1
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Burk RJ, Wahab MF, Armstrong DW. Influence of theoretical and semi-empirical peak models on the efficiency calculation in chiral chromatography. Talanta 2024; 277:126308. [PMID: 38820823 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Height equivalent to theoretical plate (H) equations, such as the van Deemter or Knox-Saleem equations, and other efficiency vs. linear velocity equations (u), provide kinetic insights into chromatographic separations phenomena and column performance. In enantioselective separations, the peak shape of the two enantiomers can differ significantly and are often asymmetric. The peak efficiency calculations heavily impact these efficiency-flow profiles, leading to erroneous estimations of eddy diffusion, longitudinal diffusion, and mass transfer terms. In this work, new asymmetric peak functions are employed for modeling enantiomer peaks based on the Haarhoff-Van der Linde function, its generalized variant (GHVL), once Generalized Asymmetric Gaussian (AGN), and Twice Generalized Gaussian (TGN). The new models (AGN, TGN, and GHVL) incorporate higher statistical moments besides the zeroth, first, and second moments to account for two-sided asymmetry (fronting or tailing). The fit results are compared with the traditional efficiency calculation methods endorsed by official pharmacopeia and numerical estimation of moments from the raw data. Enantiomeric separations of ibuprofen and dl-homophenylalanine were chosen as probe molecules. The results demonstrate that non-linear least squares fitted functions provide better estimations of peak efficiency data even in the presence of high noise. In particular, the generalized models consistently offered the best quality fits for various peak shapes in chiral separations. Conversely, the half-height Gaussian method greatly overpredicted skewed peak efficiencies. This investigation reveals that the commonly held assumptions of peak shape and numerical integration of raw data are highly insufficient for chiral chromatography. The impact of asymmetry on plate height should not be overlooked when accurate data from efficiency-flow rate curves is derived. We advocate for the broader adoption of these new generalized peak (AGN, TGN, GHVL) models because they provide robustness at various SNRs that account for right or left asymmetry while accurately representing peak geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Jacob Burk
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA.
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA.
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2
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Xin Y, Foster SW, Makey DM, Parker D, Bradow J, Wang X, Berritt S, Mongillo R, Grinias JP, Kennedy RT. High-Throughput Capillary Liquid Chromatography Using a Droplet Injection and Application to Reaction Screening. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4693-4701. [PMID: 38442211 PMCID: PMC11001260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The cycle time of a standard liquid chromatography (LC) system is the sum of the time for the chromatographic run and the autosampler injection sequence. Although LC separation times in the 1-10 s range have been demonstrated, injection sequences are commonly >15 s, limiting throughput possible with LC separations. Further, such separations are performed on relatively large bore columns requiring flow rates of ≥5 mL/min, thus generating large volumes of mobile phase waste when used for large scale screening and increasing the difficulty in interfacing to mass spectrometry. Here, a droplet injector system was established that replaces the autosampler with a four-port, two-position valve equipped with a 20 nL internal loop interfaced to a syringe pump and a three-axis positioner to withdraw sample droplets from a well plate. In the system, sample and immiscible fluid are pulled alternately from a well plate into a capillary and then through the injection valve. The valve is actuated when sample fills the loop to allow sequential injection of samples at high throughput. Capillary LC columns with 300 μm inner diameter were used to reduce the consumption of mobile phase and sample. The system achieved 96 separations of 20 nL droplet samples containing 3 components in as little as 8.1 min with 5-s cycle time. This system was coupled to a mass spectrometer through an electrospray ionization source for high-throughput chemical reaction screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Devin M Makey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Deklin Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James Bradow
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06415, United States
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06415, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06415, United States
| | - Robert Mongillo
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06415, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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3
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De Luca C, Felletti S, Franchina FA, Bozza D, Compagnin G, Nosengo C, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Recent developments in the high-throughput separation of biologically active chiral compounds via high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115794. [PMID: 37890321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), are often chiral molecules where stereoisomers have different biological and therapeutic activity. Nevertheless, the preparation of these molecules can lead to racemic or scalemic mixtures (it is not trivial to produce just the optically pure compound). The evaluation of the enantiomeric purity of bioactive compounds, and therefore quality, is indeed of fundamental importance for regulatory scopes. Chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the gold standard technique to separate and to purify enantiomers. This comes from the wide availability of commercial chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and operational modes, which makes the technique extremely versatile. In recent years, the most relevant trend in the field of chiral analytical HPLC has been the development of CSPs suitable for fast or even ultrafast separations, thus favoring the high throughput screening of biologically active chiral compounds. This process has somehow lagged behind compared to achiral HPLC, due to a series of practical and fundamental issues. The experience has shown how in chiral chromatography even very basic concepts, such as the supposed kinetic superiority of core-shell (pellicular) particles over fully porous ones to improve the chromatographic efficiency, cannot be taken for granted. In this review, the most relevant fundamental and practical features that must be taken into consideration to design successful high-throughput, fast enantioseparations will be discussed. Afterwards, the main classes of CSPs and the most relevant, recent (last five-year) high-throughput applications in the field of the separation of chiral bioactive compounds (for pharmaceutical, forensic, food, and omics applications) will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Greta Compagnin
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Nosengo
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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4
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Makey DM, Diehl RC, Xin Y, Murray BE, Stoll DR, Ruotolo BT, Grinias JP, Narayan ARH, Lopez-Carillo V, Stark M, Johnen P, Kennedy RT. High-Throughput Liquid Chromatographic Analysis Using a Segmented Flow Injector with a 1 s Cycle Time. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17028-17036. [PMID: 37943345 PMCID: PMC11027085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) workflows are revolutionizing many fields, including drug discovery, reaction discovery and optimization, diagnostics, sensing, and enzyme engineering. Liquid chromatography (LC) is commonly deployed during HTS to reduce matrix effects, distinguish isomers, and preconcentrate prior to detection, but LC separation time often limits throughput. Although subsecond LC separations have been demonstrated, they are rarely utilized during HTS due to limitations associated with the speed of common autosamplers. In this work, these limits are overcome by utilizing droplet microfluidics for sample introduction. In the method, a train of samples segmented by air are continuously pumped into the inlet of an LC injection valve that is actuated once each sample fills the sample loop. Coupled with 2.1 mm diameter × 5 mm long columns packed with 2.7 μm superficially porous C18 particles operated at 5 mL/min, the injector enabled separation of 3 components at 1 s/sample and analysis of a 96-well plate in 1.6 min with <2% peak area relative standard deviation. Analyte-dependent carryover was minimized by including wash droplets composed of organic solvent in between sample droplets. High-throughput LC coupled with mass spectrometric detection using the segmented flow injector was applied to a screen of inhibitors of a cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation reaction. Measurements of the reaction substrate and product concentrations made using fast LC with the segmented flow injector correlated well with measurements made using a more conventional, 3 min LC method. These results demonstrate the potential for droplet microfluidics to be used for sample introduction during high-throughput LC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Makey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Roger C Diehl
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yue Xin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bridget E Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Alison R H Narayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | | | | | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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5
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Muller M, de Villiers A. A detailed evaluation of the advantages and limitations of online RP-LC×HILIC compared to HILIC×RP-LC for phenolic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463843. [PMID: 36780845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The combination of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) has proved effective in the LC × LC analysis of polyphenols due to the high degree of orthogonality associated with these separation modes for various classes of phenolic compounds. However, despite the growing number of such applications, HILIC is almost exclusively used as the first dimension (1D) separation mode, and RP-LC in the second dimension (2D). This is somewhat surprising in light of the potential advantages of swapping these separation modes. In this contribution, we present a detailed evaluation of the potential of online RP-LC × HILIC-MS for the analysis of phenolic compounds, comparing the performance of this system to the more established HILIC × RP-LC-MS configuration. Method development was performed using a predictive optimisation program, and fixed solvent modulation was employed to combat the solvent incompatibility between HILIC and RP-LC mobile phases. Red wine, rooibos tea, Protea and chestnut phenolic extracts containing a large diversity of phenolic compound classes were analysed by both HILIC × RP-LC- and RP-LC × HILIC-MS in order to compare the separation performance. Overall, the kinetic performance of HILIC × RP-LC was found to be clearly superior, with higher peak capacities and better resolution obtained for the majority of samples compared to RP-LC × HILIC analyses using similar column dimensions. Dilution of the 1D solvent combined with large volume injections proved insufficient to focus especially phenolic acids in the 2D HILIC separation, which resulted in severe 2D peak distortion for these compounds, and negatively impacted on method performance. On the other hand, a noteworthy improvement in the sensitivity of RP-LC × HILIC-MS analyses was observed due to higher ESI-MS response for the 2D HILIC mobile phase and greater sample loading capacity of the 1D RP-LC column, brought on by the high solubility of phenolic samples in aqueous solutions. As a result, a significantly higher number of compounds were detected in the RP-LC × HILIC-MS separations. These findings point to the potential advantage of RP-LC × HILIC as a complementary configuration to HILIC × RP-LC for phenolic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magriet Muller
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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6
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Ultrafast simultaneous chiral analysis of native amino acid enantiomers using supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Ismail OH, Catani M, Mazzoccanti G, Felletti S, Manetto S, De Luca C, Ye M, Cavazzini A, Gasparrini F. Boosting the enantioresolution of zwitterionic-teicoplanin chiral stationary phases by moving to wide-pore core-shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463190. [PMID: 35704958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel zwitterionic-teicoplanin chiral stationary phase (CSP), based on superficially porous particles (SPPs) of 2.7 µm particle diameter and 160 Å pore size, has been prepared and evaluated towards the enantioseparation of important classes of compounds, including chiral drugs, pesticides, and N-derivatized amino acids. The comparison with two analogous CSPs prepared on SPPs with 2.7 and 2.0 µm particle diameter and 90 Å pore size has revealed that the use of large-pore particles allows to dramatically improve both the enantioselectivity and the resolution-per-analysis-time, at the point that the column prepared with the new CSP outperformed the one packed with the finest particles. On the novel wide-pore CSP, the separation of fifteen racemates of pratical importance was significantly improved in terms of both enantioselectivity and resolution-per-analysis time-compared to the CSPs based on SPPs with smaller pores (90 Å). Such a CSP would be suitable for very fast enantioseparations allowing the saving of solvent for greener high-efficiency/high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar H Ismail
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simone Manetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Michael Ye
- MilliporeSigma, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, PA 16823, United States
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy.
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8
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A perspective on enantioselective chromatography by comparing ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and normal-phase liquid chromatography through the use of a Pirkle-type stationary phase. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Losacco GL, Wang H, Haidar Ahmad IA, DaSilva J, Makarov AA, Mangion I, Gasparrini F, Lämmerhofer M, Armstrong DW, Regalado EL. Enantioselective UHPLC Screening Combined with In Silico Modeling for Streamlined Development of Ultrafast Enantiopurity Assays. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1804-1812. [PMID: 34931812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective chromatography has been the preferred technique for the determination of enantiomeric excess across academia and industry. Although sequential multicolumn enantioselective supercritical fluid chromatography screenings are widespread, access to automated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) platforms using state-of-the-art small particle size chiral stationary phases (CSPs) is an underdeveloped area. Herein, we introduce a multicolumn UHPLC screening workflow capable of combining 14 columns (packed with sub-2 μm fully porous and sub-3 μm superficially porous particles) with nine mobile phase eluent choices. This automated setup operates under a vast selection of reversed-phase liquid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, polar-organic mode, and polar-ionic mode conditions with minimal manual intervention and high success rate. Examples of highly efficient enantioseparations are illustrated from the integration of chiral screening conditions and computer-assisted modeling. Furthermore, we describe the nuances of in silico method development for chiral separations via second-degree polynomial regression fit using LC simulator (ACD/Labs) software. The retention models were found to be very accurate for chiral resolution of single and multicomponent mixtures of enantiomeric species across different types of CSPs, with differences between experimental and simulated retention times of less than 0.5%. Finally, we illustrate how this approach lays the foundation for a streamlined development of ultrafast enantioseparations applied to high-throughput enantiopurity analysis and its use in the second dimension of two-dimensional liquid chromatography experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jimmy DaSilva
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexey A Makarov
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Navarro-Huerta JA, Murisier A, Nguyen JM, Lauber MA, Beck A, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Ultra-short ion-exchange columns for fast charge variants analysis of therapeutic proteins. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1657:462568. [PMID: 34601253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to study the potential of recently developed ultra-short column hardware for ion exchange chromatography (IEX). Various prototype and commercial columns having lengths of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 mm and packed with non-porous 3 µm particles were systematically compared. Both pH and salt gradient modes of elution were evaluated. Similarly, what has been previously reported for reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) mode, an "on-off" retention mechanism was observed in IEX for therapeutic proteins and their fragments (25-150 kDa range). Because of the non-porous nature of the IEX packing material, the column porosity was relatively low (ε = 0.42) and therefore the volumes of ultra-short columns were very small. Based on this observation, it was important to reduce as much as possible all the sources of extra-column volumes (i.e. injection volume, extra-bed volume, detector cell volume and connector tubing volume), to limit peak broadening. With a fully optimized UHPLC system, very fast separations of intact and IdeS digested mAb products were successfully performed in about 1 min using an IEX column with dimensions of 15 × 2.1 mm. This column was selected for high-throughput separations, since it probably offers the best compromise between efficiency and analysis time. For such ultra-fast separations, PEEK tubing was applied to bypass the column oven (column directly connected) to the optical detector via a zero dead volume connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Navarro-Huerta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer M Nguyen
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757-3696, United States
| | - Matthew A Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757-3696, United States
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF, Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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11
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Barhate CL, Donnell AF, Davies M, Li L, Zhang Y, Yang F, Black R, Zipp G, Zhang Y, Cavallaro CL, Priestley ES, Weller HN. Microscale purification in support of high-throughput medicinal chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11037-11040. [PMID: 34608906 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, successful assay miniaturization has enabled the exploration of synthesis scale reduction in pharmaceutical discovery. Miniaturization of pharmaceutical synthesis and purification allows a reduction in material consumption and shortens timelines, which ultimately reduces the cost per experiment without compromising data quality. Isolating and purifying the compounds of interest is a key step in the library synthesis process. In this manuscript we describe a high-throughput purification workflow in support of microscale (1-5 μmol or 0.5-2 mg) library synthesis. The optimized microscale purification system can routinely purify 384-well reaction plates with an analysis time of 4 min per sample. Instrument optimization, critical parameters such as column loading, delay time calibration, ultrafast pre- and post-purification analysis and library purification examples are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan L Barhate
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
| | - Andrew F Donnell
- Chemotype Discovery and Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Merrill Davies
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
| | - Ling Li
- Chemotype Discovery and Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Novel Drug Modalities, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Fukang Yang
- Novel Drug Modalities, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Regina Black
- Agilent Technologies, Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware 19808, USA
| | - Greg Zipp
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
| | - Yingru Zhang
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
| | - Cullen L Cavallaro
- Chemotype Discovery and Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Chemotype Discovery and Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Harold N Weller
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
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12
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Chankvetadze B. Application of enantioselective separation techniques to bioanalysis of chiral drugs and their metabolites. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Firooz SK, Wahab MF, Yu J, Armstrong DW. High efficiency functionalized hydrophilic cyclofructans as stationary phases in sub/supercritical fluid chromatography. Talanta 2021; 232:122308. [PMID: 34074384 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Packed column SFC has become very popular for preparative and analytical separations due to the low cost of CO2, its accessible critical temperature, and pressure, with the additional benefit of a low environmental burden. Currently, there is a shortage of new polar stationary phase chemistries for SFC. In this work, two new functionalized cyclofructan columns are introduced and evaluated for their performance in achiral SFC separations for the first time. Cyclofructan (CF6), a macrocyclic oligosaccharide, was covalently linked with benzoic acid (BCF6) and propyl sulfonic acid (SCF6) groups by ether bonds. Superficially porous particles (2.7 μm) bonded with modified CF6 showed markedly different selectivity than native CF6. In SFC, peak shapes of amines and basic compounds are often compromised. We show that small quantities (~5.7% v/v) of water added to the methanol modifier in CO2 improves peak symmetries of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Efficiencies as high as 200,000 plates/m (reduced plate height ~ 1.8) were observed for benzamide and amitriptyline on the BCF6 column. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention times on BCF6 were about 1.4%, and on SCF6 were less than 1%. Amines on the SCF6 column showed plate counts as high as 170,000 plates/m. Tetramethylammonium acetate is examined as an alternative to water in MeOH. A run time of 36 min with methanol, trifluoroacetic acid, triethylamine mobile phase was reduced to <5 min with complete baseline resolution for a set of amines. The new stationary phases allow greener approaches towards solving separation problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khaki Firooz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Jeongjae Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
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14
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Berkecz R, Tanács D, Péter A, Ilisz I. Enantioselective Liquid Chromatographic Separations Using Macrocyclic Glycopeptide-Based Chiral Selectors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113380. [PMID: 34205002 PMCID: PMC8199854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous chemical compounds of high practical importance, such as drugs, fertilizers, and food additives are being commercialized as racemic mixtures, although in most cases only one of the isomers possesses the desirable properties. As our understanding of the biological actions of chiral compounds has improved, the investigation of the pharmacological and toxicological properties has become more and more important. Chirality has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical industry; therefore, there is a continuous demand to extend the available analytical methods for enantiomeric separations and enhance their efficiency. Direct liquid chromatography methods based on the application of chiral stationary phases have become a very sophisticated field of enantiomeric separations by now. Hundreds of chiral stationary phases have been commercialized so far. Among these, macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral selectors have proved to be an exceptionally useful class of chiral selectors for the separation of enantiomers of biological and pharmacological importance. This review focuses on direct liquid chromatography-based enantiomer separations, applying macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral selectors. Special attention is paid to the characterization of the physico-chemical properties of these macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics providing detailed information on their applications published recently.
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15
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Buratti A, Bozza D, Cerrato A, Capriotti AL, Laganà A, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Potency testing of cannabinoids by liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography: Where we are, what we need. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462304. [PMID: 34118531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemp and cannabis industry is undergoing a renewed interest due to legalization of marijuana (a topic that all countries are discussing, especially in recent years) and the growing importance of therapeutic properties of cannabinoids. Together with an increment in the production of hemp and recreational cannabis, there has been an increasing demand for accurate potency testing of products (i.e. quantification of main cannabinoids present in the plant in terms of weight percentage) prior commercialization. This translates in an urgent need of reliable analytical methods to characterize cannabis and hemp samples. Cannabis and hemp preparations are commercialized under various forms (e.g., flowers, oils, candies or even baked goods) usually containing a large number of often very similar compounds making their separation very challenging. Strictly connected to this, another emerging topic concerns the need for the developing of large scale separation techniques for the purification of cannabinoids from complex matrices and for the preparation of analytical-grade standards (including the chiral ones). This paper reviews the most recent achievements in both these aspects. Cutting-edge applications and novel opportunities in potency testing by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection (which is becoming the golden standard, according to several pharmacopeias, for this kind of measurements) are discussed. The focus has been given to the very important topic of enantio-discrimination of chiral cannabinoids, for which supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) appears to be particularly suitable. The last part of the work covers the purification of cannabinoids through preparative chromatography. In this regard, particular attention has been given to the most innovative multi-column techniques allowing for the continuous purification of target molecules. The most recent advancements and future challenges in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Alessandro Buratti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
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16
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Wahab MF, Roy D, Armstrong DW. The theory and practice of ultrafast liquid chromatography: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1151:238170. [PMID: 33608081 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modern high-throughput experimentation and challenging analytical problems of academic/industrial research have put the responsibility on separation scientists to develop new fast separation approaches. With the availability of high-pressure pumps, small particles with hydrolytically stable surface chemistries, reduced extra-column band broadening, and low volume detectors with fast signal processing, it is now feasible to do sub-minute to sub-second chromatography. Herein, the fundamental theoretical principles of ultrafast chromatography, along with practical solutions, are reviewed. Approaches for rapid separations in packed beds, narrow open tubular columns, and monoliths are demonstrated, along with the challenges that were faced. The instrumentation requirements (pumps, injection systems, detectors, column packing process) for using short columns ranging from 0.5 to 5 cm are examined, followed by real applications. One of the main problems in ultrafast chromatography is partial or complete peak overlap. As per Gidding's statistical overlap theory, peak overlap cannot be avoided for a completely random sample for a column with a given peak capacity. Signal processing techniques based on Fourier transform deconvolution of band broadening, power laws, derivatives, and iterative curve fitting are explained to help improve the chromatographic resolution. An example of ten peaks separated in under a second is shown and discussed. Other ultrafast separations in supercritical fluid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis are briefly mentioned to provide a complete understanding of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Daipayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA.
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17
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Felletti S, Catani M, Mazzoccanti G, De Luca C, Lievore G, Buratti A, Pasti L, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A. Mass transfer kinetics on modern Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phases made on fully- and superficially-porous particles. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461854. [PMID: 33387912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a detailed study of mass transfer properties of trans-stilbene oxide (TSO) enantiomers on two Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phases (CSPs) has been performed. The CSPs were prepared by using both fully-porous silica particles of 2.5 μm particle diameter and superficially-porous ones of 2.6 μm particle diameter as base materials. By combining stop-flow and dynamic measurements in normal-phase conditions, the different contributions to mass transfer have been estimated. The study of intraparticle diffusion has revealed that the adsorption of both enantiomers is localized (i.e., characterized by absence of surface diffusion). The determination of thermodynamic binding constants (measured through adsorption isotherms) supports this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Dept. of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Universita di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Buratti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dept. of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Universita di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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18
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Advances and Innovations in Liquid Chromatography Stationary Phase Supports. Anal Chem 2020; 93:257-272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Fast enantiomeric separation of amino acids using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry on a chiral crown ether stationary phase. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:437-442. [PMID: 32616382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fast enantiomeric separation of amino acids was studied by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on a chiral crown ether stationary phase. A chiral crown ether bonded silica column (3 mm internal diameter (i.d.), 5 cm long) packed with 3 μm particles was employed instead of a 15 cm column packed with 5 μm particles used in our previous study. In addition, the extra-column variance, becoming more serious for smaller columns, was reduced by replacing 0.127 mm i.d. post-column tubes with shorter, smaller-diameter (0.0635 mm i.d.) tubes. The results demonstrated the benefits of using shorter columns packed with smaller particles and the reduction of the extra-column band broadening for fast enantiomeric separation. Finally, the enantiomeric separation of 18 pairs of proteinogenic amino acids was achieved within 2 min with a resolution (Rs) > 1.5 for each pair using an isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid (ACN/W/TFA) = 96/4/0.5, and a flow rate 1.2 mL/min at 30°C. This is the highest throughput method for simultaneous chiral separation of all proteinogenic amino acids except proline to date.
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20
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Kresge GA, Grosse S, Zimmer A, Grinias KM, De Pra M, Wong JMT, Steiner F, Grinias JP. Strategies in developing high-throughput liquid chromatography protocols for method qualification of pharmacopeial monographs. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2964-2970. [PMID: 32388922 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Method qualification is a key step in the development of routine analytical monitoring of pharmaceutical products. However, when relying on published monographs that describe longer method times based on older high-performance liquid chromatography column and instrument technology, this can delay the overall analysis process for generated drug products. In this study, high-throughput ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography techniques were implemented to decrease the amount of time needed to complete a 24-run sequence to identify linearity, recovery, and repeatability for both drug assay and impurity analysis in 16 min. Multiple experimental parameters were tested to identify a range of experimental settings that could be used for the sequence while still maintaining this fast analysis time. The full sequence was replicated on a different system and with different columns, further demonstrating its robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | | | - Alexis Zimmer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization , GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
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21
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Hellinghausen G, Wahab MF, Armstrong DW. Improving peak capacities over 100 in less than 60 seconds: operating above normal peak capacity limits with signal processing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1925-1932. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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22
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Recent advances and applications in LC-HRMS for food and plant natural products: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1973-1991. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Roy D, Wahab MF, Berger TA, Armstrong DW. Ramifications and Insights on the Role of Water in Chiral Sub/Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14672-14680. [PMID: 31657544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 cosolvents have been used with carbon dioxide to alter its solvation strength. Among the most interesting systems is the subcritical/supercritical CO2/alkanol eluents. Using small amounts of water in CO2/MeOH is known to be beneficial in chiral subcritical/supercritical chromatography. However, the ramifications of introducing water as a cosolvent component is not entirely understood. In this work, we demonstrate important aspects of the CO2/MeOH/H2O system on nine chiral stationary phases with very different surface chemistries, encompassing derivatized polysaccharides, macrocyclic glycopeptides, iso-butylmercaptoquinine, isopropyl macrocyclic oligosaccharides, and π-electron acceptor/π-electron donor phases. A hydrophilicity scale has been shown to be useful in predicting if a given chiral column chemistry would show a significant enhancement in separation efficiency in the presence of water in the CO2/MeOH system. We demonstrate up to 8-fold enhancements in plate counts of chiral separations with a concomitant decrease in retention times, as predicted by the qualitative test. The same chiral analysis can now be completed in almost a third of the time with the addition of small amounts of water, thereby decreasing organic solvent consumption by a considerable amount. Hydrophobic stationary phases show a minimal increase in efficiency and decrease in analysis times and optimized separations show much larger reduced plate heights, compared to more hydrophilic stationary phases. Furthermore, the presence of water can alter the nature of the adsorption isotherm under nonlinear conditions. Small amounts of water can be used to tune nonlinear tailing peaks into fronting ones, significantly improving preparative enantiomeric separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daipayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76029 , United States
| | - M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76029 , United States
| | - Terry A Berger
- SFC Solutions, Inc. , Englewood , Florida 34224 , United States
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76029 , United States
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24
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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25
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Wahab MF, Berthod A, Armstrong DW. Extending the power transform approach for recovering areas of overlapping peaks. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3604-3610. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Texas at Arlington Arlington USA
| | - Alain Berthod
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryCNRSUniversity of Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Texas at Arlington Arlington USA
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26
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Kasperkiewicz A, Gómez-Ríos GA, Hein D, Pawliszyn J. Breaching the 10 Second Barrier of Total Analysis Time for Complex Matrices via Automated Coated Blade Spray. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13039-13046. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dietmar Hein
- Professional Analytical System (PAS) Technology, 99441 Magdala, Germany
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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27
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Xiang P, Yang Y, Zhao Z, Chen M, Liu S. Ultrafast Gradient Separation with Narrow Open Tubular Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10738-10743. [PMID: 31288520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Separation speed and resolution are two important figures of merit in chromatography. Often, one gains the speed at the cost of the resolution, and vice versa. Scientists have employed short-packed columns for ultrafast separations but encountered challenges such as limited mobile phase velocity, extra-column effect caused band broadening, and column packing difficulty. We have recently demonstrated ultrahigh resolutions of narrow open tubular liquid chromatography (NOTLC); this allows us to trade some of the resolution for speed. In this work, we explored NOTLC for ultrafast LC separations. We used a 2.7 cm (effective length) narrow open tubular (NOT) column and showed a baseline separation of 6 amino acids in less than 700 ms. Ways to further increase the speed were discussed. Using short narrow open tubular (NOT) columns to perform ultrafast separation we overcame the challenges from using short packed columns. To demonstrate the feasibility of using this ultrafast separation technique for practical applications, we separated complex protein digests; peptides were nicely resolved in ∼1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piliang Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Zhitao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Mingli Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
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28
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Xiang P, Yang Y, Zhao Z, Chen A, Liu S. Experimentally Validating Open Tubular Liquid Chromatography for a Peak Capacity of 2000 in 3 h. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10518-10523. [PMID: 31305068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The advancements in life science research mandate effective tools capable of analyzing large numbers of samples with low quantities and high complexities. As an essential analytical tool for this research, liquid chromatography (LC) encounters an ever-increasing demand for enhanced resolving power, accelerated analysis speed, and reduced limit of detection. Although theoretical studies have indicated that open tubular (OT) columns can produce superior resolving power under comparable elution pressures and analysis times, ultrahigh-resolution and ultrahigh-speed open tubular liquid chromatography (OTLC) separations have never been reported. Here we present experimental results to demonstrate the predicted potential of this technique. We use a 2 μm i.d. × 75 cm long OT column coated with trimethoxy(octadecyl)silane for separating pepsin/trypsin digested E. coli lysates and routinely produce exceptionally high peak capacities (e.g., 1900-2000 in 3-5 h). We reduce the column length to 2.7 cm and exhibit the capability of OTLC for ultrafast separations. Under an elution pressure of 227.5 bar, we complete the separation of six amino acids in ∼800 ms and resolve these compounds within ∼400 ms. In addition, we show that OTLC has low attomole limits of detection (LOD) and each separation requires samples of only a few picoliters. Importantly, no ultrahigh elution pressures are required. With the ultrahigh resolution, ultrahigh speed, low LOD, and low sample volume requirement, OTLC can potentially be a powerful tool for biotech research, especially single cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piliang Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Zhitao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Apeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States.,Department of Chemistry, the College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P.R. China
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29
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Roy D, Armstrong DW. Fast super/subcritical fluid chromatographic enantioseparations on superficially porous particles bonded with broad selectivity chiral selectors relative to fully porous particles. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360339. [PMID: 31350029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Superficially porous particles (SPPs) have shown advantages in enantiomeric separations in HPLC by conserving selectivity while providing higher efficiency separations with significantly reduced analysis times. The question arises as to whether the same advantages can be found to the same extent in super/subcritical fluid chromatography. In this work, the low viscosity advantage of carbon dioxide/MeOH mixtures is coupled with high-efficiency 2.7 μm superficially porous particles for enantiomeric separations. Given the fact that the viscosity of the mobile phase is typically ten times lower than liquid mobile phases it is possible to use flow rates as high as 14 mL/min on 5 cm packed columns. Superficially porous particles (SPPs) were grafted with teicoplanin (TeicoShell), a chemically modified macrocyclic glycopeptide (NicoShell), vancomycin (VancoShell), and isopropyl derivatized cyclofructan-6 (LarihcShell-P). One hundred chiral analytes were separated in a very short time frame, as little as 0.2 min (13 s). Even shorter separations can be obtained with advances in SFC instrumentation. The LarihcShell-P is the only chiral crown ether-based selector which showed high selectivity for primary amines. The Teicoshell column offered unique separations for acidic and neutral analytes. The NicoShell and the VancoShell were useful in separating amine (secondary and tertiary) containing pharmaceutical drugs and controlled substances. By chemically modifying a macrocyclic glycopeptide (NicoShell) we report the first enantiomeric separation of nicotine under SFC conditions within 3 min with a resolution of >3. Additionally, van Deemter plots are constructed comparing the fully porous particles and superficially porous particles bonded with the same chiral selectors. In toto the SPP advantages also were found for SFC. However instrumental shortcomings involving extra column effects and pressure limitations need to be addressed by instrument manufacturers to realize the full advantages of SPPs and other smaller particle supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daipayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, TX, United States.
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30
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Berger TA. Reduced Plate Height of 1.65 on a 20 × 3 mm Column Packed with 1.8 µm Particles in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Fabino Carr A, Patel DC, Lopez D, Armstrong DW, Ryzhov V. Comparison of reversed-phase, anion-exchange, and hydrophilic interaction HPLC for the analysis of nucleotides involved in biological enzymatic pathways. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1587622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Fabino Carr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, USA
| | - Darshan C. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
- Process Research & Development, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diego Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
- AZYP LLC, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Victor Ryzhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, USA
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32
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Heiland JJ, Geissler D, Piendl SK, Warias R, Belder D. Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography On-Chip with Two-Photon-Excited-Fluorescence Detection for High-Speed Chiral Separations. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6134-6140. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef J. Heiland
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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33
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Gritti F, Gilar M. Impact of frit dispersion on gradient performance in high-throughput liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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34
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Fanali C, D'Orazio G, Gentili A, Fanali S. Analysis of Enantiomers in Products of Food Interest. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061119. [PMID: 30901832 PMCID: PMC6472275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of enantiomers has been started in the past and continues to be a topic of great interest in various fields of research, mainly because these compounds could be involved in biological processes such as, for example, those related to human health. Great attention has been devoted to studies for the analysis of enantiomers present in food products in order to assess authenticity and safety. The separation of these compounds can be carried out utilizing analytical techniques such as gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, and other methods. The separation is performed mainly employing chromatographic columns containing particles modified with chiral selectors (CS). Among the CS used, modified polysaccharides, glycopeptide antibiotics, and cyclodextrins are currently applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni D'Orazio
- Istituto per I Sistemi Biologici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km 29, 300-00015 Monterotondo, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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35
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Misra S, Wahab MF, Patel DC, Armstrong DW. The utility of statistical moments in chromatography using trapezoidal and Simpson's rules of peak integration. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1644-1657. [PMID: 30771233 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Modern chromatographic data acquisition softwares often behave as black boxes where the researchers have little control over the raw data processing. One of the significant interests of separation scientists is to extract physico-chemical information from chromatographic experiments and peak parameters. In addition, column developers need the total peak shape analysis to characterize the flow profile in chromatographic beds. Statistical moments offer a robust approach for providing detailed information for peaks in terms of area, its center of gravity, variance, resolution, and its skew without assuming any peak model or shape. Despite their utility and theoretical significance, statistical moments are rarely incorporated as they often provide underestimated or overestimated results because of inappropriate choice of the integration method and selection of integration limits. The Gaussian model is universally used in most chromatography softwares to assess efficiency, resolution, and peak position. Herein we present a user-friendly, and accessible approach for calculating the zeroth, first, second, and third moments through more accurate numerical integration techniques (Trapezoidal and Simpson's rule) which provide an accurate estimate of peak parameters as compared to rectangular integration. An Excel template is also provided which can calculate the four moments in three steps with or without baseline correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhit Misra
- Center of Excellence for Process Analytical Technology, Process R&D, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas
| | - Darshan C Patel
- Center of Excellence for Process Analytical Technology, Process R&D, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas
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Knežević A, Novak J, Vinković V. New Brush-Type Chiral Stationary Phases for Enantioseparation of Pharmaceutical Drugs. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040823. [PMID: 30823585 PMCID: PMC6412842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of chirality in drug development is unquestionable, with chiral liquid chromatography (LC) being the most adequate technique for its analysis. Among the various types of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for LC, brush-type CSPs provide the base for interaction analysis of CSPs and enantiomers, which provide valuable results that can be applied to interaction studies of other CSP types. In order to analyze the influence of aromatic interactions in chiral recognition, we designed a set of ten new brush-type CSPs based on (S)-N-(1-aryl-propyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamides which differ in the aromatic unit directly linked to the chiral center. Thirty diverse racemates, including several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 3-hydroxybenzodiazepine drugs, were used to evaluate the prepared CSPs. Chromatographic analysis showed that the three new CSPs separate enantiomers of a wide range of compounds and their chromatographic behavior is comparable to the most versatile brush-type CSP—Whelk-O1. The critical role of the nonbonding interactions in positioning of the analyte (naproxen) in the cleft of CSP-6, as well as the analysis of interactions that make enantioseparation possible, were elucidated using computational methods. Furthermore, the influence of acetic acid as a mobile phase additive, on this enantiorecognition process was corroborated by calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Knežević
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Jurica Novak
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
- South Ural State University, 20-A, Tchaikovsky Str., Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Vinković
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
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Fanali C, Fanali S. Application of Sub-2 Micron Particle Silica Hydride Derivatized with Vancomycin for Chiral Separations by Nano-Liquid Chromatography. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:239-250. [PMID: 31069738 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
1.8 μm Silica hydride particles have been derivatized with vancomycin and applied to the enantioseparation of some racemic herbicides and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by nano-liquid chromatography. The chiral stationary phase (CSP) was packed for only 11 cm and the enantiomers were separated utilizing a laboratory-assembled instrumentation. The new CSP was very effective for the separation of the above mentioned acidic compounds, while poor resolutions were obtained for basic compounds. Mixtures of acetate buffer with methanol or acetonitrile allowed the chiral resolution of all compounds. Fast chiral separation of a NSAIDs-related compound can be achieved in less than 60 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- PhD School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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38
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Wahab MF, O’Haver TC, Gritti F, Hellinghausen G, Armstrong DW. Increasing chromatographic resolution of analytical signals using derivative enhancement approach. Talanta 2019; 192:492-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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39
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Ismail OH, Pasti L, Costa V, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M. On the effect of chiral selector loading and mobile phase composition on adsorption properties of latest generation fully- and superficially-porous Whelk-O1 particles for high-efficient ultrafast enantioseparations. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1579:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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High-Speed, High-Efficiency Achiral SFC on a 3 × 20-mm Column Packed with 1.8-µm Particles Facilitated by a Low-Dispersion Chromatograph. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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41
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Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent Developments in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Improvements for Practical Applications. Anal Chem 2018; 91:240-263. [PMID: 30380827 PMCID: PMC6322149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam , van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry , Gustavus Adolphus College , Saint Peter , Minnesota 56082 , United States
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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42
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D’Atri V, Fekete S, Clarke A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Recent Advances in Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:210-239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Clarke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Chemical and Analytical Development (CHAD), Basel, CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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43
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Hellinghausen G, Farooq Wahab M, Armstrong DW. Improving visualization of trace components for quantification using a power law based integration approach. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1574:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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The Way to Ultrafast, High-Throughput Enantioseparations of Bioactive Compounds in Liquid and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102709. [PMID: 30347852 PMCID: PMC6222346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Until less than 10 years ago, chiral separations were carried out with columns packed with 5 or 3 μm fully porous particles (FPPs). Times to resolve enantiomeric mixtures were easily larger than 30 min, or so. Pushed especially by stringent requirements from medicinal and pharmaceutical industries, during the last years the field of chiral separations by liquid chromatography has undergone what can be defined a “true revolution”. With the purpose of developing ever faster and efficient method of separations, indeed, very efficient particle formats, such as superficially porous particles (SPPs) or sub-2 μm FPPs, have been functionalized with chiral selectors and employed in ultrafast applications. Thanks to the use of short column (1–2 cm long), packed with these extremely efficient chiral stationary phases (CSPs), operated at very high flow rates (5–8 mL/min), resolution of racemates could be accomplished in very short time, in many cases less than 1 s in normal-, reversed-phase and HILIC conditions. These CSPs have been found to be particularly promising also to carry out high-throughput separations under supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) conditions. The most important results that have been recently achieved in terms of ultrafast, high-throughput enantioseparations both in liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography with particular attention to the very important field of bioactive chiral compounds will be reviewed in this manuscript. Attention will be focused not only on the latest introduced CSPs and their applications, but also on instrumental modifications which are required in some cases in order to fully exploit the intrinsic potential of new generation chiral columns.
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Dores-Sousa JL, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Resolving power in liquid chromatography: A trade-off between efficiency and analysis time. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:38-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
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46
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Power Law Approach as a Convenient Protocol for Improving Peak Shapes and Recovering Areas from Partially Resolved Peaks. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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Hellinghausen G, Readel ER, Wahab MF, Lee JT, Lopez DA, Weatherly CA, Armstrong DW. Mass Spectrometry-Compatible Enantiomeric Separations of 100 Pesticides Using Core–Shell Chiral Stationary Phases and Evaluation of Iterative Curve Fitting Models for Overlapping Peaks. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Using Superficially Porous Particles and Ultrahigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography in Pharmacopeial Monograph Modernization of Common Analgesics. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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49
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Herrera BT, Pilicer SL, Anslyn EV, Joyce LA, Wolf C. Optical Analysis of Reaction Yield and Enantiomeric Excess: A New Paradigm Ready for Prime Time. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10385-10401. [PMID: 30059621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective highlights the advances of optical methods for asymmetric reaction discovery. Optical analysis allows for the determination of absolute configuration, enantiomeric excess and reaction yield that is amenable to high-throughput experimentation. Thus, the synthetic organic community is encouraged to incorporate the methods discussed to expedite the development of high-yielding, enantioselective transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden T Herrera
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Samantha L Pilicer
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057 , United States
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Leo A Joyce
- Department of Process Research & Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry , Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057 , United States
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50
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Wimalasinghe RM, Weatherly CA, Wahab MF, Thakur N, Armstrong DW. Geopolymers as a New Class of High pH Stable Supports with Different Chromatographic Selectivity. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8139-8146. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasangi M. Wimalasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Choyce A. Weatherly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Nimisha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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