1
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Jiang J, McCartt AD. Mid-infrared trace detection with parts-per-quadrillion quantitation accuracy: Expanding frontiers of radiocarbon sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314441121. [PMID: 38513090 PMCID: PMC11009668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314441121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Detection sensitivity is a critical characteristic to consider during selection of spectroscopic techniques. However, high sensitivity alone is insufficient for spectroscopic measurements in spectrally congested regions. Two-color cavity ringdown spectroscopy (2C-CRDS), based on intra-cavity pump-probe detection, simultaneously achieves high detection sensitivity and selectivity. This combination enables mid-infrared detection of radiocarbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text]) molecules in room-temperature CO[Formula: see text] samples, with 1.4 parts-per-quadrillion (ppq, 10[Formula: see text]) sensitivity (average measurement precision) and 4.6-ppq quantitation accuracy (average calibrated measurement error for 21 samples from four separate trials) demonstrated on samples with [Formula: see text]C/C up to [Formula: see text]1.5[Formula: see text] natural abundance ([Formula: see text]1,800 ppq). These highly reproducible measurements, which are the most sensitive and quantitatively accurate in the mid-infrared, are accomplished despite the presence of orders-of-magnitude stronger, one-photon signals from other CO[Formula: see text] isotopologues. This is a major achievement in laser spectroscopy. A room-temperature-operated, compact, and low-cost 2C-CRDS sensor for [Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text] benefits a wide range of scientific fields that utilize [Formula: see text]C for dating and isotope tracing, most notably atmospheric [Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text] monitoring to track CO[Formula: see text] emissions from fossil fuels. The 2C-CRDS technique significantly enhances the general utility of high-resolution mid-infrared detection for analytical measurements and fundamental chemical dynamics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
| | - A. Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
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2
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Truong GW, Perner LW, Bailey DM, Winkler G, Cataño-Lopez SB, Wittwer VJ, Südmeyer T, Nguyen C, Follman D, Fleisher AJ, Heckl OH, Cole GD. Mid-infrared supermirrors with finesse exceeding 400 000. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7846. [PMID: 38057298 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For trace gas sensing and precision spectroscopy, optical cavities incorporating low-loss mirrors are indispensable for path length and optical intensity enhancement. Optical interference coatings in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral regions have achieved total optical losses below 2 parts per million (ppm), enabling a cavity finesse in excess of 1 million. However, such advancements have been lacking in the mid-infrared (MIR), despite substantial scientific interest. Here, we demonstrate a significant breakthrough in high-performance MIR mirrors, reporting substrate-transferred single-crystal interference coatings capable of cavity finesse values from 200 000 to 400 000 near 4.5 µm, with excess optical losses (scatter and absorption) below 5 ppm. In a first proof-of-concept demonstration, we achieve the lowest noise-equivalent absorption in a linear cavity ring-down spectrometer normalized by cavity length. This substantial improvement in performance will unlock a rich variety of MIR applications for atmospheric transport and environmental sciences, detection of fugitive emissions, process gas monitoring, breath-gas analysis, and verification of biogenic fuels and plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gar-Wing Truong
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA.
| | - Lukas W Perner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Michelle Bailey
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Georg Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Seth B Cataño-Lopez
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Valentin J Wittwer
- Laboratoire Temps-Fréquence, Institut de Physique, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Südmeyer
- Laboratoire Temps-Fréquence, Institut de Physique, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Nguyen
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - David Follman
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Adam J Fleisher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Oliver H Heckl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Garrett D Cole
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
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3
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Mattoli L, Pelucchini C, Fiordelli V, Burico M, Gianni M, Zambaldi I. Natural complex substances: From molecules to the molecular complexes. Analytical and technological advances for their definition and differentiation from the corresponding synthetic substances. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 215:113790. [PMID: 37487919 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural complex substances (NCSs) are a heterogeneous family of substances that are notably used as ingredients in several products classified as food supplements, medical devices, cosmetics and traditional medicines, according to the correspondent regulatory framework. The compositions of NCSs vary widely and hundreds to thousands of compounds can be present at the same time. A key concept is that NCSs are much more than the simple sum of the compounds that constitute them, in fact some emerging phenomena are the result of the supramolecular interaction of the constituents of the system. Therefore, close attention should be paid to produce and characterize these systems. Today many natural compounds are produced by chemical synthesis and are intentionally added to NCSs, or to formulated natural products, to enhance their properties, lowering their production costs. Market analysis shows a tendency of people to use products made with NCSs and, currently, products made with ingredients of natural origin only are not conveniently distinguishable from those containing compounds of synthetic origin. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the current European regulatory framework does not allow consumers to correctly differentiate and identify products containing only ingredients of natural origin. The high demand for specific and effective NCSs and their high-cost offer on the market, create the conditions to economically motivated sophistications, characterized by the addition of a cheap material to a more expensive one, just to increase profit. This type of practice can concern both the addition of less valuable natural materials and the addition of pure artificial compounds with the same structure as those naturally present. In this scenario, it becomes essential for producers of natural products to have advanced analytical techniques to evaluate the effective naturalness of NCSs. In fact, synthetically obtained compounds are not identical to their naturally occurring counterparts, due to the isotopic composition or chirality, as well as the presence of different trace metabolites (since pure substances in nature do not exist). For this reason, in this review, the main analytical tests that can be performed to differentiate natural compounds from their synthetic counterparts will be highlighted and the main analytical technologies will be described. At the same time, the main fingerprint techniques useful for characterizing the complexity of the NCSs, also allowing their identification and quali-quantitative evaluation, will be described. Furthermore, NCSs can be produced through different manufacturing processes, not all of which are on the same level of quality. In this review the most suitable technologies for green processes that operate according to physical extraction principles will be presented, as according to the authors they are the ones that come closest to creating more life-cycle compatible NCSs and that are well suited to the European green deal, a strategy with the aim of transforming the EU into a sustainable and resource-efficient society by 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mattoli
- Innovation & Medical Science, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy.
| | | | | | - Michela Burico
- Innovation & Medical Science, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | - Mattia Gianni
- Innovation & Medical Science, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zambaldi
- Innovation & Medical Science, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
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4
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Young GC, Spracklin DK, James AD, Hvenegaard MG, Scarfe G, Wagner DS, Georgi K, Schieferstein H, Bjornsdottir I, van Groen B, Romeo AA, Cassidy KC, Da-Violante G, Bister B, Blech S, Lyer R, Schulz SI, Cuyckens F, Moliner P. Considerations for Human ADME Strategy and Design Paradigm Shift(s) - An Industry White Paper. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 113:775-781. [PMID: 35733280 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (hADME) study is the cornerstone of the clinical pharmacology package for small molecule drugs, providing comprehensive information on the rates and routes of disposition and elimination of drug-related material in humans through the use of 14 C-labeled drug. Significant changes have already been made in the design of the hADME study for many companies, but opportunity exists to continue to re-think both the design and timing of the hADME study in light of the potential offered by newer technologies, that enable flexibility in particular to reducing the magnitude of the radioactive dose used. This paper provides considerations on the variety of current strategies that exist across a number of pharmaceutical companies and on some of the ongoing debates around a potential move to the so called "human first/human only" approach, already adopted by at least one company. The paper also provides a framework for continuing the discussion in the application of further shifts in the paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme C Young
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development Ltd., David Jack Centre, Ware, UK
| | | | | | | | - Graeme Scarfe
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Katrin Georgi
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Andrea A Romeo
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Bojan Bister
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Stefan Blech
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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5
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Karhu J, Nyman M, Siitari-Kauppi M, Hieta T. Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic measurement of HTO in water vapor. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100443. [PMID: 36632604 PMCID: PMC9826848 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A photoacoustic detection of tritiated water (HTO) is presented. The method uses cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CEPAS) to reach sub-ppb sensitivity for HTO in the gas phase. A noise equivalent concentration of 0.88 ppb is reached with a sampling time of 1 min. The high performance and small sample volume of CEPAS allows sensitive detection of HTO from a sample with low total activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Karhu
- Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University, Maarintie 8, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Markus Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Marja Siitari-Kauppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Tuomas Hieta
- Gasera Ltd., Lemminkäisenkatu 59, Turku, 20520, Finland
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6
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McCartt D, Jiang J. Room-Temperature Optical Detection of 14CO 2 below the Natural Abundance with Two-Color Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3258-3264. [PMID: 36315969 PMCID: PMC10289126 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Radiocarbon's natural production, radiative decay, and isotopic rarity make it a unique tool to probe carbonaceous systems in the life and earth sciences. However, the difficulty of current radiocarbon (14C) detection methods limits scientific adoption. Here, two-color cavity ring-down spectroscopy detects 14CO2 in room-temperature samples with an accuracy of one-tenth the natural abundance in 3 min. The intracavity pump-probe measurement uses two cavity-enhanced lasers to cancel out cavity ring-down rate fluctuations and strong one-photon absorption interference (>10 000 1/s) from hot-band transitions of CO2 isotopologues. Selective, room-temperature detection of small 14CO2 absorption signals (<1 1/s) reduces the technical and operational burdens for cavity-enhanced measurements of radiocarbon, which can benefit a wide range of applications like biomedical research and field-detection of combusted fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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7
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Precise radiocarbon determination in radioactive waste by a laser-based spectroscopic technique. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122122119. [PMID: 35867750 PMCID: PMC9282372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise and accurate determination of the radionuclide inventory in radioactive waste streams, including those generated during nuclear decommissioning, is a key aspect in establishing the best-suited nuclear waste management and disposal options. Radiocarbon ([Formula: see text]) is playing a crucial role in this scenario because it is one of the so-called difficult to measure isotopes; currently, [Formula: see text] analysis requires complex systems, such as accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) or liquid scintillation counting (LSC). AMS has an outstanding limit of detection, but only a few facilities are available worldwide; LSC, which can have similar performance, is more widespread, but sample preparation can be nontrivial. In this paper, we demonstrate that the laser-based saturated-absorption cavity ring-down (SCAR) spectroscopic technique has several distinct advantages and represents a mature and accurate alternative for [Formula: see text] content determination in nuclear waste. As a proof-of-principle experiment, we show consistent results of AMS and SCAR for samples of concrete and graphite originating from nuclear installations. In particular, we determined mole fractions of 1.312(9) F[Formula: see text] and 30.951(7) F[Formula: see text] corresponding to ∼1.5 and 36.2 parts per trillion (ppt), respectively, for two different graphite samples originating from different regions of the Adiabatic Resonance Crossing activator prototype installed on one irradiation line of an MC40 Scanditronix cyclotron. Moreover, we measure a mole fraction of 0.593(8) F[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] ppt) from a concrete sample originating from an external wall of the Ispra-1 nuclear research reactor currently in the decommissioning phase.
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8
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Lehmuskoski J, Vasama H, Hämäläinen J, Hokkinen J, Kärkelä T, Heiskanen K, Reinikainen M, Rautio S, Hirvelä M, Genoud G. On-Line Monitoring of Radiocarbon Emissions in a Nuclear Facility with Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16096-16104. [PMID: 34814685 PMCID: PMC8655739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no suitable methods for sensitive automated in situ monitoring of gaseous radiocarbon, one of the main sources of radioactive gas emissions from nuclear power plants. Here, we present a transportable instrument for in situ airborne radiocarbon detection based on mid-infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy and report its performance in a 1-week field measurement at the Loviisa nuclear power plant. Radiocarbon is detected by measuring an absorption line of the 14CO2 molecule. The time resolution of the measurements is 45 min, significantly less than the few days' resolution of the currently used technique, while maintaining a comparable sensitivity. The method can also assess the prevalence of radiocarbon in different molecular species in the airborne emissions. The optical in situ monitoring presented is a completely new method for monitoring emissions from nuclear facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lehmuskoski
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Hannu Vasama
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Jussi Hämäläinen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Jouni Hokkinen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Teemu Kärkelä
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Katja Heiskanen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Matti Reinikainen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Satu Rautio
- Fortum
Power & Heat Oy Loviisan Voimalaitos, P.O. Box 23, 07901 Loviisa, Finland
| | - Miska Hirvelä
- Fortum
Power & Heat Oy Loviisan Voimalaitos, P.O. Box 23, 07901 Loviisa, Finland
| | - Guillaume Genoud
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
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9
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Jiang J, McCartt AD. Two-color, intracavity pump-probe, cavity ringdown spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:104201. [PMID: 34525821 PMCID: PMC8428946 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a proof-of-principle demonstration of intracavity pump-probe, cavity ringdown (CRD) detection in a three-mirror, traveling-wave cavity. With cavity-enhanced pump power and probe absorption path length, the technique is a generally applicable, high-sensitivity, high-selectivity detection method. In our experiments, the pump radiation is switched off during every other probe ringdown, which allows uncorrelated measurements of analyte and background cavity decay rates. The net, two-color signal from the difference between the pump-on and pump-off decay rates is immune to empty-CRD drifts and spectral overlaps from non-target molecular transitions. The immunity to the ringdown drifts allows longer signal-averaging and, thus, higher detection sensitivity. The ability to compensate for the background absorption enhances the detection selectivity in spectrally congested regions. Our technique is well-suited for trace-detection in the mid-IR region, where pump-probe schemes based on strong rovibrational transitions can be applied. In this work, two-color CRD detection is implemented on a ladder-type, three-level system based on the N2O, ν3 = 1 ← 0, P(19) (pump) and ν3 = 2 ← 1, R(18) (probe), rovibrational transitions. By frequency-locking two-quantum cascade lasers to the p-polarization (pump, Finesse = 5280) and s-polarization (probe, Finesse = 67 700) cavity modes, we achieve high intracavity pump power (36 W) and high probe ringdown rates (>2 kHz). The observed two-color spectra are simulated by a density-matrix, three-level system model that is solved under the constraints of the cavity resonance conditions. In addition to its background compensation capability, experimental flexibility in the selection of pump-probe schemes and signal insensitivity to intracavity laser power are further features that enhance the utility of our technique for mid-IR trace-detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A. Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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10
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Dell'Orco S, Christensen ED, Iisa K, Starace AK, Dutta A, Talmadge MS, Magrini KA, Mukarakate C. Online Biogenic Carbon Analysis Enables Refineries to Reduce Carbon Footprint during Coprocessing Biomass- and Petroleum-Derived Liquids. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4351-4360. [PMID: 33645225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To mitigate green-house gas (GHG) emissions, governments around the world are enacting legislation to reduce carbon intensity in transportation fuels. Coprocessing biomass and petroleum-derived liquids in existing refineries is a near-term, cost-effective approach for introducing renewable carbon in fuels and enabling refineries to meet regulatory mandates. However, coprocessing biomass-derived liquids in refineries results in variable degrees of biogenic carbon incorporation, necessitating accurate quantification to verify compliance with mandates. Existing refinery control and instrumentation systems lack the means to measure renewable carbon accurately, reliably, and quickly. Thus, accurate measurement of biogenic carbon is key to ensuring refineries meet regulatory mandates. In this Perspective, we present existing methods for measuring biogenic carbon, point out their challenges, and discuss the need for new online analytical capabilities to measure biogenic carbon in fuel intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dell'Orco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 40, 50135 Florence, Italy.,Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Earl D Christensen
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Kristiina Iisa
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Anne K Starace
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Abhijit Dutta
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Michael S Talmadge
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Kimberly A Magrini
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Calvin Mukarakate
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
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11
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Winkler G, Perner LW, Truong GW, Zhao G, Bachmann D, Mayer AS, Fellinger J, Follman D, Heu P, Deutsch C, Bailey DM, Peelaers H, Puchegger S, Fleisher AJ, Cole GD, Heckl OH. Mid-infrared interference coatings with excess optical loss below 10 ppm. OPTICA 2021; 8:10.1364/OPTICA.405938. [PMID: 36578655 PMCID: PMC9793494 DOI: 10.1364/optica.405938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present high-reflectivity substrate-transferred single-crystal GaAs/AlGaAs interference coatings at a center wavelength of 4.54 μm with record-low excess optical loss below 10 parts per million. These high-performance mirrors are realized via a novel microfabrication process that differs significantly from the production of amorphous multilayers generated via physical vapor deposition processes. This new process enables reduced scatter loss due to the low surface and interfacial roughness, while low background doping in epitaxial growth ensures strongly reduced absorption. We report on a suite of optical measurements, including cavity ring-down, transmittance spectroscopy, and direct absorption tests to reveal the optical losses for a set of prototype mirrors. In the course of these measurements, we observe a unique polarization-orientation-dependent loss mechanism which we attribute to elastic anisotropy of these strained epitaxial multilayers. A future increase in layer count and a corresponding reduction of transmittance will enable optical resonators with a finesse in excess of 100 000 in the mid-infrared spectral region, allowing for advances in high resolution spectroscopy, narrow-linewidth laser stabilization, and ultrasensitive measurements of various light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L W Perner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G-W Truong
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA
| | - G Zhao
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - D Bachmann
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
| | - A S Mayer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Fellinger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - D Follman
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA
| | - P Heu
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
| | - C Deutsch
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
| | - D M Bailey
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - H Peelaers
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - S Puchegger
- Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A J Fleisher
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - G D Cole
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA
| | - O H Heckl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Maity A, Maithani S, Pradhan M. Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy: Recent Technological Advancements, Techniques, and Applications. Anal Chem 2020; 93:388-416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Maity
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Sanchi Maithani
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Manik Pradhan
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
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13
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Burt T, Young G, Lee W, Kusuhara H, Langer O, Rowland M, Sugiyama Y. Phase 0/microdosing approaches: time for mainstream application in drug development? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:801-818. [PMID: 32901140 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phase 0 approaches - which include microdosing - evaluate subtherapeutic exposures of new drugs in first-in-human studies known as exploratory clinical trials. Recent progress extends phase 0 benefits beyond assessment of pharmacokinetics to include understanding of mechanism of action and pharmacodynamics. Phase 0 approaches have the potential to improve preclinical candidate selection and enable safer, cheaper, quicker and more informed developmental decisions. Here, we discuss phase 0 methods and applications, highlight their advantages over traditional strategies and address concerns related to extrapolation and developmental timelines. Although challenges remain, we propose that phase 0 approaches be at least considered for application in most drug development scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Burt
- Burt Consultancy LLC. talburtmd.com, New York, NY, USA. .,Phase-0/Microdosing Network. Phase-0Microdosing.org, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Graeme Young
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Ltd, Ware, UK
| | - Wooin Lee
- Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Oliver Langer
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Larnimaa S, Halonen L, Karhu J, Tomberg T, Metsälä M, Genoud G, Hieta T, Bell S, Vainio M. High-resolution analysis of the ν3 band of radiocarbon methane 14CH4. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Human ADME for YH12852 using wavelength scanning cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) after a low radioactivity dose. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:87-98. [PMID: 31928227 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Human 14C radiotracer studies provide information-rich data sets that enable informed decision making in clinical drug development. These studies are supported by liquid scintillation counting after conventional-sized 14C doses (50-200 μCi) or complex accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) after microtracer-sized doses (∼0.1-1 μCi). Mid-infrared laser-based 'cavity ring-down spectroscopy' (CRDS) is an emerging platform for the sensitive quantitation of 14C tracers. Results & methodology: We compared the total 14C concentrations in plasma and urine samples from a microtracer study using both CRDS and AMS technology. The data were evaluated using statistical and pharmacokinetic modeling. Conclusion: The CRDS method closely reproduced the AMS method for total 14C concentrations. With optimization of the automated sample interface and further testing, it promises to be an accessible, robust system for pivotal microtracer investigations.
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16
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Schadt S, Hauri S, Lopes F, Edelmann MR, Staack RF, Villaseñor R, Kettenberger H, Roth AB, Schuler F, Richter WF, Funk C. Are Biotransformation Studies of Therapeutic Proteins Needed? Scientific Considerations and Technical Challenges. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1443-1456. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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17
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Genoud G, Lehmuskoski J, Bell S, Palonen V, Oinonen M, Koskinen-Soivi ML, Reinikainen M. Laser Spectroscopy for Monitoring of Radiocarbon in Atmospheric Samples. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12315-12320. [PMID: 31500419 PMCID: PMC7076718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In-situ
monitoring of radiocarbon emissions is challenging due
to the lack of a suitable method for sensitive online detection of
this isotope. Here we report on a complete system for automatized
continuous on-site monitoring of radiocarbon gaseous emissions from
nuclear facilities. By combining radiocarbon detection using mid-infrared
cavity ring-down spectroscopy and an advanced sampling system, an
elevated amount of radiocarbon in an atmospheric-like gas matrix was
detected. Radiocarbon was detected in the form of 14CO2 after extraction of the carbon dioxide from the air sample.
The system is also able to discriminate between radiocarbon in organic
or inorganic molecular form by converting 14CH4 into 14CO2. This work lays the groundwork
for further use of this technology in nuclear facilities for online
on-site monitoring of radioactive gaseous emissions as well as future
work on in-situ monitoring of atmospheric radiocarbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Genoud
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Limited , Espoo FI-02044 VTT , Finland
| | | | - Steven Bell
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Matti Reinikainen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Limited , Espoo FI-02044 VTT , Finland
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18
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Garrod MG, Rossow HA, Calvert CC, Miller JW, Green R, Buchholz BA, Allen LH. 14C-Cobalamin Absorption from Endogenously Labeled Chicken Eggs Assessed in Humans Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092148. [PMID: 31500393 PMCID: PMC6769442 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the bioavailability of vitamin B-12 (B12) from in vivo labeled foods was determined by labeling the vitamin with radiocobalt (57Co, 58Co or 60Co). This required use of penetrating radioactivity and sometimes used higher doses of B12 than the physiological limit of B12 absorption. The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability and absorbed B12 from chicken eggs endogenously labeled with 14C-B12 using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). 14C-B12 was injected intramuscularly into hens to produce eggs enriched in vivo with the 14C labeled vitamin. The eggs, which provided 1.4 to 2.6 μg of B12 (~1.1 kBq) per serving, were scrambled, cooked and fed to 10 human volunteers. Baseline and post-ingestion blood, urine and stool samples were collected over a one-week period and assessed for 14C-B12 content using AMS. Bioavailability ranged from 13.2 to 57.7% (mean 30.2 ± 16.4%). Difference among subjects was explained by dose of B12, with percent bioavailability from 2.6 μg only half that from 1.4 μg. The total amount of B12 absorbed was limited to 0.5–0.8 μg (mean 0.55 ± 0.19 μg B12) and was relatively unaffected by the amount consumed. The use of 14C-B12 offers the only currently available method for quantifying B12 absorption in humans, including food cobalamin absorption. An egg is confirmed as a good source of B12, supplying approximately 20% of the average adult daily requirement (RDA for adults = 2.4 μg/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie G Garrod
- USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Heidi A Rossow
- Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | - Joshua W Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Ralph Green
- Department. of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Bruce A Buchholz
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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19
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Malfatti MA, Buchholz BA, Enright HA, Stewart BJ, Ognibene TJ, McCartt AD, Loots GG, Zimmermann M, Scharadin TM, Cimino GD, Jonas BA, Pan CX, Bench G, Henderson PT, Turteltaub KW. Radiocarbon Tracers in Toxicology and Medicine: Recent Advances in Technology and Science. TOXICS 2019; 7:E27. [PMID: 31075884 PMCID: PMC6631948 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in radiocarbon tracer technology and applications. Technologies covered include accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), including conversion of samples to graphite, and rapid combustion to carbon dioxide to enable direct liquid sample analysis, coupling to HPLC for real-time AMS analysis, and combined molecular mass spectrometry and AMS for analyte identification and quantitation. Laser-based alternatives, such as cavity ring down spectrometry, are emerging to enable lower cost, higher throughput measurements of biological samples. Applications covered include radiocarbon dating, use of environmental atomic bomb pulse radiocarbon content for cell and protein age determination and turnover studies, and carbon source identification. Low dose toxicology applications reviewed include studies of naphthalene-DNA adduct formation, benzo[a]pyrene pharmacokinetics in humans, and triclocarban exposure and risk assessment. Cancer-related studies covered include the use of radiocarbon-labeled cells for better defining mechanisms of metastasis and the use of drug-DNA adducts as predictive biomarkers of response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Malfatti
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Bruce A Buchholz
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Heather A Enright
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Benjamin J Stewart
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Ted J Ognibene
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - A Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Maike Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA.
| | - Tiffany M Scharadin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA.
| | - George D Cimino
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA.
| | - Brian A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Graham Bench
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Paul T Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA.
| | - Kenneth W Turteltaub
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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20
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Burt T, Vuong LT, Baker E, Young GC, McCartt AD, Bergstrom M, Sugiyama Y, Combes R. Phase 0, including microdosing approaches: Applying the Three Rs and increasing the efficiency of human drug development. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 46:335-346. [PMID: 30657329 DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phase 0 approaches, including microdosing, involve the use of sub-therapeutic exposures to the tested drugs, thus enabling safer, more-relevant, quicker and cheaper first-in-human (FIH) testing. These approaches also have considerable potential to limit the use of animals in human drug development. Recent years have witnessed progress in applications, methodology, operations, and drug development culture. Advances in applications saw an expansion in therapeutic areas, developmental scenarios and scientific objectives, in, for example, protein drug development and paediatric drug development. In the operational area, the increased sensitivity of Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), expansion of the utility of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, and the introduction of Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS), have led to the increased accessibility and utility of Phase 0 approaches, while reducing costs and exposure to radioactivity. PET has extended the application of microdosing, from its use as a predominant tool to record pharmacokinetics, to a method for recording target expression and target engagement, as well as cellular and tissue responses. Advances in methodology include adaptive Phase 0/Phase 1 designs, cassette and cocktail microdosing, and Intra-Target Microdosing (ITM), as well as novel modelling opportunities and simulations. Importantly, these methodologies increase the predictive power of extrapolation from microdose to therapeutic level exposures. However, possibly the most challenging domain in which progress has been made, is the culture of drug development. One of the main potential values of Phase 0 approaches is the opportunity to terminate development early, thus not only applying the principle of 'kill-early-kill-cheap' to enhance the efficiency of drug development, but also obviating the need for the full package of animal testing required for therapeutic level Phase 1 studies. Finally, we list developmental scenarios that utilised Phase 0 approaches in novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Burt
- Burt Consultancy, LLC, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Baker
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Graeme C Young
- Translational Medicine, Research, GSK, David Jack Centre for R&D, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Mats Bergstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and PET-centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research(, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Karhu J, Tomberg T, Senna Vieira F, Genoud G, Hänninen V, Vainio M, Metsälä M, Hieta T, Bell S, Halonen L. Broadband photoacoustic spectroscopy of CH 414 with a high-power mid-infrared optical frequency comb. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1142-1145. [PMID: 30821733 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a photoacoustic spectroscopy setup with a high-power mid-infrared frequency comb as the light source. The setup is used in broadband spectroscopy of radiocarbon methane. Owing to the high sensitivity of a cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic cell and the high-power light source, we can reach a detection limit below 100 ppb in a broadband measurement with a sample volume of only a few milliliters. The first infrared spectrum of CH414 is reported and given a preliminary assignment. The results lay a foundation for the development of optical detection systems for radiocarbon methane.
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22
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Nanotracing and cavity-ring down spectroscopy: A new ultrasensitive approach in large molecule drug disposition studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205435. [PMID: 30332475 PMCID: PMC6192596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic biological entities such as bispecific antibodies targeting tissue or specific cell populations form an increasingly important part of the drug development portfolio. However, these biopharmaceutical agents bear the risk of extensive target-mediated drug disposition or atypical pharmacokinetic properties as compared to canonical antibodies. Pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution studies become therefore more and more important during lead optimization. Biologics present, however, greater analytical challenges than small molecule drugs due to the mass and selectivity limitation of mass spectrometry and ligand-binding assay, respectively. Radiocarbon (14C) and its detection methods, such as the emerging 14C cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), thus can play an important role in the large molecule quantitation where a 14C-tag is covalently bound through a stable linker. CRDS has the advantage of a simplified sample preparation and introduction system as compared to accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and can be accommodated within an ordinary research laboratory. In this study, we report on the labeling of an anti-IL17 IgG1 model antibody with 14C propionate tag and its detection by CRDS using it as nanotracer (2.1 nCi or 77.7 Bq blended with the therapeutic dose) in a pharmacokinetics study in a preclinical species. We compare these data to data generated by AMS in parallel processed samples. The derived concentration time profiles for anti-IL17 by CRDS were in concordance with the ones derived by AMS and γ-counting of an 125I-labeled anti-IL17 radiotracer and were well described by a 2-compartment population pharmacokinetic model. In addition, antibody tissue distribution coefficients for anti-IL17 were determined by CRDS, which proved to be a direct and sensitive measurement of the extravascular tissue concentration of the antibody when tissue perfusion was applied. Thus, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that trace 14C-radiolabels and CRDS are an ultrasensitive approach in (pre)clinical pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution studies of new therapeutic entities.
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23
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Fleisher AJ, Long DA, Liu Q, Gameson L, Hodges JT. Optical Measurement of Radiocarbon below Unity Fraction Modern by Linear Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4550-4556. [PMID: 28880564 PMCID: PMC5725230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High-precision measurements of radiocarbon (14C) near or below a fraction modern 14C of 1 (F14C ≤ 1) are challenging and costly. An accurate, ultrasensitive linear absorption approach to detecting 14C would provide a simple and robust benchtop alternative to off-site accelerator mass spectrometry facilities. Here we report the quantitative measurement of 14C in gas-phase samples of CO2 with F14C < 1 using cavity ring-down spectroscopy in the linear absorption regime. Repeated analysis of CO2 derived from the combustion of either biogenic or petrogenic sources revealed a robust ability to differentiate samples with F14C < 1. With a combined uncertainty of 14C/12C = 130 fmol/mol (F14C = 0.11), initial performance of the calibration-free instrument is sufficient to investigate a variety of applications in radiocarbon measurement science including the study of biofuels and bioplastics, illicitly traded specimens, bomb dating, and atmospheric transport.
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