1
|
Shi YXX, Xu HR, Shen J, Guo LY, Yan J, Jiang J, Hong ZN, Xu RK. A new simple index for characterizing the labile heavy metal concentration in soil by diffusive gradients in thin films technique. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124061. [PMID: 38679131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) is recognized as a more reliable method for determining labile heavy metal (HM) concentration in soil than traditional destructive methods. However, the current DGT measurement index, CDGT, theoretically underestimates the true labile concentration (Clabile) of HMs in soil and lacks direct comparability with the conventional soil HM content indices due to unit differences. Here, we proposed CDGT-W, a new simple index which is defined as the HM accumulation in the binding layer, normalized to the weight of soil (optimized water content = 100% of the maximum water holding capacity) filled in the open cavity-type DGT device over a specified deployment time (optimized time = 24 h). The procedure for measuring CDGT-W is analogous to that of CDGT but includes precise determination of water content (water/dry soil) and the mass of soil filled in the cavity. We conducted measurements of Cu, Pb, Cr(Ⅵ) and As(V) as CDGT-W, CDGT, solution concentration (Csoln), and CaCl2 extractable concentration (CCaCl2) on three soils with a diverse range of HM concentrations. CDGT-W showed significant linear correlations with all other tested indexes. The ratios of CDGT-W to CCaCl2 varied between 0.30 and 0.98 for all HM-soil combinations with only one exception, a range much greater than CDGT/Csoln (typically <0.1) but lower than 1. This suggested that CDGT-W may more accurately reflect Clabile than CDGT (theoretically underestimates Cliable) and CCaCl2(likely overestimates Cliable). Additionally, CDGT-W measurements for these four HMs exhibited a broad measure concentration range and a low detection limit (mg/kg level). Consequently, CDGT-W may offer a more reliable alternative to CDGT for characterizing Clabile in unsaturated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Xiao-Xiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 821, Nanjing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai-Rong Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China/College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 821, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 821, Nanjing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 821, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 821, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Neng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 821, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ren-Kou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 821, Nanjing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hodges S, Wahman DG, Haupert LM, Pham HT, Bozarth MK, Howland MB, Fairey JL. Non-Steady-State Fickian Diffusion Models Decrease the Estimated Gel Layer Diffusion Coefficient Uncertainty for Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films Passive Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:9793-9801. [PMID: 37342010 PMCID: PMC10324599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Mass transport in diffusive gradients in thin-film passive samplers is restricted to diffusion through a gel layer of agarose or agarose cross-linked polyacrylamide (APA). The gel layer diffusion coefficient, DGel, is typically determined using a standard analysis (SA) based on Fick's first law from two-compartment diffusion cell (D-Cell) tests. The SA assumes pseudo-steady-state flux, characterized by linear sink mass accumulation-time profiles with a typical threshold R2 ≥ 0.97. In 72 D-Cell tests with nitrate, 63 met this threshold, but the SA-determined DGel ranged from 10.1 to 15.8 × 10-6 cm2·s-1 (agarose) and 9.5 to 14.7 × 10-6 cm2·s-1 (APA). A regression model developed with the SA to account for the diffusive boundary layer had 95% confidence intervals (CIs) on DGel of 13 to 18 × 10-6 cm2·s-1 (agarose) and 12 to 19 × 10-6 cm2·s-1 (APA) at 500 rpm. A finite difference model (FDM) developed based on Fick's second law with non-steady-state (N-SS) flux decreased uncertainty in DGel tenfold. The FDM-captured decreasing source compartment concentrations and N-SS flux in the D-Cell tests and, at 500 rpm, the FDM-determined DGel ± 95% CIs were 14.5 ± 0.2 × 10-6 cm2·s-1 (agarose) and 14.0 ± 0.3 × 10-6 cm2·s-1 (APA), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
D. Hodges
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - David G. Wahman
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Levi M. Haupert
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Huong T. Pham
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Margaret K. Bozarth
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Michael B. Howland
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Julian L. Fairey
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu Z, Jiang X, Chen J, Wang S, Yao C. Geochemistry and release risk for nutrients in lake sediments based on diffusive gradients in thin films. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:40588-40607. [PMID: 36622617 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the mobility of both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and the inter-relationships between P, N, and iron (Fe) in sediments is important for controlling the "internal loadings" of nutrients in lakes. In this research, diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT) assemblies with binding layers (ZrO-AT, chelex, and ZrO) were designed for PO4-P, Fe, ammonium (NH4-N), and nitrate (NO3-N) at sediment/water interface (SWI) in Western Lake Taihu (China). The biogeochemical processes of N and P related to the physicochemical properties, the dynamic P transfer, the distribution characteristics of P microniches, and the estimation of the release risks in sediments in Western Lake Taihu were simultaneously revealed by the passive sampling technique-DGT with the high spatial resolutions (millimeter and sub-millimeter). Based on DGT concentration (CDGT) related to physicochemical properties in sediments, (1) P biogeochemical reactions included P release from Fe-bound P during Fe reduction, algae biomass decomposition, and phosphatase enzyme activity increased by NH4-N; (2) denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) led to exchangeable ammonium (NH4ex) enrichment and NH4-N release; anammox depleted NH4-N transfer; organic matter (OM) mineralization favored NH4-N release; and (3) aerobic nitrification led to NO3-N remobilization; denitrification and DNRA reduced NO3-N release. Redox status, OM, Fe, aluminum, or calcium influenced mobilization of nutrients. The numerical model of DGT-induced fluxes in sediments was used for dynamic P transfers with resupply types ("slow" ~ "fast") controlled by labile P pool, resupply constant, response time, and Dspt rate. The formation of P microniches in two dimensions was revealed. Sediment P release risk index (0.49 ~ 36.85 [lg (nmol cm-3 d-1)]) with "light" ~ "high" risks and diffusive fluxes across SWI (µg m-2 d-1) of 15.0 ~ 639 (PO4-P), - 1403 ~ 5010 (NH4-N), and - 1395 ~ 149 (NO3-N) were derived and lake management strategies were provided. The DGT technique provides the characterization of the mobilization of nutrients and evidence for biogeochemical processes at the fine spatial scales for control of internal loadings in sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China. .,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Cheng Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China.,College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corbett T, Hartland A, Henderson W, Rys G, Schipper LA. The temperature and flow dependence of nitrate concentration and load estimates based on diffusive gradients in thin films. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2022; 51:250-259. [PMID: 34993967 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations determined using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) have been used to derive time-averaged loads in streams and rivers. However, DGT provide time-weighted average concentrations that assume the independence of concentration and flow. Additionally, dynamic and coordinated changes in temperature, flow, and concentration are potential sources of bias in concentration and load calculations. We modeled scenarios in which temperature and flow were correlated to varying degrees with concentration and evaluated the consequences for DGT concentration and load calculations. As the correlation between solution flow and concentration moved toward 1 and -1, the load determined by DGT either overestimated or underestimated the actual load by as much as 30%. In DGT-based load estimates, the degree of potential bias should be assessed, and the concentration-flow relation should be characterized. As the correlation of analyte concentration and temperature approached 1 and -1, the deviation of the concentration determined by DGT from the actual concentration increased. In most cases, this bias was < 2%; however, if the changes in concentration and temperature were large (∼10 mg L-1 and ∼10 °C), the bias exceeded 5%. Concentration and temperature are unlikely to be perfectly or strongly correlated or anti-correlated in natural systems and thus should not affect the accuracy of DGT concentration calculations in most circumstances. The more solution temperature, flow, and concentration were uncorrelated, the closer DGT-derived concentration and load were to the actual solution concentration and load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Corbett
- School of Science, The Univ. of Waikato, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
- Environmental Research Institute, The Univ. of Waikato, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
| | - Adam Hartland
- School of Science, The Univ. of Waikato, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
- Environmental Research Institute, The Univ. of Waikato, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
| | - William Henderson
- School of Science, The Univ. of Waikato, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
| | - Gerald Rys
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, 6011, New Zealand
| | - Louis A Schipper
- School of Science, The Univ. of Waikato, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
- Environmental Research Institute, The Univ. of Waikato, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu Y, Xu G, Wang X, Ji X, Jia X, Sun L, Gu X, Xie X. Passive sampling of chlorophenols in water and soils using diffusive gradients in thin films based on β-cyclodextrin polymers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150739. [PMID: 34619202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) have been listed as priority control pollutants because of their high toxicity and wide range. An In-situ monitoring technique using diffusive gradients in thin films based on porous β-cyclodextrin polymers as binding materials (CDP-DGT), was established to monitor four typical CPs, namely, 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in water and soils. The performance of CDP-DGT are stable under the conditions of pH 3.5-9.3, ionic strength 0.001-0.500 mol L-1 and dissolved organic matter concentration 0-20 mol L-1. The adsorption capacities of CDP-DGT for 4-CP, 2,4-DCP, 2,4,5-TCP, 2,4,6-TCP were 57.80 μg cm-2, 98.82 μg cm-2, 95.69 μg cm-2 and 98.91 μg cm-2, respectively. The time-average weighted concentrations of four CPs determined by CDP-DGT at Sanjiangkou wharf (Yangtze river, China) were consistent with the results of grab sampling, indicating the feasibility of CDP-DGT application in actual water. In addition, the distribution of CPs in the red soil of Kunming and paddy soil of Yixing were also studied by CDP-DGT, and the desorption kinetics in the two soils were analyzed with the DIFS model. The higher the soil organic matter content is, the more CPs are distributed in the soil solid phase. CPs in both soils can be partially resupplied to soil solution from the soil solid phase and the higher the partition coefficient for labile CPs is, the stronger the supplement capacity is.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guizhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xueyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xueyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Developments in the diffusive gradients in thin-films technique for the speciation of oxyanions and platinum group elements in aquatic systems. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
7
|
Corbett TDW, Hartland A, Henderson W, Rys GJ, Schipper LA. Development of bromide-selective Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films for the measurement of average flow rate of streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147737. [PMID: 34020089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films (DGT) have traditionally been used to measure time-weighted average concentration in water. We tested whether Br--DGT in combination with the trace-dilution flow rate method, could be used as a new approach for measuring water flow rate. A novel bromide selective DGT based on the Purolite Bromide Plus anion exchange resin (Br--DGT) was developed, which provided environmental bromide concentrations comparable to grab samples. The Br--DGT provided quantitative bromide concentrations at a range of pH, competing ion concentrations, and in synthetic natural solution. The uptake efficiency was 95.7 ± 3.4%, and the elution efficiency was 95.5 ± 4.7%. The absorption maximum/saturation point of each binding disk was 0.684 ± 0.001 mg. Bromide adsorption to the binding layer was linear to 44.1% of the total binding capacity, 0.302 mg. The determined diffusion coefficient through the agarose cross-linked polyacrylamide (APA) hydrogels was 1.05 × 10-5 cm2 s-1 at 17.9 °C, temperature corrected to 25 °C was 1.29 × 10-5 cm2 s-1. DGT flow rates were between -14.7 and 6.50% of the flow independently monitored flow rate (weir). In comparison, grab sample flow rates diverged by 5.52 to 58.9% from the weir flow rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D W Corbett
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand; Environmental Research Institute, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand.
| | - Adam Hartland
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand; Environmental Research Institute, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - William Henderson
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - Gerald J Rys
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - Louis A Schipper
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand; Environmental Research Institute, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ren M, Ding S, Shi D, Zhong Z, Cao J, Yang L, Tsang DCW, Wang D, Zhao D, Wang Y. A new DGT technique comprised in a hybrid sensor for the simultaneous measurement of ammonium, nitrate, phosphorus and dissolved oxygen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138447. [PMID: 32305641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new diffusive gradients in thin films technique (ZrO-AT DGT) with zirconium oxide, A-62 MP and T-42H resins containing in a single binding gel was developed for simultaneous measurement of nitrate (NO3-N), ammonium (NH4-N) and phosphate (PO4-P). The DGT uptake was found to be independent of pH variation from 3.2-8.7. Ionic strengths below 5, 10 and 750 mmol·L-1 NaCl did not affect DGT uptake of NH4-N, NO3-N and PO4-P, respectively. This new DGT was deployed in natural freshwater environments, with in situ measurements of the three nutrients found to be accurate. It ensured that rinsing the exposed surface of the DGT device at 3-day intervals can prevent biofouling. Additionally, a hybrid sensor comprising the novel DGT binding layer overlying an O2 planar optrode was tested in sediments to evaluate the dynamics of O2 and the three nutrients. Results showed that PO4-P and NO3-N fluxes decreased while fluxes of NH4-N increased under aerobic conditions. Nearly simultaneous variation in O2 and NO3-N was observed at the sediment-water interface (SWI) and transformation of NO3-N and PO4-P was found to be sensitively influenced by O2 dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing EasySensor Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210018, China,.
| | - Dan Shi
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhilin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingxin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Shanghai Waterway Engineering Design and Consulting Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Donghua Zhao
- Shanghai Waterway Engineering Design and Consulting Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing EasySensor Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210018, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu H, Mei D, Pavao-Zuckerman M, Wang Q, Hong H, Wu S, Xu M, Zhu X, Liu J, Yan C. Combination of DGT and fluorescence spectroscopy for improved understanding of metal behaviour in mangrove wetland. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:303-313. [PMID: 31078887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding bioavailable metal behaviour in situ is critical for pollution evaluation and contaminant management in mangrove wetland. Here, the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) was used for characterizing the (bio)available portions of Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe and Mn in two mangrove wetlands affected by industrial waste discharges (Jiulong Estuary) and domestic discharges (Zhangjiang Estuary), in Fujian Province, China. In addition, fluorescence excitation emission matrices-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) was applied for characterizing the occurrence and behaviour of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil solution, as well as their feasibility for assessing behaviours of metals. The results demonstrated that the combination of DGT and EEM, which are well suitable for studying DOM impacted metal behaviors in mangrove sediments. Discharge of difference wastewater into the mangrove wetlands of Jiulong and Zhangjiang Estuaries, gave rise to the DGT-labile metal concentration of Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb and Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu, respectively. A variety of humic-like fluorescent components was characterized here, providing valuable insights into the chemical composition of DOM in rhizosphere and bulk sediment. Terrestrial humic-like compounds indicated a different binding affinity for heavy metals in mangrove sediments. These findings are useful for the future understanding of the metal speciation and molecular binding mechanisms in such mangrove wetlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Degang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Mitchell Pavao-Zuckerman
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hualong Hong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shengjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Mingyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chongling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guan DX, Li YQ, Yu NY, Yu GH, Wei S, Zhang H, Davison W, Cui XY, Ma LQ, Luo J. In situ measurement of perfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic systems using diffusive gradients in thin-films technique. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:162-171. [PMID: 30025267 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the environmental impact of ubiquitous perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in waters, reliable and robust measurement techniques are needed. As one of the most widely used passive sampling approaches, diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) is not only easy to handle but also provides time-weighted analyte concentrations. Based on DGT with XAD18 as a binding agent, we developed a new methodology to measure two frequently detected PFASs in surface waters and wastewaters, i.e. perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Their diffusion coefficients in the diffusive gel, measured using an independent diffusion cell, were 4.37 × 10-6 and 5.08 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 at 25 °C, respectively. DGT had a high capacity for PFOA and PFOS at 196 and 246 μg per gel disk, suggesting the DGT sampler was suitable for deployment of several weeks. Time-integrated concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in a natural lake and river, and a municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent using DGT samplers deployed in situ for 12-33 d were comparable to those measured by a solid-phase extraction method coupled with high-frequency grab sampling. This study demonstrates that DGT is an effective tool for in situ monitoring of PFASs in natural waters and wastewaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Ya-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Nan-Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Guang-Hui Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - William Davison
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Han C, Williams PN, Ren J, Wang Z, Fang X, Xu D, Xie X, Geng J, Ma LQ, Luo J. In situ sampling and speciation method for measuring dissolved phosphite at ultratrace concentrations in the natural environment. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 137:281-289. [PMID: 29554532 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphite (P+III) is of emerging chemical interest due to its importance within the global phosphorus cycle. Yet, to date, precise/accurate measurements of P+III are still lacking due to the inherent analytical challenges linked to its instability/ease of oxidation and ultra-trace concentration. Here, we present the first in-situ sampling and speciation analysis method, for dissolved P+III, using the diffusive-gradients-in-thin-films (DGT) technique, combined with capillary-column-configured-dual-ion-chromatography (CC-DIC). Method optimization of the DGT elution regime, to simultaneously maximize desorption efficiency and CC-DIC sensitivity, along with the characterization of diffusion coefficients for P+III, were undertaken before full method validation. Laboratory-performance testing confirmed DGT-P+III acquisition to be independent of pH (3.0-10.0) and ionic strength (0-500 mM). The capacity for P+III was 45.8 μg cm-2, while neither P+V (up to 10 mg L-1) nor As+V (up to 1 mg L-1) impacted the DGT-P+III measurement. This novel method's functionality stems from the herein confirmed speciation preservation and double pre-concentration of P+III, resulting in quantification limits as low as 7.44 ng L-1 for a 3-day deployment. Applications of this method in various terrestrial/aquatic environments were demonstrated and simultaneous profiles of P+III and P+V across a sediment-water interface were captured at mm resolution in two contrasting redox-mesocosm systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Paul N Williams
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Zhaode Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Di Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xie H, Chen Q, Chen J, Chen CEL, Du J. Investigation and application of diffusive gradients in thin-films technique for measuring endocrine disrupting chemicals in seawaters. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:351-357. [PMID: 29494916 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can be released to coastal waters and affect the endocrine system of marine organisms. To monitor their levels in seawaters, a simple, robust passive sampling method, the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique, was developed with XDA-1 resin as a binding agent. Six EDCs (including three estrogens, two pesticides and bisphenol A) were used to assess the performance of the DGT. The XDA-1 binding gel showed adequate ability for adsorbing EDCs in seawaters. The DGT sampler exhibited linear accumulation for the EDCs during a 15-day deployment and diffusion coefficients and sampling rates were calculated. The DGT measurement was independent of pH in the range 7.0-9.0 and ionic strength in the range 0.4-0.8 M. Field applications of this DGT in a coast of Dalian (China) showed comparable results to those from grab sampling. Five EDCs were detected with concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 19.4 ng L-1. This study is a first attempt to apply DGT sampler for determining EDCs in seawaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaijun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qining Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Chang-Er L Chen
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xie H, Chen J, Chen Q, Chen CEL, Du J, Tan F, Zhou C. Development and evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin films technique for measuring antibiotics in seawater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1605-1612. [PMID: 29054656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As coastal waters in many regions of the world have been polluted by organic micro-pollutants such as antibiotics that can promote the development of resistance genes, it is of importance to monitor the levels of antibiotics in coastal waters. For this purpose, a reliable and robust sampling approach based on diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) was developed in this study. The DGT measurement can provide a time weighted average concentration of pollutants. A binding material (resin XDA-1) with a high adsorption capacity for antibiotics, which can resist the pH and ionic strength of seawaters, was selected. The DGT sampler exhibited linear accumulation for 20 antibiotics during a 12h deployment. The antibiotic measurement by the sampler was not affected by pH in the range of 7.3 to 8.9 and ionic strength in the range of 0.5 to 0.8M. After an 8-hour in situ DGT sampling, 10 antibiotics were detected in Dalian coastal seawaters with the concentrations ranging from 2.6 to 44.8ngL-1, which was comparable to the results measured by an active sampling method. This study can be a first attempt to construct DGT sampler for determining antibiotics in seawaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaijun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Qining Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chang-Er L Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A modified DGT technique for the simultaneous measurement of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in freshwaters. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 988:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|