Based on its high accuracy (>96%) and precision (less than 3% relative standard deviation), the PPESI coupled to a mass spectrometer has been used to determine diverse therapeutic drugs and pesticides in complex biological (e.g., whole blood, serum, and urine) and food (e.g., milk and orange juice) matrixes, and the limits of detection and quantification were 2-4 pg mL-1 and 7-13 pg mL-1, respectively. Taking the portability, high sensitivity, and repeatability, the technique may be a promising alternative for complex sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Yajie Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Qianqian Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Yuhua Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
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8
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Zhou W, Wieczorek MN, Jiang RW, Pawliszyn J. Comparison of different approaches for direct coupling of solid-phase microextraction to mass spectrometry for drugs of abuse analysis in plasma. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:216-222. [PMID: 36908852 PMCID: PMC9999297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct coupling of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to mass spectrometry (MS) (SPME-MS) has proven to be an effective method for the fast screening and quantitative analysis of compounds in complex matrices such as blood and plasma. In recent years, our lab has developed three novel SPME-MS techniques: SPME-microfluidic open interface-MS (SPME-MOI-MS), coated blade spray-MS (CBS-MS), and SPME-probe electrospray ionization-MS (SPME-PESI-MS). The fast and high-throughput nature of these SPME-MS technologies makes them attractive options for point-of-care analysis and anti-doping testing. However, all these three techniques utilize different SPME geometries and were tested with different MS instruments. Lack of comparative data makes it difficult to determine which of these methodologies is the best option for any given application. This work fills this gap by making a comprehensive comparison of these three technologies with different SPME devices including SPME fibers, CBS blades, and SPME-PESI probes and SPME-liquid chromatography-MS (SPME-LC-MS) for the analysis of drugs of abuse using the same MS instrument. Furthermore, for the first time, we developed different desorption chambers for MOI-MS for coupling with SPME fibers, CBS blades, and SPME-PESI probes, thus illustrating the universality of this approach. In total, eight analytical methods were developed, with the experimental data showing that all the SPME-based methods provided good analytical performance with R 2 of linearities larger than 0.9925, accuracies between 81% and 118%, and good precision with an RSD% ≤ 13%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Martyna N Wieczorek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Runshan Will Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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9
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Hu W, Zhou W, Wang C, Liu Z, Chen Z. Direct coupling in-tube solid-phase microextraction with mass spectrometry using polymer coated open-tubular column for rapid analysis of antiepileptic drugs in biofluids. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1240:340775. [PMID: 36641145 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of high-throughput and rapid screening analytical method is in high demand for anti-doping and clinical point-of-care (POC) analysis. Solid-phase microextraction and mass spectrometry direct coupling (SPME-MS) has been proved as a rapid and effective way for target analysis in complex sample matrixes. An online direct coupling of in-tube SPME (IT-SPME) with MS using polymer coated open-tubular column has been developed in this work. A sharp stainless-steel needle was attached at the end of the SPME column, which enables the direct ionization of the analytes after elution from the IT-SPME column. Itaconic acid-benzene co-polymer was in-situ grown on the inner surface of the fused silica capillary and used as extraction phase. This column has low backpressure and provides both hydrophobic and weak cationic exchange interaction with the target analytes due to the chemical properties. The developed online IT-SPME-MS method showed good extraction performance towards various target analytes and good reusability at least for 60 times. As a proof-of-concept application, the above method was applied for the analysis of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in both plasma and urine samples with linear range (1 ng/mL-200 ng/mL), good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99), and good reproducibility (intra-day RSDs less than 4.36%, inter-day RSDs less than 6.55%). The method exhibited high enrichment factors between 187 and 204 for the two AEDs and high sensitivity for the analysis of human plasma samples and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chenlu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zichun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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10
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Zhou W, Nazdrajić E, Pawliszyn J. Rapid Screening and Quantitation of Drugs of Abuse by Both Positive and Negative Modes via Coated Blade Spray-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1187-1193. [PMID: 35609124 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-direct mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be an efficient tool for the rapid screening and quantitation of target compounds at trace levels. However, it is challenging to perform screening using both positive and negative modes in one analytical run without compromising scanning speed and detection sensitivity. To take advantage of the special geometry of a coated blade spray (CBS) blade, which consists of two flat sides coated with the same SPME coating, we developed a CBS-MS method that enables desorption and ionization to be performed in positive ionization mode on one side of a coated blade and negative ionization mode on the other side of the same blade. By simply flipping the blade 180°, MS analysis in both ionization modes on different sides can be completed in 40 s. Combining this approach with an automated Concept 96-blade-based SPME system allowed analysis for one sample in positive and negative modes to be completed in less than 1 min. The workflow was optimized by using a biocompatible polyacrylonitrile as an undercoating layer and a binder of polyacrylonitrile/hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) particles, which enabled the rapid analysis of 20 drugs of abuse in saliva samples in both positive and negative modes. The proposed method provided low limits of quantification (between 0.005 and 10 ng/mL), with calibration linear correlation coefficients ⩾ 0.9925, accuracy between 72% and 126%, and relative precision < 15% for three validation points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emir Nazdrajić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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11
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Nguyen TMH, Song WY, Kim TY. Characterization of Spray Modes and Factors Affecting the Ionization Efficiency of Paper Spray Ionization. Front Chem 2022; 10:864184. [PMID: 35464197 PMCID: PMC9024139 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.864184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we systematically evaluated the factors affecting the ionization efficiency of paper spray ionization (PSI), such as electric field, solvent supply rate, and paper thickness and hydrophobicity. The observed paper spray plume was classified into three modes: single cone-jet, multi-jet, and rim-jet modes. With the increase in the spraying voltage, the spray plume appeared in order of single cone-jet, multi-jet, and rim-jet modes. The rim-jet mode exhibited the lowest standard deviation and high ionization efficiency among the three spray modes. The main parameter determining the spray mode was the charge density of the droplets generated by paper spray, which depends on the electric field and solvent supply rate. A thicker paper reduced the electric repulsion between the jets and lowered the threshold voltage to reach the rim-jet mode. Lowering the solvent supply rate caused mode transitions from the single cone-jet to the rim-jet, possibly due to the increased droplet charge density. The hydrophobic modification on a paper substrate led to a different ionization mechanism or electrostatic spray ionization at low applied voltages.
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12
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Zheng Y, Li Y, Fan L, Yao H, Zhang Z. An amphiprotic paper-based electrode for glucose detection based on layered carbon nanotubes with silver and polystyrene particles. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1268-1278. [PMID: 35274112 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01950c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a flexible amphiprotic amino-bonded carbon nanotube-Ag nanoparticle/polystyrene (CNT-NH2-Ag/PS) paper electrode was fabricated to measure glucose in human body fluids by a combination of vacuum filtration and high temperature baking. The front side of the fabricated paper electrode was hydrophobic and conductive, whereas its back side was hydrophilic and nonconductive. In the fabrication process, the coating sequence of CNT-NH2, Ag and PS was critical to determine the performance of the resulting CNT-NH2-Ag/PS electrode besides other parameters (e.g., amount of soluble starch, PS and Ag nanoparticles, type and amount of CNT-NH2, and electrode sensing area). Based on a series of experimental observations, the possible mechanism of glucose detection on the paper electrode was proposed, in which glucose was more favorable to migrate to the hydrophilic back side of the paper and interact with the active species (e.g., O2-) on the electrode surface. The electrochemical results showed that the CNT-NH2-Ag/PS paper electrode maintained stable electrochemical properties even after five cycles of use and 60 days of storage in air. The amphiprotic paper electrode demonstrated excellent sensing performance for glucose with a linear range of 1 μM to 1000 μM, a low detection limit of 0.2 μM, and a sensitivity of 31 333.0 μA mM-1 cm-2. The fabricated paper electrode was also successfully applied to detect different levels of glucose in complex human body fluids such as saliva, urine, and serum. These features make this type of paper electrode promising for glucose measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Yu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Libin Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Hedan Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
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13
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Lu F, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Zhang Z. Portable paper-in-tip spray ionization for the direct mass spectrometric analysis of target analytes in biofluid samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:222-227. [PMID: 34939624 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01907d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Portable sampling of target analytes in complex biofluid samples makes mass spectrometric analysis more efficient. This study reports the development of paper-in-tip spray ionization for solid-phase microextraction and in situ electrospray of therapeutic drugs and proteins in complex biological matrices using a piece of hydrophobic paper substrate. This technique possesses a long (more than 8 min) and stable spray duration with only 20 μL of spray solvent. The entire analytical process for a complex sample can be completed in less than 1.5 min and enables high sensitivity (picogram-per-milliliter level) and high quantitation precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
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Chen J, Hu Y, Shao C, Zhou H, Lv Z. The Imprinted PARAFILM as a New Carrier Material for Dried Plasma Spots (DPSs) Utilizing Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (DESI-MS) in Phospholipidomics. Front Chem 2021; 9:801043. [PMID: 34957053 PMCID: PMC8702624 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.801043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and dried blood spot (DBS) sampling has been successfully implemented several times. However, the difficulty of combining DBS sampling with DESI-MS is still the carrier material used for the blood samples. In this study, a new, easily obtained, and cost-effective carrier substrate for dried plasma spot (DPS) sampling and DESI-MS analysis and its application in phospholipidomics studies was described. First, the effects of several carrier materials, including cellulose-based materials (31 ET paper and filter paper) and non-cellulose-based materials (PARAFILM and its shape-modified material, PTFE-printed glass slide and polyvinylidene fluoride film), were tested. Second, a method combining DPS sampling with DESI-MS for phospholipidomics analysis was established, and parameters affecting compound signal intensities, such as sample volume and sprayer solvent system, were optimized. In conclusion, the total signal intensity obtained from shape-modified PARAFILM was the strongest. The suitable plasma sample volume deposited on PARAFILM carriers was 5 μl, and acetonitrile (ACN) was recommended as the optimal spray solvent for phospholipid (PL) profiling. Repeatability (87.5% of compounds with CV < 30%) and stability for data acquisition (48 h) were confirmed. Finally, the developed method was applied in phospholipidomics analysis of schistosomiasis, and a distinguished classification between control mice and infected mice was observed by using multivariate pattern recognition analysis, confirming the practical application of this new carrier material for DPS sampling and DESI-MS analysis. Compared with a previously reported method, the rapid metabolomics screening approach based on the implementation of DPS sampling coupled with the DESI-MS instrument developed in this study has increased analyte sensitivity, which may promote its further application in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Congxiang Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyun Zhou
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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15
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Li Y, Chen J, Meng L, He L, Liu H, Xiong C, Nie Z. Pocket-Size "MasSpec Pointer" for Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13326-13333. [PMID: 34569226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Current ambient ionization sources for mass spectrometry (MS) are typically connected to gas cylinders, high-voltage supply, injection pump, and other accessory equipment, which hinder the popularization of MS in the field of on-site detection. Here, we developed a wireless pocket-size "MasSpec Pointer" (weights 65 g) based on arc discharge powered by a 3.7 V polymer Li battery for ambient ionization MS. A high voltage of 5600 V and 20 kHz was generated from the boost coil to penetrate air and form a plasma. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the high-voltage pulses is 3.8%, leading to a stable discharge and a good quantification performance. A mini diaphragm pump was used to cool the plasma from ∼600 to ∼40 °C and to blow the plasma into a jet, which facilitates sampling. MasSpec Pointer can work well at both positive- and negative-ion modes without any modification and can quickly test gaseous, liquid, or solid samples. The limit of detection of this device for atrazine (an agrochemical) is lower than 0.1 ng/mL. MasSpec Pointer has shown its ability to pinpoint the double-bond location of fatty acid isomers without derivatization reagents or light illumination. Agrochemicals from the surface of an apple and daily chemicals from the surface of a finger were detected successfully using MasSpec Pointer coupled with a miniature mass spectrometer. We believe the "point-and-shoot" device coupled with mini-MS brings the hope for an age of detecting chemicals on-site by nonprofessionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingwei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liuying He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Caiqiao Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Yang Y, Niu W, Wang W, Qi S, Tong L, Mu X, Chen Z, Li W, Tang B. h-FBN assisted negative ion paper spray for the sensitive detection of small molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6612-6615. [PMID: 34116566 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Negative ion mode paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) suffers from intense background noise and unstable MS signal. For the first time, we reported fluorinated boron nitride nanosheet (h-FBN) assisted negative ion PS-MS for the detection of a series of molecules. We demonstrated that the introduction of h-FBN can greatly improve the detection sensitivity and signal stability in the negative ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weihua Niu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiqing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Siyun Qi
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Lili Tong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyan Mu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weifeng Li
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Rapid detection of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines by molecularly imprinted membrane electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Mikhail IE, Tehranirokh M, Gooley AA, Guijt RM, Breadmore MC. Hyphenated sample preparation-electrospray and nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for biofluid analysis. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1646:462086. [PMID: 33892255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stand-alone electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been advancing through enhancements in throughput, selectivity and sensitivity of mass spectrometers. Unlike traditional MS techniques which usually require extensive offline sample preparation and chromatographic separation, many sample preparation techniques are now directly coupled with stand-alone MS to enable outstanding throughput for bioanalysis. In this review, we summarize the different sample clean-up and/or analyte enrichment strategies that can be directly coupled with ESI-MS and nano-ESI-MS for the analysis of biological fluids. The overview covers the hyphenation of different sample preparation techniques including solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), slug flow micro-extraction/nano-extraction (SFME/SFNE), liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA), extraction electrospray, extraction using digital microfluidics (DMF), and electrokinetic extraction (EkE) with ESI-MS and nano-ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraam E Mikhail
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Masoomeh Tehranirokh
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, VIC, 3134, Australia
| | - Andrew A Gooley
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, VIC, 3134, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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19
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Amador VS, Moreira JS, Augusti R, Orlando RM, Piccin E. Direct coupling of paper spray mass spectrometry and four-phase electroextraction sample preparation. Analyst 2021; 146:1057-1064. [PMID: 33331369 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01699c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel coupling between a four-phase electroextraction (EE) system and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) for the extraction, pre-concentration, and direct analysis of target compounds in different samples. The approach, EE-PS-MS, is based on the sorption of analytes directly on the tip of a triangular-shaped chromatographic paper, with subsequent prompt analysis by PS-MS. Thus, no off-line extraction step is required before the PS analysis, improving the protocol efficiency and reducing the analysis time. In addition to functioning as a porous material to absorb the target compounds, the chromatographic paper also served as the support for one of the aqueous phases of the optimized four-phase electroextraction system. Extraction conditions, such as the composition of the donor and organic phases, applied electric potential, and extraction time, were optimized. Three different applications, involving biofluid, food, and water quality analysis, were evaluated as a proof-of-concept. These applications involved the determination of (i) cocaine and lidocaine in saliva, (ii) malachite green in tap water, and (iii) bisphenol A (BPA) in red wine. When compared with direct PS-MS, the novel EE-PS-MS protocol improved the sensitivities by factors ranging from 14 to 110, depending on the analyte and the sample. The electroextraction procedures were performed on a laboratory-built 66-well plate, which offered the functionality of simultaneous sample handling and, most importantly, improved analytical throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Silva Amador
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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20
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Aquino A, Mayrink Alves Pereira G, Dossi N, Piccin E, Augusti R. Reagent-Pencil and Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry: A Convenient Combination for Selective Analyses in Complex Matrixes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:281-288. [PMID: 33176096 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recent developments on fieldable miniature mass spectrometers require efforts to produce easy-to-use and portable alternative tools to assist in point-of-care analysis. In this paper, the reagent-pencil (RP) technology, which has been used for solvent-free deposition of reagents in paper-based microfluidics, was combined with paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS-MS). In this approach, named RP-PS-MS, the PS triangular piece of paper was written with the reagent pencil, consisting of mixtures of graphite and bentonite (used as a support) and a reactive compound, and allowed to react with a given analyte from a sample matrix selectively. We conducted typical applications as proof-of-principles to verify the methodology's general usefulness in detecting small organic molecules in distinct samples. Hence, various aldehydes (2-furaldehyde, valeraldehyde, and benzaldehyde) in spiked cachaça samples (an alcoholic drink produced from fermentation/distillation of sugarcane juice) were promptly detected using a reagent pencil doped with 4-aminophenol (the reactive compound). Similarly, we recognized typical ginsenosides and triacylglycerols (TAGs) in ginseng aqueous infusions and soybean oil samples, respectively, using lithium chloride as the reactive compound. The results indicate that the reagent-pencil methodology is compatible with PS-MS and provides an easy and fast way to detect target analytes in complex samples. The advantage over the usual solution-based deposition of reagents lies in the lack of preparation or carrying different specific solutions for special applications, which can simplify operation, especially in point-of-care analysis with fieldable mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Aquino
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Belo Horizonte, 31270-400, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giovana Mayrink Alves Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Belo Horizonte, 31270-400, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, I-33100, Italy
| | - Evandro Piccin
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Belo Horizonte, 31270-400, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Belo Horizonte, 31270-400, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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21
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A review of recent advances in microsampling techniques of biological fluids for therapeutic drug monitoring. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461731. [PMID: 33285415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conventional sampling of biological fluids often involves a bulk quantity of samples that are tedious to collect, deliver and process. Miniaturized sampling approaches have emerged as promising tools for sample collection due to numerous advantages such as minute sample size, patient friendliness and ease of shipment. This article reviews the applications and advances of microsampling techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), covering the period January 2015 - August 2020. As whole blood is the gold standard sampling matrix for TDM, this article comprehensively highlights the most historical microsampling technique, the dried blood spot (DBS), and its development. Advanced developments of DBS, ranging from various automation DBS, paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS), 3D dried blood spheroids and volumetric absorptive paper disc (VAPD) and mini-disc (VAPDmini) are discussed. The volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) approach, which overcomes the hematocrit effect associated with the DBS sample, has been employed in recent TDM. The sample collection and sample preparation details in DBS and VAMS are outlined and summarized. This review also delineates the involvement of other biological fluids (plasma, urine, breast milk and saliva) and their miniaturized dried matrix forms in TDM. Specific features and challenges of each microsampling technique are identified and comparison studies are reviewed.
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22
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Frey BS, Damon DE, Badu-Tawiah AK. Emerging trends in paper spray mass spectrometry: Microsampling, storage, direct analysis, and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:336-370. [PMID: 31491055 PMCID: PMC7875099 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the sensitivity of chemical instrumentation have led to increased interest in the use of microsamples for translational and biomedical research. Paper substrates are by far the most widely used media for biofluid collection, and mass spectrometry is the preferred method of analysis of the resultant dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Although there have been a variety of review papers published on DBS, there has been no attempt to unify the century old DBS methodology with modern applications utilizing modified paper and paper-based microfluidics for sampling, storage, processing, and analysis. This critical review will discuss how mass spectrometry has expanded the utility of paper substrates from sample collection and storage, to direct complex mixture analysis to on-surface reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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23
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Díaz-Liñán MC, García-Valverde MT, Lucena R, Cárdenas S, López-Lorente AI. Paper-based sorptive phases for microextraction and sensing. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3074-3091. [PMID: 32930167 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The simplification of the analytical procedures, including cost-effective materials and detectors, is a current research trend. In this context, paper has been identified as a useful material thanks to its low price and high availability in different compositions (office, filter, chromatographic). Its porosity, flexibility, and planar geometry permit the design of flow-through devices compatible with most instrumental techniques. This article provides a general overview of the potential of paper, as substrate, on the simplification of analytical chemistry methodologies. The design of paper-based sorptive phases is considered in-depth, and the different functionalization strategies are described. Considering our experience in sample preparation, special attention has been paid to the use of these phases under the classical microextraction-analysis workflow, which usually includes a chromatographic separation of the analytes before their determination. However, the interest of these materials extends beyond this field as they can be easily implemented into spectroscopic and electrochemical sensors. Finally, the direct analysis of paper substrates in mass spectrometry, in the so-called paper-spray technique is also discussed. This review is more focused on presenting ideas rather than the description of specific applications to draw a general picture of the potential of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Díaz-Liñán
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto, Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - M T García-Valverde
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto, Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - R Lucena
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto, Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - S Cárdenas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto, Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - A I López-Lorente
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto, Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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24
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Zhan L, Hou Z, Huang G. Agarose hydrogel-enhanced paper spray ionization mass spectrometry for metabolite detection in raw urine. Analyst 2020; 145:2118-2124. [PMID: 32129328 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02624j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid analysis of metabolites in biofluids is of great importance for disease diagnosis or new-born disease screening. Herein, we introduce an agarose hydrogel conditioning method to enhance the performance of paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. With facile and fast hydrogel conditioning, the signal intensity of therapeutic drugs spiked in urine was 5 to 15 fold higher than that in direct paper spray ionization mass spectrometry analysis. Consequently, the sensitivity of metabolites in urine was improved via hydrogel conditioning, resulting in 9 to 15 fold decrease in the possibility of detection (POD) levels. These results show that agarose hydrogel conditioning coupled with paper spray ionization mass spectrometry could serve as a facile ionization method for ambient mass spectrometry, which might be useful in fast screening of metabolites and therapeutic drugs in raw biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujuan Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, P.R. China
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25
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Yang Y, Liu H, Chen Z, Wu T, Jiang Z, Tong L, Tang B. A Simple 3D-Printed Enzyme Reactor Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Platform for Detecting BuChE Activity in Human Serum. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12874-12881. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianhong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyao Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Tong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
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26
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So PK, Yang BC, Li W, Wu L, Hu B. Simple Fabrication of Solid-Phase Microextraction with Surface-Coated Aluminum Foil for Enhanced Detection of Analytes in Biological and Clinical Samples by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9430-9434. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Kin So
- University Research Facility in Life Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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27
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Pu F, Chiang S, Zhang W, Ouyang Z. Direct sampling mass spectrometry for clinical analysis. Analyst 2019; 144:1034-1051. [PMID: 30520890 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01722k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct sampling mass spectrometry (MS) has been advancing aggressively, showing immense potential in translating MS into the clinical field. Unlike traditional MS analysis involving extensive sample preparation and chromatographic separation, quick and simple procedures with minimal sample pretreatment or purification became available with direct sampling. An overview of the development in this field is provided, including some representative ambient ionization and fast extraction methods. Quantitative applications of these methods are emphasized and their efficacy are highlighted from a clinical aspect; non-quantitative applications in clinical analysis are also discussed. This review also discusses the integration of direct sampling MS with miniature mass spectrometers and its future outlook as an emerging clinical tool for point-of-care analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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28
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Feider CL, Krieger A, DeHoog RJ, Eberlin LS. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Developments and Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4266-4290. [PMID: 30790515 PMCID: PMC7444024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara L. Feider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anna Krieger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rachel J. DeHoog
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Livia S. Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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29
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Development of paper substrate for paper spray MS in high-sensitivity analysis of biological samples. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:2047-2067. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paper spray (PS) has demonstrated a promising future for direct mass spectrometric analysis. In the process of PS, paper substrate has been demonstrated as a crucial factor in determining the final performance of PS-MS, and therefore much attention is paid to modification of paper substrate. In this review, we systematically introduce the development of paper substrate for PS. Various commercial and modified papers are comprehensively reviewed, and much effort is focused on some physical and chemical approaches for modification of paper substrate. The application of modified paper substrates to biological sample analyses is discussed. The future promising directions of paper substrate for PS are highlighted.
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30
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The impacts of paper properties on matrix effects during paper spray mass spectrometry analysis of prescription drugs, fentanyl and synthetic cannabinoids. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Gold nanoparticles-enhanced ion-transmission mass spectrometry for highly sensitive detection of chemical warfare agent simulants. Talanta 2018; 190:403-409. [PMID: 30172526 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-embedded paper was coupled with ion-transmission mass spectrometry (MS) to enable the highly sensitive detection of chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants in solutions. With the assistance of a low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe, we found that AuNPs were capable to enhance the ionization efficiencies of target analytes, with MS signal intensities surprisingly undergone an 800-fold increase under optimized conditions. The interaction between AuNPs and the radiofrequency electromagnetic field was believed to promote the desorption/ionization process, resulting in the unusual signal enhancement phenomenon. Based on this finding, we established a method for the rapid analysis of two simulants of nerve agents, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), with a dynamic range from 0.5 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL and detection limits of 0.1 ng/mL and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. As sample pretreatments have been eliminated, the developed strategy is particularly promising for the on-site detection of CWAs considering its simple and rapid analytical workflow.
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32
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Xiao P, Li H, Li X, Song D. Analytical barriers in clinical B-type natriuretic peptide measurement and the promising analytical methods based on mass spectrometry technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 57:954-966. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a circulating biomarker that is mainly applied in heart failure (HF) diagnosis and to monitor disease progression. Because some identical amino acid sequences occur in the precursor and metabolites of BNP, undesirable cross-reactions are common in immunoassays. This review first summarizes current analytical methods, such as immunoassay- and mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches, including the accuracy of measurement and the inconsistency of the results. Second, the review presents some promising approaches to resolve the current barriers in clinical BNP measurement, such as how to decrease cross-reactions and increase the measurement consistency. Specific approaches include research on novel BNP assays with higher-specificity chemical antibodies, the development of International System of Units (SI)-traceable reference materials, and the development of structure characterization methods based on state-of-the-art ambient and ion mobility MS technologies. The factors that could affect MS analysis are also discussed, such as biological sample cleanup and peptide ionization efficiency. The purpose of this review is to explore and identify the main problems in BNP clinical measurement and to present three types of approaches to resolve these problems, namely, materials, methods and instruments. Although novel approaches are proposed here, in practice, it is worth noting that the BNP-related peptides including unprocessed proBNP were all measured in clinical BNP assays. Therefore, approaches that aimed to measure a specific BNP or proBNP might be an effective way for the standardization of a particular BNP form measurement, instead of the standardization of “total” immunoreactive BNP assays in clinical at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science , National Institute of Metrology , Beijing 100029 , P.R. China , Phone: +86-10-64228896, Fax: +86-10-64271639
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science , National Institute of Metrology , Beijing 100029 , P.R. China , Phone: +86-10-64228896, Fax: +86-10-64271639
| | - Xianjiang Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science , National Institute of Metrology , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Dewei Song
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science , National Institute of Metrology , Beijing , P.R. China
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33
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ZHANG XL, ZHANG H, WANG XC, HUANG KK, WANG D, CHEN HW. Advances in Ambient Ionization for Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Rapid identification of regulated organic chemical compounds in toys using ambient ionization and a miniature mass spectrometry system. Talanta 2018; 180:182-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Hu B, So PK, Yang Y, Deng J, Choi YC, Luan T, Yao ZP. Surface-Modified Wooden-Tip Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Enhanced Detection of Analytes in Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1759-1766. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research
Centre and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong
Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Institute
of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation)
and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Pui-Kin So
- State
Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation)
and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- University Research Facility in Life Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong
Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Guangdong
Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry,
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous
Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jiewei Deng
- State
Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research
Centre and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong
Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- State
Key
Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation
and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yi-Ching Choi
- State
Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research
Centre and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong
Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation)
and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State
Key
Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation
and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Yao
- State
Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research
Centre and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong
Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation)
and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key
Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional
Molecules, (Yanbian University) Ministry of Education, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
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36
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Reyes-Garcés N, Gionfriddo E, Gómez-Ríos GA, Alam MN, Boyacı E, Bojko B, Singh V, Grandy J, Pawliszyn J. Advances in Solid Phase Microextraction and Perspective on Future Directions. Anal Chem 2017; 90:302-360. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Md. Nazmul Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Jonathan Grandy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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37
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Li X, Ma W, Li H, Ai W, Bai Y, Liu H. Sampling and analyte enrichment strategies for ambient mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:715-724. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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38
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Tascon M, Gómez-Ríos GA, Reyes-Garcés N, Poole J, Boyacı E, Pawliszyn J. High-Throughput Screening and Quantitation of Target Compounds in Biofluids by Coated Blade Spray-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8421-8428. [PMID: 28715206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most contemporary methods of screening and quantitating controlled substances and therapeutic drugs in biofluids typically require laborious, time-consuming, and expensive analytical workflows. In recent years, our group has worked toward developing microextraction (μe)-mass spectrometry (MS) technologies that merge all of the tedious steps of the classical methods into a simple, efficient, and low-cost methodology. Unquestionably, the automation of these technologies allows for faster sample throughput, greater reproducibility, and radically reduced analysis times. Coated blade spray (CBS) is a μe technology engineered for extracting/enriching analytes of interest in complex matrices, and it can be directly coupled with MS instruments to achieve efficient screening and quantitative analysis. In this study, we introduced CBS as a technology that can be arranged to perform either rapid diagnostics (single vial) or the high-throughput (96-well plate) analysis of biofluids. Furthermore, we demonstrate that performing 96-CBS extractions at the same time allows the total analysis time to be reduced to less than 55 s per sample. Aiming to validate the versatility of CBS, substances comprising a broad range of molecular weights, moieties, protein binding, and polarities were selected. Thus, the high-throughput (HT)-CBS technology was used for the concomitant quantitation of 18 compounds (mixture of anabolics, β-2 agonists, diuretics, stimulants, narcotics, and β-blockers) spiked in human urine and plasma samples. Excellent precision (∼2.5%), accuracy (≥90%), and linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99) were attained for all the studied compounds, and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were within the range of 0.1 to 10 ng·mL-1 for plasma and 0.25 to 10 ng·mL-1 for urine. The results reported in this paper confirm CBS's great potential for achieving subsixty-second analyses of target compounds in a broad range of fields such as those related to clinical diagnosis, food, the environment, and forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Tascon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Nathaly Reyes-Garcés
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Justen Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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39
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Zhang W, Wang X, Xia Y, Ouyang Z. Ambient Ionization and Miniature Mass Spectrometry Systems for Disease Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring. Theranostics 2017; 7:2968-2981. [PMID: 28839457 PMCID: PMC5566099 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool in the field of biomedicine. The combination of ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometry systems could most likely fulfill a significant need in medical diagnostics, providing highly specific molecular information in real time for clinical and even point-of-care analysis. In this review, we discuss the recent development of ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometers as well as their potential in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, with an emphasis on their capability in analysis of biofluids and tissues. We also speculate the future development of the integrated, miniature MS systems and provide our perspectives on the challenges in technical development as well as possible solutions for path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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40
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Wang T, Zheng Y, Wang X, Austin DE, Zhang Z. Sub-ppt Mass Spectrometric Detection of Therapeutic Drugs in Complex Biological Matrixes Using Polystyrene-Microsphere-Coated Paper Spray. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7988-7995. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Yajun Zheng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Daniel E. Austin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
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41
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New urea-modified paper substrate for enhanced analytical performance of negative ion mode paper spray mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 166:306-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Wan L, Zhu H, Guan Y, Huang G. Nanocoating cellulose paper based microextraction combined with nanospray mass spectrometry for rapid and facile quantitation of ribonucleosides in human urine. Talanta 2017; 169:209-215. [PMID: 28411814 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and facile analytical method for quantification of ribonucleosides in human urine was developed by the combination of nanocoating cellulose paper based microextraction and nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nESI-MS/MS). Cellulose paper used for microextraction was modified by nano-precision deposition of uniform ultrathin zirconia gel film using a sol-gel process. Due to the large surface area of the cellulose paper and the strong affinity between zirconia and the cis-diol compounds, the target analytes were selectively extracted from the complex matrix. Thus, the detection sensitivity was greatly improved. Typically, the nanocoating cellulose paper was immersed into the diluted urine for selective extraction of target analytes, then the extracted analytes were subjected to nESI-MS/MS detection. The whole analytical procedure could be completed within 10min. The method was evaluated by the determination of ribonucleosides (adenosine, cytidine, uridine, guanosine) in urine sample. The signal intensities of the ribonuclesides extracted by the nanocoating cellulose paper were greatly enhanced by 136-459-folds compared with the one of the unmodified cellulose paper based microextraction. The limits of detection (LODs) and the limits of quantification (LOQs) of the four ribonucleosides were in the range of 0.0136-1.258μgL-1 and 0.0454-4.194μgL-1, respectively. The recoveries of the target nucleosides from spiked human urine were in the range of 75.64-103.49% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 9.36%. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method for rapid and facile determination of endogenous ribonucleosides in urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhong Wan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haijing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry of CAS, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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43
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Li LH, Hsieh HY, Hsu CC. Clinical Application of Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017; 6:S0060. [PMID: 28337399 PMCID: PMC5359754 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient ionization allows mass spectrometry analysis directly on the sample surface under atmospheric pressure with almost zero sample pretreatment. Since the development of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) in 2004, many other ambient ionization techniques were developed. Due to their simplicity and low operation cost, rapid and on-site clinical mass spectrometry analysis becomes real. In this review, we will highlight some of the most widely used ambient ionization mass spectrometry approaches and their applications in clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
| | - Hua-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
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44
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Li T, Fan L, Wang Y, Huang X, Xu J, Lu J, Zhang M, Xu W. Molecularly Imprinted Membrane Electrospray Ionization for Direct Sample Analyses. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1453-1458. [PMID: 28035803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Typically dealing with practical samples with very complex matrices, ambient ionization mass spectrometry suffers from low detection sensitivity. In this study, molecular imprinting technology was explored and integrated with the membrane electrospray ionization (MESI) method for direct sample analyses. By enriching targeted analytes on molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs), improvement (by 10- to 50-fold) in the limit of quantitation could be achieved, compared to conventional nanoelectrospray ionization methods or other ambient ionization methods. MIMs were prepared by cross-linking a synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer layer onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. The characteristics of MIM in recognizing target analytes were investigated and verified. Experiments showed that MIM-ESI could provide satisfactory performances for direct quantification of targeted analytes in complex samples using mass spectroscopy (MS), and the quantitative performance of this methodology was validated. With the capability of target enrichment, the uses of MIM-ESI MS in different application fields were also demonstrated, including food safety, quantification of drug concentrations in blood, pesticide residues in soil, and antibiotic residues in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China , 102206.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China , 310003
| | - Liusheng Fan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China , 100081
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, China , 100048
| | - Xuebin Huang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China , 100081
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China , 102206.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China , 310003
| | - Jinxing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China , 102206.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China , 310003
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China , 102206.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China , 310003
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing, China , 100081
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45
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Wang T, Zheng Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Ke C, Austin DE, Han X, Zhang Z. Abnormal adsorption and desorption behavior of pharmaceutical drugs on polystyrene microspheres. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an abnormal adsorption and desorption behavior where a stronger adsorption interaction between polystyrene particles and pharmaceutical drugs results in preferable desorption behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Congyu Ke
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Daniel E. Austin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Brigham Young University
- Utah 84602
- USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Peacock
- First State IR, LLC , 118 Susan Drive, Hockessin, Delaware 19707, United States
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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