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Spitz S, Schobesberger S, Brandauer K, Ertl P. Sensor-integrated brain-on-a-chip platforms: Improving the predictive validity in neurodegenerative research. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10604. [PMID: 38818126 PMCID: PMC11135156 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Affecting millions of individuals worldwide, neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) pose a significant and growing health concern in people over the age of 60 years. Contributing to this trend are the steady increase in the aging population coupled with a persistent lack of disease-altering treatment strategies targeting NDDs. The absence of efficient therapeutics can be attributed to high failure rates in clinical trials and the ineptness of animal models in preceding preclinical studies. To that end, in recent years, significant research effort has been dedicated to the development of human cell-based preclinical disease models characterized by a higher degree of predictive validity. However, a key requirement of any in vitro model constitutes the precise knowledge and replication of the target tissues' (patho-)physiological microenvironment. Herein, microphysiological systems have demonstrated superiority over conventional static 2D/3D in vitro cell culture systems, as they allow for the emulation and continuous monitoring of the onset, progression, and remission of disease-associated phenotypes. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the field of NDD research using organ-on-a-chip platforms. Specific focus is directed toward non-invasive sensing strategies encompassing electrical, electrochemical, and optical sensors. Additionally, promising on- and integrable off-chip sensing strategies targeting key analytes in NDDs will be presented and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
- Present address:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
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2
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Johnston JT, Quoc BN, Abrahamson B, Candry P, Ramon C, Cash KJ, Saccomano SC, Samo TJ, Ye C, Weber PK, Winkler MKH, Mayali X. Increasing aggregate size reduces single-cell organic carbon incorporation by hydrogel-embedded wetland microbes. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycae086. [PMID: 38974332 PMCID: PMC11227278 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycae086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Microbial degradation of organic carbon in sediments is impacted by the availability of oxygen and substrates for growth. To better understand how particle size and redox zonation impact microbial organic carbon incorporation, techniques that maintain spatial information are necessary to quantify elemental cycling at the microscale. In this study, we produced hydrogel microspheres of various diameters (100, 250, and 500 μm) and inoculated them with an aerobic heterotrophic bacterium isolated from a freshwater wetland (Flavobacterium sp.), and in a second experiment with a microbial community from an urban lacustrine wetland. The hydrogel-embedded microbial populations were incubated with 13C-labeled substrates to quantify organic carbon incorporation into biomass via nanoSIMS. Additionally, luminescent nanosensors enabled spatially explicit measurements of oxygen concentrations inside the microspheres. The experimental data were then incorporated into a reactive-transport model to project long-term steady-state conditions. Smaller (100 μm) particles exhibited the highest microbial cell-specific growth per volume, but also showed higher absolute activity near the surface compared to the larger particles (250 and 500 μm). The experimental results and computational models demonstrate that organic carbon availability was not high enough to allow steep oxygen gradients and as a result, all particle sizes remained well-oxygenated. Our study provides a foundational framework for future studies investigating spatially dependent microbial activity in aggregates using isotopically labeled substrates to quantify growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet T Johnston
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore CA 94550, United States
| | - Bao Nguyen Quoc
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
| | - Britt Abrahamson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
| | - Pieter Candry
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
| | - Christina Ramon
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore CA 94550, United States
| | - Kevin J Cash
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, United States
- Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Sam C Saccomano
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Ty J Samo
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore CA 94550, United States
| | - Congwang Ye
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore CA 94550, United States
| | - Peter K Weber
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore CA 94550, United States
| | | | - Xavier Mayali
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore CA 94550, United States
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Mahmoud ZH, Salman HNKA, Hussein HH, Adhab AH, Al-Majdi K, Rasheed T, Abdulhussien HA, Sasirekha N, Abd AN, Kianfar E. Organic chemical Nano sensors: synthesis, properties, and applications. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e268893. [PMID: 37194801 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.268893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosensors work on the "Nano" scale. "Nano" is a unit of measurement around 10- 9 m. A nanosensor is a device capable of carrying data and information about the behavior and characteristics of particles at the nanoscale level to the macroscopic level. Nanosensors can be used to detect chemical or mechanical information such as the presence of chemical species and nanoparticles or monitor physical parameters such as temperature on the nanoscale. Nanosensors are emerging as promising tools for applications in agriculture. They offer an enormous upgrade in selectivity, speed, and sensitivity compared to traditional chemical and biological methods. Nanosensors can be used for the determination of microbe and contaminants. With the advancement of science in the world and the advent of electronic equipment and the great changes that have taken place in recent decades, the need to build more accurate, smaller and more capable sensors was felt. Today, high-sensitivity sensors are used that are sensitive to small amounts of gas, heat, or radiation. Increasing the sensitivity, efficiency and accuracy of these sensors requires the discovery of new materials and tools. Nano sensors are nanometer-sized sensors that, due to their small size and nanometer size, have such high accuracy and responsiveness that they react even to the presence of several atoms of a gas. Nano sensors are inherently smaller and more sensitive than other sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Mahmoud
- Science College University of Diyala, Chemistry Department, Diyala, Iraq
| | - H N K Al Salman
- University of Basrah, College of Pharmacy, Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry, Basrah, Iraq
| | - H H Hussein
- University of Basrah, College of Pharmacy, Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry, Basrah, Iraq
| | - A H Adhab
- Al-Zahrawi University College, Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, Karbala, Iraq
| | - K Al-Majdi
- Ashur University College, Department of Biomedialc Engineering, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - T Rasheed
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Science and Humanities, Department of English, Al-Kharj, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - N Sasirekha
- Sona College of Technology, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A N Abd
- University of Diyala, Science College, Chemistry Department, Diyala, Iraq
| | - E Kianfar
- Islamic Azad University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran
- Islamic Azad University, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gachsaran Branch, Gachsaran, Iran
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4
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Sonkaya Ö, Soylukan C, Pamuk Algi M, Algi F. Aza-BODIPY-based Fluorescent and Colorimetric Sensors and Probes. Curr Org Synth 2023; 20:20-60. [PMID: 35170414 DOI: 10.2174/1570179419666220216123033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aza-boron-dipyrromethenes (Aza-BODIPYs) represent an important class of chromophores absorbing and emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) region. They have unique optical and electronic features and higher physiological and photo stability than other NIR dyes. Especially after the development of facile synthetic routes, Aza-BODIPYs have become indispensable fluors that can find various applications ranging from chemosensors, bioimaging, phototherapy, solar energy materials, photocatalysis, photon upconversion, lasers, and optoelectronics. Herein, we review Aza-BODIPY based fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors. We show the potential and untapped toolbox of Aza-BODIPY based fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors. Hence, we divide the fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors and probes into five sections according to the target analytes. The first section begins with the chemosensors developed for pH. Next, we discuss Aza-BODIPY based ion sensors, including metal ions and anions. Finally, we present the chemosensors and probes concerning reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) along with biologically relevant species in the last two sections. We believe that Aza-BODIPYs are still in their infancy, and they have a promising future for translation from the bench to real biomedical and materials science applications. After two decades of intensive research, it seems that there are many more to come in this already fertile field. Overall, we hope that future work will further expand the applications of Aza-BODIPY in many areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Sonkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
- ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Caner Soylukan
- ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology & ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Melek Pamuk Algi
- Department of Chemistry, Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
- ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Fatih Algi
- ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology & ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
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Melnikov P, Bobrov A, Marfin Y. On the Use of Polymer-Based Composites for the Creation of Optical Sensors: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204448. [PMID: 36298026 PMCID: PMC9611646 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are widely used in many areas, but often their individual properties are not sufficient for use in certain applications. One of the solutions is the creation of polymer-based composites and nanocomposites. In such materials, in order to improve their properties, nanoscale particles (at least in one dimension) are dispersed in the polymer matrix. These properties include increased mechanical strength and durability, the ability to create a developed inner surface, adjustable thermal and electrical conductivity, and many others. The materials created can have a wide range of applications, such as biomimetic materials and technologies, smart materials, renewable energy sources, packaging, etc. This article reviews the usage of composites as a matrix for the optical sensors and biosensors. It highlights several methods that have been used to enhance performance and properties by optimizing the filler. It shows the main methods of combining indicator dyes with the material of the sensor matrix. Furthermore, the role of co-fillers or a hybrid filler in a polymer composite system is discussed, revealing the great potential and prospect of such matrixes in the field of fine properties tuning for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Melnikov
- M. V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Bobrov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevsky pr., 10, 153010 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Yuriy Marfin
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevsky pr., 10, 153010 Ivanovo, Russia
- Pacific National University, 136 Tikhookeanskaya Street, 680035 Khabarovsk, Russia
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6
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Elistratova AA, Gubarev AS, Lezov AA, Vlasov PS, Solomatina AI, Liao YC, Chou PT, Tunik SP, Chelushkin PS, Tsvetkov NV. Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers Bearing Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Block: Hydrodynamic Properties in Organic Solvents and Water Micellar Dispersions, Effect of Hydrophobic Block Chemistry on Dispersion Stability and Cytotoxicity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4361. [PMID: 36297939 PMCID: PMC9612359 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that amphiphilic block copolymers have been studied in detail by various methods both in common solvents and aqueous dispersions, their hydrodynamic description is still incomplete. In this paper, we present a detailed hydrodynamic study of six commercial diblock copolymers featuring the same hydrophilic block (poly(ethylene glycol), PEG; degree of polymerization is ca. 110 ± 25) and the following hydrophobic blocks: polystyrene, PS35-b-PEG115; poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA55-b-PEG95; poly(1,4-butadyene), PBd90-b-PEG130; polyethylene PE40-b-PEG85; poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS15-b-PEG115; and poly(ɛ-caprolactone), PCL45-b-PEG115. The hydrodynamic properties of block copolymers are investigated in both an organic solvent (tetrahydrofuran) and in water micellar dispersions by the combination of static/dynamic light scattering, viscometry, and analytical ultracentrifugation. All the micellar dispersions demonstrate bimodal particle distributions: small compact (hydrodynamic redii, Rh ≤ 17 nm) spherical particles ascribed to "conventional" core-shell polymer micelles and larger particles ascribed to micellar clusters. Hydrodynamic invariants are (2.4 ± 0.4) × 10-10 g cm2 s-2 K-1 mol-1/3 for all types of micelles used in the study. For aqueous micellar dispersions, in view of their potential biomedical applications, their critical micelle concentration values and cytotoxicities are also reported. The investigated micelles are stable towards precipitation, possess low critical micelle concentration values (with the exception of PDMS15-b-PEG115), and demonstrate low toxicity towards Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO-K1) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia A. Elistratova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii Av., 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Gubarev
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physics of Polymers, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Lezov
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physics of Polymers, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Petr S. Vlasov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii Av., 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia I. Solomatina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii Av., 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yu-Chan Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii Av., 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Chelushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii Av., 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolai V. Tsvetkov
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physics of Polymers, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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7
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Azimzadeh M, Khashayar P, Amereh M, Tasnim N, Hoorfar M, Akbari M. Microfluidic-Based Oxygen (O 2) Sensors for On-Chip Monitoring of Cell, Tissue and Organ Metabolism. BIOSENSORS 2021; 12:bios12010006. [PMID: 35049634 PMCID: PMC8774018 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) quantification is essential for assessing cell metabolism, and its consumption in cell culture is an important indicator of cell viability. Recent advances in microfluidics have made O2 sensing a crucial feature for organ-on-chip (OOC) devices for various biomedical applications. OOC O2 sensors can be categorized, based on their transducer type, into two main groups, optical and electrochemical. In this review, we provide an overview of on-chip O2 sensors integrated with the OOC devices and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Recent innovations in optical O2 sensors integrated with OOCs are discussed in four main categories: (i) basic luminescence-based sensors; (ii) microparticle-based sensors; (iii) nano-enabled sensors; and (iv) commercial probes and portable devices. Furthermore, we discuss recent advancements in electrochemical sensors in five main categories: (i) novel configurations in Clark-type sensors; (ii) novel materials (e.g., polymers, O2 scavenging and passivation materials); (iii) nano-enabled electrochemical sensors; (iv) novel designs and fabrication techniques; and (v) commercial and portable electrochemical readouts. Together, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current advances in the design, fabrication and application of optical and electrochemical O2 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 89195-999, Iran;
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 89195-999, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 89165-887, Iran
| | - Patricia Khashayar
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, 9050 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Meitham Amereh
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.A.)
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Saccomano SC, Cash KJ. A near-infrared optical nanosensor for measuring aerobic respiration in microbial systems. Analyst 2021; 147:120-129. [PMID: 34854441 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01855h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a ratiometric oxygen-sensitive nanosensor and demonstrated application in monitoring metabolic oxygen consumption in microbial samples over time. Based on a near-infrared (NIR) emitting oxygen-quenched luminophore, platinum(II) octaethylporphine ketone (PtOEPK), along with a stable dioctadecyl dicarbocyanine reference dye (DiD), this nanosensor system provides an advantageous approach for overcoming imaging issues in biological systems, such as autofluorescence and optical scattering in the visible wavelength region. The dyes are encapsulated within a polymer-based nanoparticle matrix to maintain them at a constant ratio in biological samples, precluding the need for complex synthetic approaches. With this constant ratio of the two dyes, the nanosensor response can be measured as a ratio of their two signals, accounting for nanosensor concentration artifacts in measurements. The nanosensors are reversible, which enabled us to temporally monitor systems in which dissolved oxygen concentrations both increase and decrease. These sensors were applied for the monitoring of oxygen in samples of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewing yeast) in a 96-well optical fluorescence plate reader format over 60 h. By mixing the nanosensors directly into the sample well with the yeast, we were able to dynamically track metabolic activity changes over time due to varying cell concentration and exposure to an antimicrobial agent. This system could be a potential platform for high-throughput screening of various species or variants of microbes with unknown metabolic rates in response to external stimuli (antimicrobials, metabolites, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Saccomano
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.
| | - Kevin J Cash
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA. .,Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
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Chelushkin PS, Shakirova JR, Kritchenkov IS, Baigildin VA, Tunik SP. Phosphorescent NIR emitters for biomedicine: applications, advances and challenges. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1257-1280. [PMID: 34878463 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Application of NIR (near-infrared) emitting transition metal complexes in biomedicine is a rapidly developing area of research. Emission of this class of compounds in the "optical transparency windows" of biological tissues and the intrinsic sensitivity of their phosphorescence to oxygen resulted in the preparation of several commercial oxygen sensors capable of deep (up to whole-body) and quantitative mapping of oxygen gradients suitable for in vivo experimental studies. In addition to this achievement, the last decade has also witnessed the increased growth of successful alternative applications of NIR phosphors that include (i) site-specific in vitro and in vivo visualization of sophisticated biological models ranging from 3D cell cultures to intact animals; (ii) sensing of various biologically relevant analytes, such as pH, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, RedOx agents, etc.; (iii) and several therapeutic applications such as photodynamic (PDT), photothermal (PTT), and photoactivated cancer (PACT) therapies as well as their combinations with other therapeutic and imaging modalities to yield new variants of combined therapies and theranostics. Nevertheless, emerging applications of these compounds in experimental biomedicine and their implementation as therapeutic agents practically applicable in PDT, PTT, and PACT face challenges related to a critically important improvement of their photophysical and physico-chemical characteristics. This review outlines the current state of the art and achievements of the last decade and stresses the most promising trends, major development prospects, and challenges in the design of NIR phosphors suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S Chelushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Julia R Shakirova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Ilya S Kritchenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vadim A Baigildin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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10
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Elistratova AA, Kritchenkov IS, Lezov AA, Gubarev AS, Solomatina AI, Kachkin DV, Shcherbina NA, Liao YC, Liu YC, Yang YY, Tsvetkov NV, Chelushkin PS, Chou PT, Tunik SP. Lifetime oxygen sensors based on block copolymer micelles and non-covalent human serum albumin adducts bearing phosphorescent near-infrared iridium(III) complex. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, Lehnert T, Mayr T, Gijs MAM. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by measuring bacterial oxygen consumption on an integrated platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3520-3531. [PMID: 34286790 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00296a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellular respiration is a fundamental feature of metabolic activity and oxygen consumption can be considered as a reliable indicator of bacterial aerobic respiration, including for facultative anaerobic bacteria like E. coli. Addressing the emerging global health challenge of antimicrobial resistance, we performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the bacterial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) as a phenotypic indicator. We demonstrated that microbial exposure to antibiotics showed systematic OCR variations, which enabled determining minimum inhibitory concentrations for three clinically relevant antibiotics, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin, within a few hours. Our study was performed by using photoluminescence-based oxygen sensing in a microchamber format, which enabled reducing the sample volume to a few hundred microliters. OCR modeling based on exponential bacterial growth allowed estimating the bacterial doubling time for various culture conditions (different types of media, different culture temperature and antibiotic concentrations). Furthermore, correlating metabolic heat production data, as obtained by nanocalorimetry in the same type of microchamber, and OCR measurements provided further insight on the actual metabolic state and activity of a microbial sample. This approach represents a new path towards more comprehensive microbiological studies performed on integrated miniaturized systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 80 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Algar WR, Massey M, Rees K, Higgins R, Krause KD, Darwish GH, Peveler WJ, Xiao Z, Tsai HY, Gupta R, Lix K, Tran MV, Kim H. Photoluminescent Nanoparticles for Chemical and Biological Analysis and Imaging. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9243-9358. [PMID: 34282906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research related to the development and application of luminescent nanoparticles (LNPs) for chemical and biological analysis and imaging is flourishing. Novel materials and new applications continue to be reported after two decades of research. This review provides a comprehensive and heuristic overview of this field. It is targeted to both newcomers and experts who are interested in a critical assessment of LNP materials, their properties, strengths and weaknesses, and prospective applications. Numerous LNP materials are cataloged by fundamental descriptions of their chemical identities and physical morphology, quantitative photoluminescence (PL) properties, PL mechanisms, and surface chemistry. These materials include various semiconductor quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, carbon dots, nanodiamonds, luminescent metal nanoclusters, lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles and downshifting nanoparticles, triplet-triplet annihilation nanoparticles, persistent-luminescence nanoparticles, conjugated polymer nanoparticles and semiconducting polymer dots, multi-nanoparticle assemblies, and doped and labeled nanoparticles, including but not limited to those based on polymers and silica. As an exercise in the critical assessment of LNP properties, these materials are ranked by several application-related functional criteria. Additional sections highlight recent examples of advances in chemical and biological analysis, point-of-care diagnostics, and cellular, tissue, and in vivo imaging and theranostics. These examples are drawn from the recent literature and organized by both LNP material and the particular properties that are leveraged to an advantage. Finally, a perspective on what comes next for the field is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Melissa Massey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelly Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rehan Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine D Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ghinwa H Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - William J Peveler
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Zhujun Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hsin-Yun Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rupsa Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelsi Lix
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael V Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hyungki Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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13
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Fuchs S, Johansson S, Tjell AØ, Werr G, Mayr T, Tenje M. In-Line Analysis of Organ-on-Chip Systems with Sensors: Integration, Fabrication, Challenges, and Potential. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2926-2948. [PMID: 34133114 PMCID: PMC8278381 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip systems are promising new in vitro research tools in medical, pharmaceutical, and biological research. Their main benefit, compared to standard cell culture platforms, lies in the improved in vivo resemblance of the cell culture environment. A critical aspect of these systems is the ability to monitor both the cell culture conditions and biological responses of the cultured cells, such as proliferation and differentiation rates, release of signaling molecules, and metabolic activity. Today, this is mostly done using microscopy techniques and off-chip analytical techniques and assays. Integrating in situ analysis methods on-chip enables improved time resolution, continuous measurements, and a faster read-out; hence, more information can be obtained from the developed organ and disease models. Integrated electrical, electrochemical, and optical sensors have been developed and used for chemical analysis in lab-on-a-chip systems for many years, and recently some of these sensing principles have started to find use in organ-on-chip systems as well. This perspective review describes the basic sensing principles, sensor fabrication, and sensor integration in organ-on-chip systems. The review also presents the current state of the art of integrated sensors and discusses future potential. We bring a technological perspective, with the aim of introducing in-line sensing and its promise to advance organ-on-chip systems and the challenges that lie in the integration to researchers without expertise in sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Fuchs
- Institute
for Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sofia Johansson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Ø. Tjell
- Institute
for Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriel Werr
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute
for Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Tenje
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Lian Y, Lin Z, Zhang Z, Wang XD. Active-Targeting Polymeric Dual Nanosensor for Ratiometrically Measuring Proton and Oxygen Concentrations in Mitochondria. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8291-8299. [PMID: 34082526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of mitochondria is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases, heart diseases, cancers, and so on. Because both proton and oxygen participate in vital biochemical reactions occurring in mitochondria such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, measuring proton and oxygen concentrations in mitochondria is therefore crucial for monitoring mitochondria activities and understanding cellular behavior. For this purpose, we developed a ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor for simultaneously sensing and imaging O2 and pH in mitochondria. The steps are as follows: (1) Styrene was copolymerized with 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride to produce amino-functionalized polymer nanoparticles. (2) The reference dye rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC) and oxygen-sensitive dye platinum(II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) were encapsulated into a polymer sphere during polymerization, while the pH indicator fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and mitochondrial-targeting molecule (3-carboxypropyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP) were further modified on the surface of the nanoparticles. The developed nanosensor shows a narrow distribution of particle size, high sensitivity toward O2 and pH, excellent stability, and low cytotoxicity. These remarkable features of the dual nanosensor render them capable of real-time sensing and imaging of O2 and pH in mitochondria with high spatial resolution. Applying the mitochondrial-targeted dual nanosensor in HeLa cells, we quantitatively measured and imaged mitochondrial proton and oxygen concentration variations after carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Dong Wang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
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15
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Yang T, Duncan TV. Challenges and potential solutions for nanosensors intended for use with foods. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:251-265. [PMID: 33712739 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-adapted detection technologies could improve the safety and quality of foods, provide new methods to combat fraud and be useful tools in our arsenal against bioterrorism. Yet despite hundreds of published studies on nanosensors each year targeted to the food and agriculture space, there are few nanosensors on the market in this area and almost no nanotechnology-enabled methods employed by public health agencies for food analysis. This Review shows that the field is currently being held back by technical, regulatory, political, legal, economic, environmental health and safety, and ethical challenges. We explore these challenges in detail and provide suggestions about how they may be surmounted. Strategies that may have particular effectiveness include improving funding opportunities and publication venues for nanosensor validation, social science and patent landscape studies; prioritizing research and development of nanosensors that are specifically designed for rapid analysis in non-laboratory settings; and incorporating platform cost and adaptability into early design decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Yang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, USA
| | - Timothy V Duncan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, USA.
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16
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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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17
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Abstract
Micro and nanoparticles are not only understood as components of materials but as small functional units too. Particles can be designed for the primary transduction of physical and chemical signals and, therefore, become a valuable component in sensing systems. Due to their small size, they are particularly interesting for sensing in microfluidic systems, in microarray arrangements and in miniaturized biotechnological systems and microreactors, in general. Here, an overview of the recent development in the preparation of micro and nanoparticles for sensing purposes in microfluidics and application of particles in various microfluidic devices is presented. The concept of sensor particles is particularly useful for combining a direct contact between cells, biomolecules and media with a contactless optical readout. In addition to the construction and synthesis of micro and nanoparticles with transducer functions, examples of chemical and biological applications are reported.
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18
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High-throughput screening for high-efficiency small-molecule biosynthesis. Metab Eng 2020; 63:102-125. [PMID: 33017684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Systems metabolic engineering faces the formidable task of rewiring microbial metabolism to cost-effectively generate high-value molecules from a variety of inexpensive feedstocks for many different applications. Because these cellular systems are still too complex to model accurately, vast collections of engineered organism variants must be systematically created and evaluated through an enormous trial-and-error process in order to identify a manufacturing-ready strain. The high-throughput screening of strains to optimize their scalable manufacturing potential requires execution of many carefully controlled, parallel, miniature fermentations, followed by high-precision analysis of the resulting complex mixtures. This review discusses strategies for the design of high-throughput, small-scale fermentation models to predict improved strain performance at large commercial scale. Established and promising approaches from industrial and academic groups are presented for both cell culture and analysis, with primary focus on microplate- and microfluidics-based screening systems.
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19
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Rothbauer M, Höll G, Eilenberger C, Kratz SRA, Farooq B, Schuller P, Olmos Calvo I, Byrne RA, Meyer B, Niederreiter B, Küpcü S, Sevelda F, Holinka J, Hayden O, Tedde SF, Kiener HP, Ertl P. Monitoring tissue-level remodelling during inflammatory arthritis using a three-dimensional synovium-on-a-chip with non-invasive light scattering biosensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1461-1471. [PMID: 32219235 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic joint disease in which an autoimmune response translates into an inflammatory attack resulting in joint damage, disability and decreased quality of life. Despite recent introduction of therapeutic agents such as anti-TNFα, even the best current therapies fail to achieve disease remission in most arthritis patients. Therefore, research into the mechanisms governing the destructive inflammatory process in rheumatoid arthritis is of great importance and may reveal novel strategies for the therapeutic interventions. To gain deeper insight into its pathogensis, we have developed for the first time a three-dimensional synovium-on-a-chip system in order to monitor the onset and progression of inflammatory synovial tissue responses. In our study, patient-derived primary synovial organoids are cultivated on a single chip platform containing embedded organic-photodetector arrays for over a week in the absence and presence of tumor-necrosis-factor. Using a label-free and non-invasive optical light-scatter biosensing strategy inflammation-induced 3D tissue-level architectural changes were already detected after two days. We demonstrate that the integration of complex human synovial organ cultures in a lab-on-a-chip provides reproducible and reliable information on how systemic stress factors affect synovial tissue architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Totaro D, Rothbauer M, Steiger MG, Mayr T, Wang HY, Lin YS, Sauer M, Altvater M, Ertl P, Mattanovich D. Downscaling screening cultures in a multifunctional bioreactor array-on-a-chip for speeding up optimization of yeast-based lactic acid bioproduction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2046-2057. [PMID: 32190900 PMCID: PMC7317386 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for bioprocess engineering is the identification of the optimum process conditions for the production of biochemical and biopharmaceutical compounds using prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cell factories. Shake flasks and bench-scale bioreactor systems are still the golden standard in the early stage of bioprocess development, though they are known to be expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive as well as lacking the throughput for efficient production optimizations. To bridge the technological gap between bioprocess optimization and upscaling, we have developed a microfluidic bioreactor array to reduce time and costs, and to increase throughput compared with traditional lab-scale culture strategies. We present a multifunctional microfluidic device containing 12 individual bioreactors (Vt = 15 µl) in a 26 mm × 76 mm area with in-line biosensing of dissolved oxygen and biomass concentration. Following initial device characterization, the bioreactor lab-on-a-chip was used in a proof-of-principle study to identify the most productive cell line for lactic acid production out of two engineered yeast strains, evaluating whether it could reduce the time needed for collecting meaningful data compared with shake flasks cultures. Results of the study showed significant difference in the strains' productivity within 3 hr of operation exhibiting a 4- to 6-fold higher lactic acid production, thus pointing at the potential of microfluidic technology as effective screening tool for fast and parallelizable industrial bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Totaro
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias G Steiger
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Hsiang-Yu Wang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Michael Sauer
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Altvater
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Krenger R, Cornaglia M, Lehnert T, Gijs MAM. Microfluidic system for Caenorhabditis elegans culture and oxygen consumption rate measurements. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:126-135. [PMID: 31729516 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00829b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is a key signature for the assessment of mitochondrial functioning and mitochondrial dysfunction is related to many diseases including metabolic syndrome and aging-associated conditions. Here, we present a microfluidic Caenorhabditis elegans culture system with integrated luminescence-based oxygen sensing. The material used for the fabrication of the microfluidic chip is off-stoichiometry dual-cure thiol-ene-epoxy (OSTE+), which is well-suited for reliably recording on-chip oxygen consumption rates (OCR) due to its low gas permeability. With our microfluidic approach, it was possible to confine a single nematode in a culture chamber, starting from the L4 stage and studying it over a time span of up to 6 days. An automated protocol for successive worm feeding and OCR measurements during worm development was applied. We found an increase of OCR values from the L4 larval stage to adulthood, and a continuous decrease as the worm further ages. In addition, we performed a C. elegans metabolic assay in which exposure to the mitochondrial uncoupling agent FCCP increased the OCR by a factor of about two compared to basal respiration rates. Subsequent treatment with sodium azide inhibited completely mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Krenger
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Matteo Cornaglia
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Mohammadi Aria M, Erten A, Yalcin O. Technology Advancements in Blood Coagulation Measurements for Point-of-Care Diagnostic Testing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:395. [PMID: 31921804 PMCID: PMC6917661 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, blood coagulation monitoring has become crucial to diagnosing causes of hemorrhages, developing anticoagulant drugs, assessing bleeding risk in extensive surgery procedures and dialysis, and investigating the efficacy of hemostatic therapies. In this regard, advanced technologies such as microfluidics, fluorescent microscopy, electrochemical sensing, photoacoustic detection, and micro/nano electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) have been employed to develop highly accurate, robust, and cost-effective point of care (POC) devices. These devices measure electrochemical, optical, and mechanical parameters of clotting blood. Which can be correlated to light transmission/scattering, electrical impedance, and viscoelastic properties. In this regard, this paper discusses the working principles of blood coagulation monitoring, physical and sensing parameters in different technologies. In addition, we discussed the recent progress in developing nanomaterials for blood coagulation detection and treatments which opens up new area of controlling and monitoring of coagulation at the same time in the future. Moreover, commercial products, future trends/challenges in blood coagulation monitoring including novel anticoagulant therapies, multiplexed sensing platforms, and the application of artificial intelligence in diagnosis and monitoring have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmet Erten
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yalcin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Koc University School of Medicine, Koc University, Sariyer, Turkey
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23
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Kratz SRA, Eilenberger C, Schuller P, Bachmann B, Spitz S, Ertl P, Rothbauer M. Characterization of four functional biocompatible pressure-sensitive adhesives for rapid prototyping of cell-based lab-on-a-chip and organ-on-a-chip systems. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9287. [PMID: 31243326 PMCID: PMC6594959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the advent of affordable photo- and soft-lithography using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), low cost multi-step microfabrication methods have become available to a broad scientific community today. Although these methods are frequently applied for microfluidic prototype production in academic and industrial settings, fast design iterations and rapid prototyping within a few minutes with a high degree of flexibility are nearly impossible. To reduce microfluidic concept-to-chip time and costs, a number of alternative rapid prototyping techniques have recently been introduced including CNC micromachining, 3D printing and plotting out of numeric CAD designs as well as micro-structuring of thin PDMS sheets and pressure sensitive adhesives. Although micro-structuring of pressure sensitive adhesives promises high design flexibility, rapid fabrication and simple biochip assembly, most adhesives are toxic for living biological systems. Since an appropriate bio-interface and proper biology-material interaction is key for any cell chip and organ-on-a-chip system, only a limited number of medical-grade materials are available for microfluidic prototyping. In this study, we have characterized four functional biomedical-grade pressure sensitive adhesives for rapid prototyping (e.g. less than 1 hour) applications including structuring precision, physical and optical properties as well as biocompatibilities. While similar biocompatibility was found for all four adhesives, significant differences in cutting behavior, bonding strength to glass and polymers as well as gas permeability was observed. Practical applications included stability testing of multilayered, membrane-integrated organ-on-a-chip devices under standard cell culture conditions (e.g. 2-3 weeks at 37 °C and 100% humidity) and a shear-impact up to 5 dynes/cm2. Additionally, time- and shear-dependent uptake of non-toxic fluorescently labelled nanoparticles on human endothelial cells are demonstrated using micro-structured adhesive-bonded devices. Our results show that (a) both simple and complex microdevices can be designed, fabricated and tested in less than 1 hour, (b) these microdevices are stable for weeks even under physiological shear force conditions and (c) can be used to maintain cell monolayers as well as 3D cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R A Kratz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Schuller
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Bachmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Spitz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
| | - M Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060, Vienna, Austria. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Melnikov PV, Naumova AO, Alexandrovskaya AY, Zaitsev NK. Optimizing Production Conditions for a Composite Optical Oxygen Sensor Using Mesoporous SiO2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078018060083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Sticker D, Rothbauer M, Ehgartner J, Steininger C, Liske O, Liska R, Neuhaus W, Mayr T, Haraldsson T, Kutter JP, Ertl P. Oxygen Management at the Microscale: A Functional Biochip Material with Long-Lasting and Tunable Oxygen Scavenging Properties for Cell Culture Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9730-9739. [PMID: 30747515 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen plays a pivotal role in cellular homeostasis, and its partial pressure determines cellular function and fate. Consequently, the ability to control oxygen tension is a critical parameter for recreating physiologically relevant in vitro culture conditions for mammalian cells and microorganisms. Despite its importance, most microdevices and organ-on-a-chip systems to date overlook oxygen gradient parameters because controlling oxygen often requires bulky and expensive external instrumental setups. To overcome this limitation, we have adapted an off-stoichiometric thiol-ene-epoxy polymer to efficiently remove dissolved oxygen to below 1 hPa and also integrated this modified polymer into a functional biochip material. The relevance of using an oxygen scavenging material in microfluidics is that it makes it feasible to readily control oxygen depletion rates inside the biochip by simply changing the surface-to-volume aspect ratio of the microfluidic channel network as well as by changing the temperature and curing times during the fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Sticker
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Josef Ehgartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | | | - Olga Liske
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Muthgasse 11 , 1190 Vienna , Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Tommy Haraldsson
- Micro and Nanosystems , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Brinellvägen 8 , 114 28 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
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26
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Liao Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Miao Y, Gao S, Lin F, Deng Y, Geng L. Microfluidic chip coupled with optical biosensors for simultaneous detection of multiple analytes: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:697-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Wang C, Otto S, Dorn M, Heinze K, Resch-Genger U. Luminescent TOP Nanosensors for Simultaneously Measuring Temperature, Oxygen, and pH at a Single Excitation Wavelength. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2337-2344. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, Berlin D-12489, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse 3, Berlin D-14195, Germany
| | - Sven Otto
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz D-55128, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Matthias Dorn
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, Berlin D-12489, Germany
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28
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Novel epoxy-silica nanoparticles to develop non-enzymatic colorimetric probe for analytical immuno/bioassays. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1028:77-85. [PMID: 29884356 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a novel method to develop epoxy silica nanoparticles (EfSiNP) in a single pot. High surface coverage of epoxy functional groups between 150 and 57000 molecules per particles (∼1013-1016 molecules/mL of 200 nm EfSiNPs) was achieved for different preparation conditions. We then created a red colored probe by conjugating Fuchsin dye to the epoxy functionalities of EfSINPs. Anti-mouse IgG was co-immobilized with Fuchsin and their ratios were optimized for achieving optimum ratios by testing those in functional assays. Dye to antibody ratios were in good negative correlation with a coefficient of -1.00 measured at a confidence level of over 99%. We employed the developed non-enzymatic colorimetric immunonanoprobe for detecting mouse IgG in a direct immunoassay format. We achieved a sensitivity of 427 pg/mL with the assay.
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29
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Zirath H, Rothbauer M, Spitz S, Bachmann B, Jordan C, Müller B, Ehgartner J, Priglinger E, Mühleder S, Redl H, Holnthoner W, Harasek M, Mayr T, Ertl P. Every Breath You Take: Non-invasive Real-Time Oxygen Biosensing in Two- and Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Cell Models. Front Physiol 2018; 9:815. [PMID: 30018569 PMCID: PMC6037982 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the availability of dissolved oxygen inside microfluidic cell culture systems is vital for recreating physiological-relevant microenvironments and for providing reliable and reproducible measurement conditions. It is important to highlight that in vivo cells experience a diverse range of oxygen tensions depending on the resident tissue type, which can also be recreated in vitro using specialized cell culture instruments that regulate external oxygen concentrations. While cell-culture conditions can be readily adjusted using state-of-the-art incubators, the control of physiological-relevant microenvironments within the microfluidic chip, however, requires the integration of oxygen sensors. Although several sensing approaches have been reported to monitor oxygen levels in the presence of cell monolayers, oxygen demands of microfluidic three-dimensional (3D)-cell cultures and spatio-temporal variations of oxygen concentrations inside two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cell culture systems are still largely unknown. To gain a better understanding on available oxygen levels inside organ-on-a-chip systems, we have therefore developed two different microfluidic devices containing embedded sensor arrays to monitor local oxygen levels to investigate (i) oxygen consumption rates of 2D and 3D hydrogel-based cell cultures, (ii) the establishment of oxygen gradients within cell culture chambers, and (iii) influence of microfluidic material (e.g., gas tight vs. gas permeable), surface coatings, cell densities, and medium flow rate on the respiratory activities of four different cell types. We demonstrate how dynamic control of cyclic normoxic-hypoxic cell microenvironments can be readily accomplished using programmable flow profiles employing both gas-impermeable and gas-permeable microfluidic biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Zirath
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bachmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Jordan
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Müller
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Josef Ehgartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eleni Priglinger
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Severin Mühleder
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Harasek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Gruber P, Marques MPC, Szita N, Mayr T. Integration and application of optical chemical sensors in microbioreactors. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2693-2712. [PMID: 28725897 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00538e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of key variables such as oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, glucose, and temperature provides essential information for biological and biotechnological applications and their development. Microfluidic devices offer an opportunity to accelerate research and development in these areas due to their small scale, and the fine control over the microenvironment, provided that these key variables can be measured. Optical sensors are well-suited for this task. They offer non-invasive and non-destructive monitoring of the mentioned variables, and the establishment of time-course profiles without the need for sampling from the microfluidic devices. They can also be implemented in larger systems, facilitating cross-scale comparison of analytical data. This tutorial review presents an overview of the optical sensors and their technology, with a view to support current and potential new users in microfluidics and biotechnology in the implementation of such sensors. It introduces the benefits and challenges of sensor integration, including, their application for microbioreactors. Sensor formats, integration methods, device bonding options, and monitoring options are explained. Luminescent sensors for oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, glucose and temperature are showcased. Areas where further development is needed are highlighted with the intent to guide future development efforts towards analytes for which reliable, stable, or easily integrated detection methods are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gruber
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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31
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Gruber P, Marques MPC, O'Sullivan B, Baganz F, Wohlgemuth R, Szita N. Conscious coupling: The challenges and opportunities of cascading enzymatic microreactors. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gruber
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
| | - Marco P. C. Marques
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
| | - Brian O'Sullivan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
| | - Frank Baganz
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
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32
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Gruber P, Marques MP, Sulzer P, Wohlgemuth R, Mayr T, Baganz F, Szita N. Real-time pH monitoring of industrially relevant enzymatic reactions in a microfluidic side-entry reactor (μSER) shows potential for pH control. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gruber
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; Gordon Street London UK
| | - Marco P.C. Marques
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; Gordon Street London UK
| | - Philipp Sulzer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Graz Austria
| | - Roland Wohlgemuth
- Member of Merck Group; Sigma-Aldrich; Member of Merck Group; Buchs Switzerland
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Graz Austria
| | - Frank Baganz
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Graz Austria
| | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; Gordon Street London UK
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33
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Horka M, Sun S, Ruszczak A, Garstecki P, Mayr T. Lifetime of Phosphorescence from Nanoparticles Yields Accurate Measurement of Concentration of Oxygen in Microdroplets, Allowing One To Monitor the Metabolism of Bacteria. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12006-12012. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Horka
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shiwen Sun
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse9/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Artur Ruszczak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Garstecki
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse9/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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