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Bain A, Lalemi L, Croll Dawes N, Miles REH, Prophet AM, Wilson KR, Bzdek BR. Surfactant Partitioning Dynamics in Freshly Generated Aerosol Droplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16028-16038. [PMID: 38822805 PMCID: PMC11177314 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol droplets are unique microcompartments with relevance to areas as diverse as materials and chemical synthesis, atmospheric chemistry, and cloud formation. Observations of highly accelerated and unusual chemistry taking place in such droplets have challenged our understanding of chemical kinetics in these microscopic systems. Due to their large surface-area-to-volume ratios, interfacial processes can play a dominant role in governing chemical reactivity and other processes in droplets. Quantitative knowledge about droplet surface properties is required to explain reaction mechanisms and product yields. However, our understanding of the compositions and properties of these dynamic, microscopic interfaces is poor compared to our understanding of bulk processes. Here, we measure the dynamic surface tensions of 14-25 μm radius (11-65 pL) droplets containing a strong surfactant (either sodium dodecyl sulfate or octyl-β-D-thioglucopyranoside) using a stroboscopic imaging approach, enabling observation of the dynamics of surfactant partitioning to the droplet-air interface on time scales of 10s to 100s of microseconds after droplet generation. The experimental results are interpreted with a state-of-the-art kinetic model accounting for the unique high surface-area-to-volume ratio inherent to aerosol droplets, providing insights into both the surfactant diffusion and adsorption kinetics as well as the time-dependence of the interfacial surfactant concentration. This study demonstrates that microscopic droplet interfaces can take up to many milliseconds to reach equilibrium. Such time scales should be considered when attempting to explain observations of accelerated chemistry in microcompartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Lara Lalemi
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Nathan Croll Dawes
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Rachael E. H. Miles
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Alexander M. Prophet
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan R. Bzdek
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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2
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Brown JB, Qian Y, Huang-Fu ZC, Zhang T, Wang H, Rao Y. In Situ Probing of the Surface Properties of Droplets in the Air. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37497860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Surface properties of nanodroplets and microdroplets are intertwined with their immense applicability in biology, medicine, production, catalysis, the environment, and the atmosphere. However, many means for analyzing droplets and their surfaces are destructive, non-interface-specific, not conducted under ambient conditions, require sample substrates, conducted ex situ, or a combination thereof. For these reasons, a technique for surface-selective in situ analyses under any condition is necessary. This feature article presents recent developments in second-order nonlinear optical scattering techniques for the in situ interfacial analysis of aerosol droplets in the air. First, we describe the abundant utilization of such droplets across industries and how their unique surface properties lead to their ubiquitous usage. Then, we describe the fundamental properties of droplets and their surfaces followed by common methods for their study. We next describe the fundamental principles of sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, the Langmuir adsorption model, and how they are used together to describe adsorption processes at planar liquid and droplet surfaces. We also discuss the history of developments of second-order scattering from droplets suspended in dispersive media and introduce second-harmonic scattering (SHS) and sum-frequency scattering (SFS) spectroscopies. We then go on to outline the developments of SHS, electronic sum-frequency scattering (ESFS), and vibrational sum-frequency scattering (VSFS) from droplets in the air and discuss the fundamental insights about droplet surfaces that the techniques have provided. Finally, we describe some of the areas of nonlinear scattering from airborne droplets which need improvement as well as potential future directions and utilizations of SHS, ESFS, and VSFS throughout environmental systems, interfacial chemistry, and fundamental physics. The goal of this feature article is to spread knowledge about droplets and their unique surface properties as well as introduce second-order nonlinear scattering to a broad audience who may be unaware of recent progress and advancements in their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse B Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Yuqin Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Zhi-Chao Huang-Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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3
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Rosenberger P, Dagar R, Zhang W, Sousa-Castillo A, Neuhaus M, Cortes E, Maier SA, Costa-Vera C, Kling MF, Bergues B. Imaging elliptically polarized infrared near-fields on nanoparticles by strong-field dissociation of functional surface groups. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. D, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 2022; 76:109. [PMID: 35782906 PMCID: PMC9236975 DOI: 10.1140/epjd/s10053-022-00430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We investigate the strong-field ion emission from the surface of isolated silica nanoparticles aerosolized from an alcoholic solution, and demonstrate the applicability of the recently reported near-field imaging at 720 nm [Rupp et al., Nat. Comm., 10(1):4655, 2019] to longer wavelength (2 μ m) and polarizations with arbitrary ellipticity. Based on the experimental observations, we discuss the validity of a previously introduced semi-classical model, which is based on near-field driven charge generation by a Monte-Carlo approach and classical propagation. We furthermore clarify the role of the solvent in the surface composition of the nanoparticles in the interaction region. We find that upon injection of the nanoparticles into the vacuum, the alcoholic solvent evaporates on millisecond time scales, and that the generated ions originate predominantly from covalent bonds with the silica surface rather than from physisorbed solvent molecules. These findings have important implications for the development of future theoretical models of the strong-field ion emission from silica nanoparticles, and the application of near-field imaging and reaction dynamics of functional groups on isolated nanoparticles. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1140/epjd/s10053-022-00430-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rosenberger
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ritika Dagar
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Ana Sousa-Castillo
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Königinstrasse 10, Faculty of Physics LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Neuhaus
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Emiliano Cortes
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Königinstrasse 10, Faculty of Physics LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Königinstrasse 10, Faculty of Physics LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Cesar Costa-Vera
- Departamento Fisica, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, 170109 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Matthias F. Kling
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
- Applied Physics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Boris Bergues
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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4
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Qian Y, Brown JB, Zhang T, Huang-Fu ZC, Rao Y. In Situ Detection of Chemical Compositions at Nanodroplet Surfaces and In-Nanodroplet Phases. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3758-3764. [PMID: 35667005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small-volume nanodroplets play an increasingly common role in chemistry and biology. Such nanodroplets are believed to have unique chemical and physical properties at the interface between a droplet and its surrounding medium, however, they are underexamined. In this study, we present the novel technique of vibrational sum frequency scattering (VSFS) spectroscopy as an interface-specific, high-performance method for the in situ investigation of nanodroplets with sub-micron radii; as well as the droplet bulk through simultaneous hyper-Raman scattering (HRS) spectroscopy. We use laboratory-generated nanodroplets from aqueous alcohol solutions to demonstrate this technique's ability to separate the vibrational phenomena which take place at droplet surfaces from the underlying bulk phase. In addition, we systemically examine interfacial spectra of nanodroplets containing methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol through VSFS. Furthermore, we demonstrate interfacial differences between such nanodroplets and their analogous planar surfaces. The sensitivity of this technique to probe droplet surfaces with few-particle density at standard conditions validates VSFS as an analytical technique for the in situ investigation of small nanodroplets, providing breakthrough information about these species of ever-increasing relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Jesse B Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Zhi-Chao Huang-Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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5
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Qian Y, Brown JB, Huang-Fu ZC, Zhang T, Wang H, Wang S, Dadap JI, Rao Y. In situ analysis of the bulk and surface chemical compositions of organic aerosol particles. Commun Chem 2022; 5:58. [PMID: 36698010 PMCID: PMC9814772 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the chemical and physical properties of particles is an important scientific, engineering, and medical issue that is crucial to air quality, human health, and environmental chemistry. Of special interest are aerosol particles floating in the air for both indoor virus transmission and outdoor atmospheric chemistry. The growth of bio- and organic-aerosol particles in the air is intimately correlated with chemical structures and their reactions in the gas phase at aerosol particle surfaces and in-particle phases. However, direct measurements of chemical structures at aerosol particle surfaces in the air are lacking. Here we demonstrate in situ surface-specific vibrational sum frequency scattering (VSFS) to directly identify chemical structures of molecules at aerosol particle surfaces. Furthermore, our setup allows us to simultaneously probe hyper-Raman scattering (HRS) spectra in the particle phase. We examined polarized VSFS spectra of propionic acid at aerosol particle surfaces and in particle bulk. More importantly, the surface adsorption free energy of propionic acid onto aerosol particles was found to be less negative than that at the air/water interface. These results challenge the long-standing hypothesis that molecular behaviors at the air/water interface are the same as those at aerosol particle surfaces. Our approach opens a new avenue in revealing surface compositions and chemical aging in the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere as well as chemical analysis of indoor and outdoor viral aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qian
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Jesse B. Brown
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Zhi-Chao Huang-Fu
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Hui Wang
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - ShanYi Wang
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA ,grid.470930.90000 0001 2182 2351Department of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Jerry I. Dadap
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Yi Rao
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
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6
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Qian Y, Deng GH, Rao Y. In Situ Spectroscopic Probing of Polarity and Molecular Configuration at Aerosol Particle Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6763-6771. [PMID: 32787224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth of aerosol particles in the atmosphere is related to chemical reactions in the gas and particle phases and at aerosol particle surfaces. While research regarding the gas and particle phases of aerosols is well-documented, physical properties and chemical reactivities at aerosol particle surfaces have not been studied extensively but have long been recognized. In particular, in situ measurements of aerosol particle surfaces are just emerging. The main reason is a lack of suitable surface-specific analytical techniques for direct measurements of aerosol particles under ambient conditions. Here we develop in situ surface-specific electronic sum frequency scattering (ESFS) to directly identify spectroscopic behaviors of molecules at aerosol particle surfaces. As an example, we applied an ESFS probe, malachite green (MG). We examined electronic spectra of MG at aerosol particle surfaces and found that the polarity of the surfaces is less polar than that in bulk. Our quantitative orientational analysis shows that MG is orientated with a polar angle of 25°-35° at the spherical particle surfaces of aerosols. The adsorption free energy of MG at the aerosol surfaces was found to be -20.75 ± 0.32 kJ/mol, which is much lower than that at the air/water interface. These results provide new insights into aerosol particle surfaces for further understanding the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Gang-Hua Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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7
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Qian Y, Deng GH, Lapp J, Rao Y. Interfaces of Gas-Aerosol Particles: Relative Humidity and Salt Concentration Effects. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6304-6312. [PMID: 31253043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The growth of aerosol particles is intimately related to chemical reactions in the gas phase and particle phase and at gas-aerosol particle interfaces. While chemical reactions in gas and particle phases are well documented, there is very little information regarding interface-related reactions. The interface of gas-aerosol particles not only facilitates a physical channel for organic species to enter and exit but also provides a necessary lane for culturing chemical reactions. The physical and chemical properties of gas-particle interfaces have not been studied extensively, nor have the reactions occurring at the interfaces been well researched. This is mainly due to the fact that there is a lack of suitable in situ interface-sensitive analytical techniques for direct measurements of interfacial properties. The motivation behind this research is to understand how interfaces play a role in the growth of aerosol particles. We have developed in situ interface-specific second harmonic scattering to examine interfacial behaviors of molecules of aerosol particles under different relative humidity (RH) and salt concentrations. Both the relative humidity and salt concentration can change the particle size and the phase of the aerosol. RH not only varies the concentration of solutes inside aerosol particles but also changes interfacial hydration in local regions. Organic molecules were found to exhibit distinct behaviors at the interfaces and bulk on NaCl particles under different RH levels. Our quantitative analyses showed that the interfacial adsorption free energies remain unchanged while interfacial areas increase as the relative humidity increases. Furthermore, the surface tension of NaCl particles decreases as the RH increases. Our experimental findings from the novel nonlinear optical scattering technique stress the importance of interfacial water behaviors on aerosol particles in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , Logan , Utah 84322 , United States
| | - Gang-Hua Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , Logan , Utah 84322 , United States
| | - Jordan Lapp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , Logan , Utah 84322 , United States
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , Logan , Utah 84322 , United States
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Atzei D, Fermo P, Vecchi R, Fantauzzi M, Comite V, Valli G, Cocco F, Rossi A. Composition and origin of PM 2.5 in Mediterranean Countryside. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:294-302. [PMID: 30557803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work PM2.5 was collected during winter and summer in a Sardinian village (Gonnostramatza, Italy) highly affected by biomass burning emissions. A multi-technique approach was adopted for the complete PM chemical characterization. The bulk characterization was performed by IC (Ion Chromatography), HPAEC (High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography), TOT (Thermal Optical Transmittance) and ED-XRF (Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) while XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) was used for the surface characterization. Using levoglucosan as specific tracer of biomass burning emissions, the assessment of the impact of this source was carried out and it represent the major PM source at the investigate site during winter. In winter the average levoglucosan concentration is 2096 ± 324 ng/m3 while during summer its concentration is negligible (18 ± 7 ng/m3). Levoglucosan content in PM2.5 during winter is on average 13.7%; it is estimated that 65% of PM2.5 is due to wood burning. XPS has been exploited in this work aiming at highlighting possible differences between surface and bulk composition of PM2.5. The surface of the particulate matter resulted enriched in carbon compared to the bulk. Among the components of XPS C1s signals recorded on the samples collected during winter, it was found that the signal at 286.5 eV, which is due to the presence of COH, reflects the bulk composition of levoglucosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Atzei
- Department of Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari and INSTM, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - P Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - R Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, and INFN, Milano, Via G. Celoria, 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - M Fantauzzi
- Department of Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari and INSTM, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - V Comite
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - G Valli
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, and INFN, Milano, Via G. Celoria, 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - F Cocco
- Department of Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari and INSTM, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Rossi
- Department of Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari and INSTM, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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