1
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Wang J, Yu A, Cho BG, Mechref Y. Assessing the hydrophobicity of glycopeptides using reversed-phase liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464237. [PMID: 37523904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Retention time is one of the most important parameters that has been widely used to demonstrate the separation results obtained from liquid chromatography (LC) platforms. However, retention time can shift when samples are tested with different instruments and laboratories, which hinders the identification process of analytes when comparing data collected from different LC systems. To address this problem, hydrophobicity index was introduced for retention time normalization of the glycopeptides separated by reversed-phase LC (RPLC). Tandem MS was used for the detection and identification of glycopeptides. In addition, the influence of different types of glycans on the hydrophobicity of peptide backbones was studied by comparing the retention time of glycopeptides with their non-glycosylated counterparts. The hydrophobicity of tryptic digested glycopeptides derived from model glycoproteins, including bovine fetuin, α1-acid glycoprotein, and haptoglobin from human plasma, were evaluated based on the hydrophobicity index of the standard peptides from a peptide retention time calibration mixture. The reduction of hydrophobicity of multiple peptide backbones was observed due to the hydrophilic glycan structures. By comparing the hydrophobicity index of glycopeptides collected from different time and instruments, the day-to-day and lab-to-lab comparisons suggested high reliability and reproducibility of this approach. The RSD% of hydrophobicity index from inter-lab experiments was 1.2%, while the RSD% of retention time was 5.1%. Then, the applications of this method were demonstrated on complex glycopeptide samples extracted from human blood serum. The hydrophobicity index can be applied to address the retention time shift when using different instruments, thereby boosting confidence of the characterization of glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, United States
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, United States
| | - Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, United States.
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2
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Wei J, Papanastasiou D, Kosmopoulou M, Smyrnakis A, Hong P, Tursumamat N, Klein JA, Xia C, Tang Y, Zaia J, Costello CE, Lin C. De novo glycan sequencing by electronic excitation dissociation MS 2-guided MS 3 analysis on an Omnitrap-Orbitrap hybrid instrument. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6695-6704. [PMID: 37350811 PMCID: PMC10284134 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00870c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive de novo glycan sequencing remains an elusive goal due to the structural diversity and complexity of glycans. Present strategies employing collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD)-based multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) or MS/MS combined with sequential exoglycosidase digestions are inherently low-throughput and difficult to automate. Compared to CID and HCD, electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and electron capture dissociation (ECD) each generate more cross-ring cleavages informative about linkage positions, but electronic excitation dissociation (EED) exceeds the information content of all other methods and is also applicable to analysis of singly charged precursors. Although EED can provide extensive glycan structural information in a single stage of MS/MS, its performance has largely been limited to FTICR MS, and thus it has not been widely adopted by the glycoscience research community. Here, the effective performance of EED MS/MS was demonstrated on a hybrid Orbitrap-Omnitrap QE-HF instrument, with high sensitivity, fragmentation efficiency, and analysis speed. In addition, a novel EED MS2-guided MS3 approach was developed for detailed glycan structural analysis. Automated topology reconstruction from MS2 and MS3 spectra could be achieved with a modified GlycoDeNovo software. We showed that the topology and linkage configurations of the Man9GlcNAc2 glycan can be accurately determined from first principles based on one EED MS2 and two CID-EED MS3 analyses, without reliance on biological knowledge, a structure database or a spectral library. The presented approach holds great promise for autonomous, comprehensive and de novo glycan sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wei
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | | | | | | | - Pengyu Hong
- Department of Computer Science, Brandeis University Waltham MA 02454 USA
| | - Nafisa Tursumamat
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Joshua A Klein
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | - Chaoshuang Xia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | - Yang Tang
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Cheng Lin
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
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3
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Zedan H, Morimura K, Elguoshy A, Yamamoto T, Natsuka S. Microheterogeneity and Individual Differences of Human Urinary N-Glycome under Normal Physiological Conditions. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050756. [PMID: 37238626 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Urine is considered an outstanding biological fluid for biomarker discovery, reflecting both systemic and urogenital physiology. However, analyzing the N-glycome in urine in detail has been challenging due to the low abundance of glycans attached to glycoproteins compared to free oligosaccharides. Therefore, this study aims to thoroughly analyze urinary N-glycome using LC-MS/MS. The N-glycans were released using hydrazine and labeled with 2-aminopyridine (PA), followed by anion-exchange fractionation before LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 109 N-glycans were identified and quantified, of which 58 were identified and quantified repeatedly in at least 80% of samples and accounted for approximately 85% of the total urinary glycome signal. Interestingly, a comparison between urine and serum N-glycome revealed that approximately 50% of the urinary glycome could originate from the kidney and urinary tract, where they were exclusively identified in urine, while the remaining 50% were common in both. Additionally, a correlation was found between age/sex and the relative abundances of urinary N-glycome, with more age-related changes observed in women than men. The results of this study provide a reference for human urine N-glycome profiling and structural annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Zedan
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kousuke Morimura
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Amr Elguoshy
- Biofluid Biomarker Center, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Biofluid Biomarker Center, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shunji Natsuka
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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4
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Bansal P, Ben Faleh A, Warnke S, Rizzo TR. Multistage Ion Mobility Spectrometry Combined with Infrared Spectroscopy for Glycan Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:695-700. [PMID: 36881006 PMCID: PMC10080682 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The structural complexity of glycans makes their characterization challenging, not only because of the presence of various isomeric forms of the precursor molecule but also because the fragments can themselves be isomeric. We have recently developed an IMS-CID-IMS approach using structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM) combined with cryogenic infrared (IR) spectroscopy for glycan analysis. It allows mobility separation and collision-induced dissociation of a precursor glycan followed by mobility separation and IR spectroscopy of the fragments. While this approach holds great promise for glycan analysis, we often encounter fragments for which we have no standards to identify their spectroscopic fingerprint. In this work, we perform proof-of-principle experiments employing a multistage SLIM-based IMS-CID technique to generate second-generation fragments, followed by their mobility separation and spectroscopic interrogation. This approach provides detailed structural information about the first-generation fragments, including their anomeric form, which in turn can be used to identify the precursor glycan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas R. Rizzo
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Peng W, Reyes CDG, Gautam S, Yu A, Cho BG, Goli M, Donohoo K, Mondello S, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y. MS-based glycomics and glycoproteomics methods enabling isomeric characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:577-616. [PMID: 34159615 PMCID: PMC8692493 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most significant and abundant posttranslational modifications in mammalian cells. It mediates a wide range of biofunctions, including cell adhesion, cell communication, immune cell trafficking, and protein stability. Also, aberrant glycosylation has been associated with various diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, immune deficiencies, congenital disorders, and cancers. The alterations in the distributions of glycan and glycopeptide isomers are involved in the development and progression of several human diseases. However, the microheterogeneity of glycosylation brings a great challenge to glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis, including the characterization of isomers. Over several decades, different methods and approaches have been developed to facilitate the characterization of glycan and glycopeptide isomers. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been a powerful tool utilized for glycomic and glycoproteomic isomeric analysis due to its high sensitivity and rich structural information using different fragmentation techniques. However, a comprehensive characterization of glycan and glycopeptide isomers remains a challenge when utilizing MS alone. Therefore, various separation methods, including liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and ion mobility, were developed to resolve glycan and glycopeptide isomers before MS. These separation techniques were coupled to MS for a better identification and quantitation of glycan and glycopeptide isomers. Additionally, bioinformatic tools are essential for the automated processing of glycan and glycopeptide isomeric data to facilitate isomeric studies in biological cohorts. Here in this review, we discuss commonly employed MS-based techniques, separation hyphenated MS methods, and software, facilitating the separation, identification, and quantitation of glycan and glycopeptide isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Mona Goli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Donohoo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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6
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Efficient TurboID-based proximity labelling method for identifying terminal sialic acid glycosylation in living cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1841-1853. [PMID: 36789692 PMCID: PMC10157534 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TurboID, a proximity labelling method based on mutant biotin ligase, is an efficient new technique for recognizing protein-protein interactions and has been successfully applied to living cells. Sialic acid is typically the terminal monosaccharide attached to many glycoproteins and plays many important roles in many biological processes. However, the lack of enrichment methods for terminal sialic acid glycosylation in vivo hinders the identification and analysis of this glycosylation. Here, we introduce TurboID to identify terminal sialic acid glycosylation in living cells. SpCBM, the carbohydrate-binding domain of sialidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae, is fused with TurboID and overexpressed in HeLa cells. After streptavidin-based purification and detection by mass spectrometry, 31 terminal sialic acid N-glycosylated sites and 1359 putative terminal sialic acid glycosylated proteins are identified, many of which are located in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
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7
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Mechref Y, Peng W, Gautam S, Ahmadi P, Lin Y, Zhu J, Zhang J, Liu S, Singal AG, Parikh ND, Lubman DM. Mass spectrometry based biomarkers for early detection of HCC using a glycoproteomic approach. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 157:23-56. [PMID: 36725111 PMCID: PMC10014290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and 80%-90% of HCC develops in patients that have underlying cirrhosis. Better methods of surveillance are needed to increase early detection of HCC and the proportion of patients that can be offered curative therapies. Recent work in novel mass spec-based methods for glycomic and glycopeptide analysis for discovery and confirmation of markers for early detection of HCC versus cirrhosis is reviewed in this chapter. Results from recent work in these fields by several groups and the progress made in developing markers of early HCC which can outperform the current serum-based markers are described and discussed. Also, recent developments in isoform analysis of glycans and glycopeptides and in various mass spec fragmentation methods will be described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Parisa Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Yu Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Suyu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amit G Singal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Neehar D Parikh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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8
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Highly sensitive characterization of non-human glycan structures of monoclonal antibody drugs utilizing tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15109. [PMID: 36068283 PMCID: PMC9448817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important attribute of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for assessing manufacturing quality. Analysis of non-human glycans containing terminal galactose-α1,3-galactose and N-glycolylneuraminic acid is essential due to the potential immunogenicity and insufficient efficacy caused by mAb expression in non-human mammalian cells. Using parallel sequencing of isobaric glycopeptides and isomeric glycans that were separated by reversed-phase and porous graphitic carbon LC, we report a highly sensitive LC MS/MS method for the comprehensive characterization of low-abundance non-human glycans and their closely related structural isomers. We demonstrate that the straightforward use of high-abundance diagnostic ions and complementary fragments under the positive ionization low-energy collision-induced dissociation is a universal approach to rapidly discriminate branch-linkage structures of biantennary glycans. Our findings reveal the structural diversity of non-human glycans and sulfation of α-galactosylated glycans, providing both an analytical method and candidate structures that could potentially be used in the crucial quality control of therapeutic mAb products.
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9
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Zhou X, Song W, Novotny MV, Jacobson SC. Fractionation and characterization of sialyl linkage isomers of serum N-glycans by CE-MS. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3348-3361. [PMID: 35819141 PMCID: PMC9473921 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Structural isomers of sialylated N-glycans contribute to the diversity of the N-glycome and to a range of biological functions. Sialyl linkage isomers can be readily distinguished by mass spectrometry with mass differences between α2,3- and α2,6-linkages generated by a two-step sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidation. To improve the identification of N-glycans from complex mixtures, we added a delactonization step after the first alkylamidation step, which regenerates negatively charged carboxylic acids on α2,3-sialic acids. N-glycan isomers with α2,3-sialic acids are then fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography prior to the second alkylamidation step. With this modified alkylamidation method, sialylated N-glycans were enriched and stabilized for structural characterization by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 52 sialylated N-glycan structures, including 107 linkage isomers, in human serum and confirmed the presence of positional isomers of specific sialyl linkage isomers. Due to the reduced sample complexity after ion-exchange fractionation and CE separation, substructural features of N-glycans were rapidly evaluated and included core- and antenna-fucosylation and poly-lactosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401-7102, U.S.A
| | - Woran Song
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401-7102, U.S.A
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401-7102, U.S.A
| | - Stephen C. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401-7102, U.S.A
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10
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Ma S, Chen F, Zhang M, Yuan H, Ouyang G, Zhao W, Zhang S, Zhao Y. Carboxyl-Based CPMP Tag for Ultrasensitive Analysis of Disaccharides by Negative Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9557-9563. [PMID: 35759693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we develop a sensitive method for glucose-containing disaccharide analysis by 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (CPMP) derivatization using mass spectrometry. The intense anion of [M - H]- (m/z 759) was observed for CPMP-labeled disaccharides in a negative mode. After derivatization, its sensitivity was significantly increased with the limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 3.90 to 8.67 ng L-1 and 12.99 to 28.92 ng L-1, respectively. During CID-MS/MS analysis, the fragment patterns of CPMP derivatized disaccharides in the negative mode were simpler and clearer than their counterparts in a positive mode, which further could be applied to distinct and relatively quantitative isomeric disaccharides with ultrahigh sensitivity and good reproducibility. The great linear relationships could be achieved under wider concentration ratios from 0.01 to 20 compared to the previous report. Eventually, the developed methodology was applicable to identify isomeric disaccharides in beers. No sucrose was discovered. All beers contain 1,4- and 1,6-linked disaccharides. Some of them also have a mixture of 1,2- and 1,3-linked disaccharides. Through the integration of statistical analysis, beers with different production processes were finally discriminated, and the relative quantification of isomaltose and maltose was realized. In general, this method is sensitive, fast, and reliable for the discrimination and relative quantification of isomeric disaccharides in complex matrices. This study provides a new idea for the structural analysis of oligosaccharides in food, plants, and animals and an important theoretical basis for the exploration of new functions of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Ma
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Fangya Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China.,KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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11
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N-Glycosylation of monoclonal antibody therapeutics: A comprehensive review on significance and characterization. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Bansal P, Ben Faleh A, Warnke S, Rizzo TR. Identification of N-glycan positional isomers by combining IMS and vibrational fingerprinting of structurally determinant CID fragments. Analyst 2022; 147:704-711. [PMID: 35079754 PMCID: PMC8842669 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01861b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While glycans are present on the surface of cells in all living organisms and play key roles in most biological processes, their isomeric complexity makes their structural characterization challenging. Of particular importance are positional isomers, for which analytical standards are difficult to obtain. We combine ultrahigh-resolution ion-mobility spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation and cryogenic infrared spectroscopy to determine the structure of N-glycan positional isomers. This approach is based on first separating the parent molecules by SLIM-based IMS, producing diagnostic fragments specific to each positional isomer, separating the fragments by IMS, and identifying them by comparing their IR fingerprints to a previously recorded spectral database. We demonstrate this strategy using a bottom-up scheme to identify the positional isomers of the N-linked glycan G0-N, in which a terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is attached to either the α-3 or α-6 branch of the common N-glycan pentasaccharide core. We then use IR fingerprints of these newly identified isomers to identify the positional isomers of G1 and G1F, which are biantennary complex-type N-glycans with a terminal galactose attached to either the α-3 or α-6 branch, and in the case of G1F a fucose attached to the reducing-end GlcNAc. Starting with just a few analytical standards, this fragment-based spectroscopy method allows us to develop a database which we can use to identify positional isomers. The generalization of this approach would greatly facilitate glycan analysis. We combine high-resolution IMS-IMS with cryogenic vibrational spectroscopy for the indentification of N-glycan positional isomers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bansal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ahmed Ben Faleh
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Warnke
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas R Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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13
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Glycomic and Glycoproteomic Techniques in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotrauma: Towards Personalized Markers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030581. [PMID: 35159390 PMCID: PMC8834236 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteome represents all the proteins expressed by a genome, a cell, a tissue, or an organism at any given time under defined physiological or pathological circumstances. Proteomic analysis has provided unparalleled opportunities for the discovery of expression patterns of proteins in a biological system, yielding precise and inclusive data about the system. Advances in the proteomics field opened the door to wider knowledge of the mechanisms underlying various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including glycosylation. As of yet, the role of most of these PTMs remains unidentified. In this state-of-the-art review, we present a synopsis of glycosylation processes and the pathophysiological conditions that might ensue secondary to glycosylation shortcomings. The dynamics of protein glycosylation, a crucial mechanism that allows gene and pathway regulation, is described. We also explain how-at a biomolecular level-mutations in glycosylation-related genes may lead to neuropsychiatric manifestations and neurodegenerative disorders. We then analyze the shortcomings of glycoproteomic studies, putting into perspective their downfalls and the different advanced enrichment techniques that emanated to overcome some of these challenges. Furthermore, we summarize studies tackling the association between glycosylation and neuropsychiatric disorders and explore glycoproteomic changes in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We finally conclude with the role of glycomics in the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and provide perspectives on the clinical application of glycoproteomics as potential diagnostic tools and their application in personalized medicine.
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14
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Feng X, Shu H, Zhang S, Peng Y, Zhang L, Cao X, Wei L, Lu H. Relative Quantification of N-Glycopeptide Sialic Acid Linkage Isomers by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15617-15625. [PMID: 34779613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids decorate the surface of glycoproteins and play important roles in a variety of pathological processes. Although the mass spectrometry (MS) based linkage-specific analysis of sialylated N-glycopeptide is developing rapidly, quantitative analysis of these isomers still remains a challenge. Herein, we reported a novel quantitative strategy that can unambiguously identify and relatively quantify linkage-specific N-glycopeptides using ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS). Without the assistance of derivatization, this method can relatively quantify sialic acid isomers of intact glycopeptides by using their characteristic fragment ions in IM-MS. Moreover, good linearity (R2 > 0.99) of relative quantification within a dynamic range of 2 orders of magnitude and high reproducibility (coefficient of variation (CV) < 10%, n = 3) were demonstrated. Finally, our results illustrated the aberrant sialylation of haptoglobin (Hp) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where the ratios of α2,3 to α2,6 sialylation of seven N-glycopeptides were found to be significantly altered (p < 0.01) in HCC individuals (n = 27) compared with healthy controls (n = 27).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Feng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Peng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Wei
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry & NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry & NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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15
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Guan Y, Zhang M, Gaikwad M, Voss H, Fazel R, Ansari S, Shen H, Wang J, Schlüter H. An Integrated Strategy Reveals Complex Glycosylation of Erythropoietin Using Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3654-3663. [PMID: 34110173 PMCID: PMC9472269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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The characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins is challenging
due to the structural heterogeneity of the therapeutic protein glycosylation.
This study presents an in-depth analytical strategy for glycosylation
of first-generation erythropoietin (epoetin beta), including a developed
mass spectrometric workflow for N-glycan analysis, bottom-up mass
spectrometric methods for site-specific N-glycosylation, and a LC-MS
approach for O-glycan identification. Permethylated N-glycans, peptides,
and enriched glycopeptides of erythropoietin were analyzed by nanoLC-MS/MS,
and de-N-glycosylated erythropoietin was measured by LC-MS, enabling
the qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycosylation and different
glycan modifications (e.g., phosphorylation and O-acetylation). The
newly developed Python scripts enabled the identification of 140 N-glycan
compositions (237 N-glycan structures) from erythropoietin, especially
including 8 phosphorylated N-glycan species. The site-specificity
of N-glycans was revealed at the glycopeptide level by pGlyco software
using different proteases. In total, 114 N-glycan compositions were
identified from glycopeptide analysis. Moreover, LC-MS analysis of
de-N-glycosylated erythropoietin species identified two O-glycan compositions
based on the mass shifts between non-O-glycosylated and O-glycosylated
species. Finally, this integrated strategy was proved to realize the
in-depth glycosylation analysis of a therapeutic glycoprotein to understand
its pharmacological properties and improving the manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Manasi Gaikwad
- Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Hannah Voss
- Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Ramin Fazel
- Reasearch and Innovation Center, Livogen Pharmed Co., Tehran 1417755358, Iran
| | - Samira Ansari
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3165933155, Iran
| | - Huali Shen
- Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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16
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Guan Y, Zhang M, Wang J, Schlüter H. Comparative Analysis of Different N-glycan Preparation Approaches and Development of Optimized Solid-Phase Permethylation Using Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2914-2922. [PMID: 33829797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation characterization is challenging due to structural micro- and macro-heterogeneity. Although various N-glycan preparation strategies, including purification and derivatization, have been previously developed prior to mass spectrometric analysis, systematic evaluation still needs to be performed. This study compared the different N-glycan purification strategies, including filter-aided sample preparation, de-N-glycosylated protein precipitation, and trypsin digestion followed by reversed phase-based solid-phase extraction, and derivatization approaches, such as solid-phase permethylation, reductive amination, and reduction. With the comparative analysis, an optimized solid-phase permethylation (OSPP) workflow was developed for mass spectrometric N-glycomics, showing simplified analysis for N-glycan compositions and high yields using etanercept. The N-glycan samples released from trastuzumab and adalimumab were utilized to test OSPP to obtain their N-glycan profiles using mass spectrometry. Based on different standard procedures across laboratories, this study provides the reference for analysts to select an appropriate N-glycan preparation method with their research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Jigang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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17
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Toward robust N-glycomics of various tissue samples that may contain glycans with unknown or unexpected structures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6334. [PMID: 33737529 PMCID: PMC7973440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans in tissues are structurally diverse and usually include a large number of isomers that cannot be easily distinguished by mass spectrometry (MS). To address this issue, we developed a combined method that can efficiently separate and identify glycan isomers. First, we separated 2-aminopyridine (PA)-derivatized N-glycans from chicken colon by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) and directly analyzed them by electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and MS/MS to obtain an overview of the structural features of tissue glycans. Next, we deduced the structures of isomers based on their elution positions, full MS, and MS/MS data, before or after digestions with several exoglycosidases. In this method, the elution position differed greatly depending on the core structure and branching pattern, allowing multiantennary N-glycan structures to be easily distinguished. To further determine linkages of branch sequences, we modified PA-N-glycans with sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidation and/or permethylation, and analyzed the products by LC–MS and multistage MS. We determined the relative abundances of core structures, branching patterns, and branch sequences of N-glycans from chicken colon, and confirmed presence of characteristic branch sequences such as Lex, sialyl Lex, sulfated LacNAc, LacNAc repeat, and LacdiNAc. The results demonstrated that our method is useful for comparing N-glycomes among various tissue samples.
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18
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Habazin S, Štambuk J, Šimunović J, Keser T, Razdorov G, Novokmet M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:73-135. [PMID: 34687008 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry and its hyphenated techniques enabled by the improvements in liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, novel ionization, and fragmentation modes are truly a cornerstone of robust and reliable protein glycosylation analysis. Boost in immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycan and glycopeptide profiling demands for both applied biomedical and research applications has brought many new advances in the field in terms of technical innovations, sample preparation, improved throughput, and confidence in glycan structural characterization. This chapter summarizes mass spectrometry basics, focusing on IgG and monoclonal antibody N-glycosylation analysis on several complexity levels. Different approaches, including antibody enrichment, glycan release, labeling, and glycopeptide preparation and purification, are covered and illustrated with recent breakthroughs and examples from the literature omitting excessive theoretical frameworks. Finally, selected highly popular methodologies in IgG glycoanalytics such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization are discussed more thoroughly yet in simple terms making this text a practical starting point either for the beginner in the field or an experienced clinician trying to make sense out of the IgG glycomic or glycoproteomic dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Habazin
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jerko Štambuk
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Toma Keser
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mislav Novokmet
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.
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19
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de Haan N, Falck D, Wuhrer M. Monitoring of immunoglobulin N- and O-glycosylation in health and disease. Glycobiology 2020; 30:226-240. [PMID: 31281930 PMCID: PMC7225405 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N- and O-glycosylation are well known co- and post-translational modifications of immunoglobulins. Antibody glycosylation on the Fab and Fc portion is known to influence antigen binding and effector functions, respectively. To study associations between antibody glycosylation profiles and (patho) physiological states as well as antibody functionality, advanced technologies and methods are required. In-depth structural characterization of antibody glycosylation usually relies on the separation and tandem mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of released glycans. Protein- and site-specific information, on the other hand, may be obtained by the MS analysis of glycopeptides. With the development of high-resolution mass spectrometers, antibody glycosylation analysis at the intact or middle-up level has gained more interest, providing an integrated view of different post-translational modifications (including glycosylation). Alongside the in-depth methods, there is also great interest in robust, high-throughput techniques for routine glycosylation profiling in biopharma and clinical laboratories. With an emphasis on IgG Fc glycosylation, several highly robust separation-based techniques are employed for this purpose. In this review, we describe recent advances in MS methods, separation techniques and orthogonal approaches for the characterization of immunoglobulin glycosylation in different settings. We put emphasis on the current status and expected developments of antibody glycosylation analysis in biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Zhao J, Peng W, Dong X, Mechref Y. Analysis of NIST Monoclonal Antibody Reference Material Glycosylation Using the LC-MS/MS-Based Glycoproteomic Approach. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:818-830. [PMID: 33196194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics such as mAbs have become emerging drugs in modern medicine. Most of the approved therapeutic proteins are glycoproteins. Glycosylation is an essential critical quality attribute (CQA) due to the influence that glycoforms have on the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of biotherapeutics. Here, we applied an LC-MS/MS-based glycoproteomics approach to characterize Fc glycans of an NISTmAb reference material (RM) 8671 (sample B) and a β-1,4-galactosidase-treated NISTmAb (sample A). Overall, 48 glycan compositions were identified and quantified. The glycan structure with the highest abundance was FA2, with a relative abundance of 52% in sample A and 38% in sample B. Over 50% of the identified glycans presented at levels smaller than 0.1%. Important glycan attributes were further derived using the quantitative results. The galactosylation level of modified NISTmAb was found to decrease by ∼10% when compared to the galactosylation level of NISTmAb. There was no significant difference between the two samples in the levels of sialylation, fucosylation, and high mannose. Moreover, unglycosylated peptides were also observed at a level of 1-2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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21
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Kalmar JG, Butler KE, Baker ES, Muddiman DC. Enhanced protocol for quantitative N-linked glycomics analysis using Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT)™. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7569-7579. [PMID: 32844281 PMCID: PMC7541788 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of N-linked glycans using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) presents significant challenges, particularly owing to their hydrophilic nature. To address these difficulties, a variety of derivatization methods have been developed to facilitate improved ionization and detection sensitivity. One such method, the Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT)™ strategy for labeling glycans, has previously been utilized in the analysis of N- and O-linked glycans in biological samples. To assess the maximum sensitivity and separability of the INLIGHT™ preparation and analysis pipeline, several critical steps were investigated. First, recombinant and nonrecombinant sources of PNGase F were compared to assess variations in the released glycans. Second, modifications in the INLIGHT™ derivatization step were evaluated including temperature optimization, solvent composition changes, reaction condition length and tag concentration. Optimization of the modified method resulted in 20-100 times greater peak areas for the detected N-linked glycans in fetuin and horseradish peroxidase compared with the standard method. Furthermore, the identification of low-abundance glycans, such as (Fuc)1(Gal)2(GlcNAc)4(Man)3(NeuAc)1 and (Gal)3(GlcNAc)5(Man)3(NeuAc)3, was possible. Finally, the optimal LC setup for the INLIGHT™ derivatized N-linked glycan analyses was found to be a C18 reverse-phase (RP) column with mobile phases typical of RPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Gowen Kalmar
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Karen E Butler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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22
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She YM, Tam RY, Li X, Rosu-Myles M, Sauvé S. Resolving Isomeric Structures of Native Glycans by Nanoflow Porous Graphitized Carbon Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14038-14046. [PMID: 32960038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the structural diversity of glycans by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) remains an analytical challenge in large-scale glycomics applications because of the presence of heterogeneous composition, ubiquitous isomers, lability of post-translational glycan modifications, and complexity of data interpretation. High-resolution separation of glycan isomers differentiating from positional, linkage, branching, and anomeric structures is often a prerequisite to ensure the comprehensive glycan identification. Here, we developed a straightforward method using self-packed capillary porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns for nanoflow LC-MS/MS analyses of native glycans released from glycoproteins. The technique enables highly resolved chromatographic separation of over 20 high-mannose glycan isomers in ribonuclease B and a diverse range of hybrid and complex-type sialoglycoforms of fetuin. The distinct structures of anomeric glycans and linkage sialoglycan isomers, α2,3 and α2,6, were identified by the characteristic MS/MS fragment ions. A glycan sequencing strategy utilizing diagnostic ions and complementary fragments specific to branching residues was established to simplify the MS/MS data interpretation of closely related isomeric structures. To promote the PGC-LC-MS/MS-based method for glycome-wide applications, we extended analyses to native sulfoglycans from the egg-propagated and cell culture-derived influenza vaccines and demonstrate the high-resolution separation and structural characterization of underivatized neutral and anionic glycoforms including oligomannosidic glycan anomers, sialoglycan linkage isomers, and regioisomers of afucosylated and fucosylated sulfoglycans containing sulfated-6-GlcNAc and sulfated-4-GalNAc residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min She
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Roger Y Tam
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Simon Sauvé
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
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23
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Wei J, Tang Y, Ridgeway ME, Park MA, Costello CE, Lin C. Accurate Identification of Isomeric Glycans by Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Electronic Excitation Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13211-13220. [PMID: 32865981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has become a powerful tool for glycan structural characterization due to its ability to separate isomers and provide collision cross section (CCS) values that facilitate structural assignment. However, IM-based isomer analysis may be complicated by the presence of multiple gas-phase conformations of a single structure that not only increases difficulty in isomer separation but can also introduce the possibility for misinterpretation of conformers as isomers. Here, the ion mobility behavior of several sets of isomeric glycans, analyzed as their permethylated derivatives, in both nonreduced and reduced forms, was investigated by gated-trapped ion mobility spectrometry (G-TIMS). Notably, reducing-end reduction, commonly performed to remove anomerism-induced chromatographic peak splitting, did not eliminate the conformational heterogeneity of permethylated glycans in the gas phase. At a mobility resolving power of ∼100, 14 out of 22 structures showed more than one conformation. These results highlight the need to use IMS devices with high mobility resolving power for better separation of isomers and to acquire additional structural information that can differentiate isomers from conformers. Online electronic excitation dissociation (EED) MS/MS analysis of isomeric glycan mixtures following G-TIMS separation showed that EED can generate isomer-specific fragments while producing nearly identical tandem mass spectra for conformers, thus allowing confident identification of isomers with minimal evidence of any ambiguity resulting from the presence of conformers. G-TIMS EED MS/MS analysis of N-linked glycans released from ovalbumin revealed that several mobility features previously thought to arise from isomeric structures were conformers of a single structure. Finally, analysis of ovalbumin N-glycans from different sources showed that the G-TIMS EED MS/MS approach can accurately determine the batch-to-batch variations in glycosylation profiles at the isomer level, with confident assignment of each isomeric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wei
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Room 508, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Yang Tang
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Room 508, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mark E Ridgeway
- Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Melvin A Park
- Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Room 508, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Cheng Lin
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Room 508, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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24
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Harvey DJ. NEGATIVE ION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF N-LINKED GLYCANS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:586-679. [PMID: 32329121 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans from glycoproteins are complex, branched structures whose structural determination presents many analytical problems. Mass spectrometry, usually conducted in positive ion mode, often requires extensive sample manipulation, usually by derivatization such as permethylation, to provide the necessary structure-revealing fragment ions. The newer but, so far, lesser used negative ion techniques, on the contrary, provide a wealth of structural information not present in positive ion spectra that greatly simplify the analysis of these compounds and can usually be conducted without the need for derivatization. This review describes the use of negative ion mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of N-linked glycans and emphasises the many advantages that can be gained by this mode of operation. Biosynthesis and structures of the compounds are described followed by methods for release of the glycans from the protein. Methods for ionization are discussed with emphasis on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and methods for producing negative ions from neutral compounds. Acidic glycans naturally give deprotonated species under most ionization conditions. Fragmentation of negative ions is discussed next with particular reference to those ions that are diagnostic for specific features such as the branching topology of the glycans and substitution positions of moieties such as fucose and sulfate, features that are often difficult to identify easily by conventional techniques such as positive ion fragmentation and exoglycosidase digestions. The advantages of negative over positive ions for this structural work are emphasised with an example of a series of glycans where all other methods failed to produce a structure. Fragmentation of derivatized glycans is discussed next, both with respect to derivatives at the reducing terminus of the molecules, and to methods for neutralization of the acidic groups on sialic acids to both stabilize them for MALDI analysis and to produce the diagnostic fragments seen with the neutral glycans. The use of ion mobility, combined with conventional mass spectrometry is described with emphasis on its use to extract clean glycan spectra both before and after fragmentation, to separate isomers and its use to extract additional information from separated fragment ions. A section on applications follows with examples of the identification of novel structures from lower organisms and tables listing the use of negative ions for structural identification of specific glycoproteins, glycans from viruses and uses in the biopharmaceutical industry and in medicine. The review concludes with a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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25
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Glycomics studies using sialic acid derivatization and mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:229-242. [PMID: 37127981 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins can undergo glycosylation during and/or after translation to afford glycoconjugates, which are often secreted by a cell or populate cell surfaces. Changes in the glycan portion can have a strong influence on a glycoconjugate and are associated with a multitude of human pathologies. Of particular interest are sialylated glycoconjugates, which exist as constitutional isomers that differ in their linkages (α2,3, α2,6, α2,8 or α2,9) between sialic acids and their neighbouring monosaccharides. In general, mass spectrometry enables the rapid and sensitive characterization of glycosylation, but there are challenges specific to identifying and (relatively) quantifying sialic acid isomers. These challenges can be addressed using linkage-specific methodologies for sialic acid derivatization, after which mass spectrometry can enable product identification. This Review is concerned with the new and important derivatization approaches reported in the past decade, which have been implemented in various mass-spectrometry-glycomics workflows and have found clinical glycomics applications. The convenience and wide applicability of the approaches make them attractive for studies of sialylation in different types of glycoconjugate.
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26
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Abstract
Human IgG antibodies containing terminal alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid on their Fc N-glycans have been shown to reduce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and possess anti-inflammatory properties. Although terminal sialylation on complex N-glycans can happen via either an alpha 2,3-linkage or an alpha 2,6-linkage, sialic acids on human serum IgG Fc are almost exclusively alpha 2,6-linked. Recombinant IgGs expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, however, have sialic acids through alpha 2,3-linkages because of the lack of the alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase gene. The impact of different sialylation linkages to the structure of IgG has not been determined. In this work, we investigated the impact of different types of sialylation to the conformational stability of IgG through hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) and limited proteolysis experiments. When human-derived and CHO-expressed IgG1 were analyzed by HDX, sialic acid-containing glycans were found to destabilize the CH2 domain in CHO-expressed IgG, but not human-derived IgG. When structural isomers of sialylated glycans were chromatographically resolved and identified in the limited proteolysis experiment, we found that only alpha 2,3-linked sialic acid on the 6-arm (the major sialylated glycans in CHO-expressed IgG1) destabilizes the CH2 domain, presumably because of the steric effect that decreases the glycan-CH2 domain interaction. The alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid on the 3-arm (the major sialylated glycan in human-derived IgG), and the alpha 2,3-linked sialic acid on the 3-arm, do not have this destabilizing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Zhang
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen, Inc , Thousand Oaks, California , USA
| | - Bhavana Shah
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen, Inc , Thousand Oaks, California , USA
| | - Jason Richardson
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen, Inc , Thousand Oaks, California , USA
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Ikegami T. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of biopharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic peptides: A review based on the separation characteristics of the hydrophilic interaction chromatography phases. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:130-213. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmaceutical (Bio-) Analysis; Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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28
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Banazadeh A, Peng W, Veillon L, Mechref Y. Carbon Nanoparticles and Graphene Nanosheets as MALDI Matrices in Glycomics: a New Approach to Improve Glycan Profiling in Biological Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1892-1900. [PMID: 29916086 PMCID: PMC6298861 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycomics continues to be a highly dynamic and interesting research area due to the need to comprehensively understand the biological attributes of glycosylation in many important biological functions such as the immune response, cell development, cell differentiation/adhesion, and host-pathogen interactions. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be suitable for glycomic profiling studies, there is a need for improved sensitivity in the detection of native glycans, which ionize inefficiently. In this study, we investigated the efficiencies of graphene nanosheets (GNs) and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) as MALDI matrices and co-matrices in glycan profiling. Our results indicated an enhancement of signal intensity by several orders of magnitude upon using GNs and CNPs in MALDI analysis of N-glycans derived from a variety of biological samples. Interestingly, increasing the amounts of CNPs and GNs improved not only the signal intensities but also prompted in-source decay (ISD) fragmentations, which produced extensive glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages. Our results indicated that the extent of ISD fragmentation could be modulated by CNP and GN concentrations, to obtain MS2 and pseudo-MS3 spectra. The results for glycan profiling in high salt solutions confirmed high salt-tolerance capacities for both CNPs and GNs. Finally, the results showed that by using CNPs and GNs as co-matrices, DHB crystal formation was more homogeneous which improved shot-to-shot reproducibility and sensitivity. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Banazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Lucas Veillon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA.
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29
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Tang Y, Wei J, Costello CE, Lin C. Characterization of Isomeric Glycans by Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography-Electronic Excitation Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1295-1307. [PMID: 29654534 PMCID: PMC6004250 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of numerous structural isomers in glycans from biological sources presents a severe challenge for structural glycomics. The subtle differences among isomeric structures demand analytical methods that can provide structural details while working efficiently with on-line glycan separation methods. Although liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful tool for mixture analysis, the commonly utilized collision-induced dissociation (CID) method often does not generate a sufficient number of fragments at the MS2 level for comprehensive structural characterization. Here, we studied the electronic excitation dissociation (EED) behaviors of metal-adducted, permethylated glycans, and identified key spectral features that could facilitate both topology and linkage determinations. We developed an EED-based, nanoscale, reversed phase (RP)LC-MS/MS platform, and demonstrated its ability to achieve complete structural elucidation of up to five structural isomers in a single LC-MS/MS analysis. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Juan Wei
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Cheng Lin
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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30
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Advances in sample preparation strategies for MS-based qualitative and quantitative N-glycomics. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Park H, Kim J, Lee YK, Kim W, You SK, Do J, Jang Y, Oh DB, Il Kim J, Kim HH. Four unreported types of glycans containing mannose-6-phosphate are heterogeneously attached at three sites (including newly found Asn 233) to recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase that is the only approved treatment for Pompe disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:2418-2424. [PMID: 29274340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Myozyme is a recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase (rhGAA) that is currently the only drug approved for treating Pompe disease, and its low efficacy means that a high dose is required. Mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycosylation on rhGAA is a key factor influencing lysosomal enzyme targeting and the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT); however, its complex structure and relatively small quantity still remain to be characterized. This study investigated M6P glycosylation on rhGAA using liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-high-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The glycans released from rhGAA were labeled with procainamide to improve mass ionization efficiency and the sensitivity of MS/MS. The relative quantities (%) of 78 glycans were obtained, and 1.0% of them were glycans containing M6P (M6P glycans). These were categorized according to their structure into 4 types: 3 newly found ones, comprising high-mannose-type M6P glycans capped with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) (2 variants, 17.5%), hybrid-type M6P glycans (2 variants, 11.2%), and hybrid-type M6P glycans capped with GlcNAc (3 variants, 6.9%), as well as high-mannose-type M6P glycans (3 variants, 64.4%). HCD-MS/MS spectra identified six distinctive M6P-derived oxonium ions. The glycopeptides obtained from protease-digested rhGAA were analyzed using nano-LC-ESI-HCD-MS/MS, and the extracted-ion chromatograms of M6P-derived oxonium ions confirmed three M6P glycosylation sites comprising Asn 140, Asn 233 (newly found), and Asn 470 attached heterogeneously to nine M6P glycans (two types), eight M6P glycans (four types), and seven M6P glycans (two types), respectively. This is the first study of rhGAA to differentiate M6P glycans and identify their attachment sites, despite rhGAA already being an approved drug for Pompe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heajin Park
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06944, South Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06944, South Korea
| | - Young Kwang Lee
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06944, South Korea
| | - Wooseok Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06944, South Korea
| | - Seung Kwan You
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06944, South Korea
| | - Jonghye Do
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06944, South Korea
| | - Yeonjoo Jang
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06944, South Korea
| | - Doo-Byung Oh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jae Il Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Ha Hyung Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06944, South Korea.
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32
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Veillon L, Huang Y, Peng W, Dong X, Cho BG, Mechref Y. Characterization of isomeric glycan structures by LC-MS/MS. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2100-2114. [PMID: 28370073 PMCID: PMC5581235 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of glycosylation is critical for obtaining a comprehensive view of the regulation and functions of glycoproteins of interest. Due to the complex nature of oligosaccharides, stemming from variable compositions and linkages, and ion suppression effects, the chromatographic separation of glycans, including isomeric structures, is necessary for exhaustive characterization by MS. This review introduces the fundamental principles underlying the techniques in LC utilized by modern day glycomics researchers. Recent advances in porous graphitized carbon, reverse phase, ion exchange, and hydrophilic interaction LC utilized in conjunction with MS, for the characterization of protein glycosylation, are described with an emphasis on methods capable of resolving isomeric glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Veillon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | | | | | | | - Byeong G. Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
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33
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Kozlik P, Goldman R, Sanda M. Study of structure-dependent chromatographic behavior of glycopeptides using reversed phase nanoLC. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2193-2199. [PMID: 28444931 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of glycosylation is challenging due to micro- and macro-heterogeneity of the protein attachment. A combination of LC with MS/MS is one of the most powerful tools for glycopeptide analysis. In this work, we show the effect of various monosaccharide units on the retention time of glycopeptides. Retention behavior of several glycoforms of six peptides obtained from tryptic digest of haptoglobin, hemopexin, and sex hormone-binding globulin was studied on a reversed phase chromatographic column. We observed reduction of the retention time with increasing number of monosaccharide units of glycans attached to the same peptide backbone. Fucosylation of larger glycans provides less significant retention time shift than for smaller ones. Retention times of glycopeptides were expressed as relative retention times. These relative retention times were used for calculation of upper and lower limits of glycopeptide retention time windows under the reversed phase conditions. We then demonstrated on the case of a glycopeptide of haptoglobin that the predicted retention time window boosts confidence of identification and minimizes false-positive identification. Relative retention time, as a qualitative parameter, is expected to improve LC-MS/MS characterization of glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kozlik
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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