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Bain A, Ghosh K, Prisle NL, Bzdek BR. Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio Determines Surface Tensions in Microscopic, Surfactant-Containing Droplets. ACS Cent Sci 2023; 9:2076-2083. [PMID: 38033804 PMCID: PMC10683496 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The surface composition of aerosol droplets is central to predicting cloud droplet number concentrations, understanding atmospheric pollutant transformation, and interpreting observations of accelerated droplet chemistry. Due to the large surface-area-to-volume ratios of aerosol droplets, adsorption of surfactant at the air-liquid interface can deplete the droplet's bulk concentration, leading to droplet surface compositions that do not match those of the solutions that produced them. Through direct measurements of individual surfactant-containing, micrometer-sized droplet surface tensions, and fully independent predictive thermodynamic modeling of droplet surface tension, we demonstrate that, for strong surfactants, the droplet's surface-area-to-volume ratio becomes the key factor in determining droplet surface tension rather than differences in surfactant properties. For the same total surfactant concentration, the surface tension of a droplet can be >40 mN/m higher than that of the macroscopic solution that produced it. These observations indicate that an explicit consideration of surface-area-to-volume ratios is required when investigating heterogeneous chemical reactivity at the surface of aerosol droplets or estimating aerosol activation to cloud droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Kunal Ghosh
- Center
for Atmospheric Research, University of
Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Nønne L. Prisle
- Center
for Atmospheric Research, University of
Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Bryan R. Bzdek
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Bain A, Chan MN, Bzdek BR. Physical properties of short chain aqueous organosulfate aerosol. Environ Sci Atmos 2023; 3:1365-1373. [PMID: 38013727 PMCID: PMC10500313 DOI: 10.1039/d3ea00088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates comprise up to 30% of the organic fraction of aerosol. Organosulfate aerosol physical properties, such as water activity, density, refractive index, and surface tension, are key to predicting their impact on global climate. However, current understanding of these properties is limited. Here, we measure the physical properties of aqueous solutions containing sodium methyl or ethyl sulfate and parameterise the data as a function of solute concentration. The experimental data are compared to available literature data for organosulfates, as well as salts (sodium sulfate and sodium bisulfate) and organics (short alkyl chain length alcohols and carboxylic acids) to determine if the physical properties of organosulfates can be approximated by molecules of similar functionality. With the exception of water activity, we find that organosulfates have intermediate physical properties between those of the salts and short alkyl chain organics. This work highlights the importance of measuring and developing models for the physical properties of abundant atmospheric organosulfates in order to better describe aerosol's impact on climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bain
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Man Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Bryan R Bzdek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Bristol UK
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Rafferty A, Vennes B, Bain A, Preston TC. Optical trapping and light scattering in atmospheric aerosol science. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7066-7089. [PMID: 36852581 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and currently contribute a large uncertainty to climate models. Part of the endeavour to reduce this uncertainty takes the form of improving our understanding of aerosol at the microphysical level, thus enabling chemical and physical processes to be more accurately represented in larger scale models. In addition to modeling efforts, there is a need to develop new instruments and methodologies to interrogate the physicochemical properties of aerosol. This perspective presents the development, theory, and application of optical trapping, a powerful tool for single particle investigations of aerosol. After providing an overview of the role of aerosol in Earth's atmosphere and the microphysics of these particles, we present a brief history of optical trapping and a more detailed look at its application to aerosol particles. We also compare optical trapping to other single particle techniques. Understanding the interaction of light with single particles is essential for interpreting experimental measurements. In the final part of this perspective, we provide the relevant formalism for understanding both elastic and inelastic light scattering for single particles. The developments discussed here go beyond Mie theory and include both how particle and beam shape affect spectra. Throughout the entirety of this work, we highlight numerous references and examples, mostly from the last decade, of the application of optical trapping to systems that are relevant to the atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Vennes
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Alison Bain
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas C Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
A growing body of research suggests the presence and long-range transport of microplastics in the atmosphere. However, the interactions between these microplastics and atmospheric aerosol are poorly understood. Environmental microplastics vary in color, morphology, and chemical composition and become oxidized over time by UV, mechanical, and biological action. Once introduced to the atmosphere, these microplastics will likely become mixed with atmospheric aerosol. Determining how microplastics interact with aerosol particles and how they may alter aerosol physical properties, including water uptake and loss, is necessary to understand the impact of these microplastics on our environment. Herein, we investigate the effect of microplastics on the water activity of bulk water and ammonium sulfate solutions. We compare a variety of plastic compositions and microplastic morphologies including plastics that have been aged by UV irradiation and mechanical forces in the lab. In addition, we investigate the water uptake and loss in microplastic samples through dynamic vapor sorption. We find an increase in total water sorption for UV-aged plastics compared to pristine plastics. Finally, we investigate the effect of fractional surface coverage on the equilibration time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bain
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B9
| | - Thomas C Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B9
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Bain A, Hasan SS, Kavanagh S, Babar ZUD. Use and validation of a survey tool to measure the perceived effectiveness of insulin prescribing safety interventions in UK hospitals. Diabet Med 2020; 37:2027-2034. [PMID: 32592220 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the use and validation of a survey tool to elicit the opinion of hospital pharmacists and medicines safety officers in the UK regarding the perceived effectiveness of strategies to improve insulin prescribing safety in hospitals. METHODS One respondent from each participating organization completed the survey on behalf of the main acute hospital in their trust (n = 92). A five-point Likert scale was used to determine opinion on how effective 22 different interventions were at promoting insulin safety at the respondent's trust. The tool, the Perception of Effectiveness of Prescribing Safety Interventions for Insulin (PEPSII) questionnaire, underwent content validity testing. The reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha (α). RESULTS The PEPSII questionnaire demonstrated good reliability (α = 0.867). Outreach team review and mandatory insulin education were the highest-scoring interventions; the insulin passport was amongst the lowest scoring interventions. Most interventions were considered more effective by trusts using them compared to those who didn't, except for self-administration policies, electronic prescribing and the insulin passport. CONCLUSIONS The perceived effectiveness of a variety of insulin prescribing safety strategies in UK hospitals was described by leveraging a purposely developed survey tool. The results describe current levels of support for recommended interventions, and may facilitate the direction of both local and national insulin prescribing safety improvement efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bain
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - S S Hasan
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - S Kavanagh
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Z-U-D Babar
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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Bain A, Hasan SS, Kavanagh S, Babar ZUD. Strategies to reduce insulin prescribing errors in UK hospitals: results from a national survey. Diabet Med 2020; 37:1176-1184. [PMID: 31845373 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe insulin prescribing practice in National Health Service hospitals in the UK and the current use of interventions and strategies to reduce insulin prescribing errors. METHODS We sent a cross-sectional questionnaire to chief pharmacists in all National Health Service hospital trusts in the UK in January 2019. Questions concerned the use and functionality of electronic and paper systems used to prescribe subcutaneous insulin, along with features and interventions designed to reduce insulin prescribing errors. RESULTS Ninety-five hospital trusts responded (54%). Electronic prescribing of insulin was reported in 40% of hospitals, most of which were teaching hospitals in England. We found a wide variation in the functionality of both electronic prescribing and paper-based systems to enable the safe prescribing of insulin for inpatients. The availability of specialist diabetes pharmacists to support the safe prescribing of insulin was low (29%), but was positively associated with the use of a greater number of insulin prescribing error reduction strategies (P=0.002). The use of specific interventions to improve insulin prescribing quality (e.g. self-administration policies) varied greatly between respondent hospitals. CONCLUSIONS There is potential to optimize the functionality of both electronic and paper-based prescribing systems to improve the safe prescribing of insulin in hospitals in the UK. The wide variation in the use of insulin error reduction strategies may be improved by the availability of specialist diabetes pharmacists who can support the implementation of insulin-prescribing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bain
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - S S Hasan
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - S Kavanagh
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Z-U-D Babar
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
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7
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Price CL, Bain A, Wallace BJ, Preston TC, Davies JF. Simultaneous Retrieval of the Size and Refractive Index of Suspended Droplets in a Linear Quadrupole Electrodynamic Balance. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1811-1820. [PMID: 32013433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Single-particle trapping is an effective strategy to explore the physical and optical properties of aerosol with high precision. Laser-based methods are commonly used to probe the size, optical properties, and composition of nonlight-absorbing droplets in optical and electrodynamic traps. However, these methods cannot be applied to droplets containing photoactive chromophores, and thus, single-particle methods have been restricted to only a subset of atmospherically relevant particle compositions. In this work, we explore the application of a broadband light scattering approach, Mie resonance spectroscopy, to simultaneously probe the size and the refractive index (RI) of droplets in a linear quadrupole electrodynamic balance. We examine the evaporation of poly(ethylene glycol)s and compare the calculated vapor pressures with literature values to benchmark the size accuracy without prior constraint on the RI. We then explore the hygroscopic growth and deliquescence of sodium chloride droplets, measuring RI at the deliquescence relative humidity and demonstrating agreement to literature values. These data allow the wavelength dependence of the RI of aqueous NaCl to be determined using a first-order Cauchy equation, and we effectively reproduce literature data from multiple techniques. We finally discuss measurements from a light-absorbing aqueous droplet containing humic acid and interpret the spectra via the imaginary component of the RI. The approach described here allows the radius of nonabsorbing droplets to be determined within 0.1%, the refractive index within 0.2%, and the first-order term in the Cauchy dispersion equation within ∼5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92420, United States
| | - Alison Bain
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Brandon J Wallace
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Thomas C Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - James F Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92420, United States
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8
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Abstract
A model for calculating the wavelength-dependent refractive index of multicomponent mixtures is presented and applied to aqueous systems in the atmosphere and oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bain
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - Thomas C. Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
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Bain A, Hasan SS, Babar ZUD. Interventions to improve insulin prescribing practice for people with diabetes in hospital: a systematic review. Diabet Med 2019; 36:948-960. [PMID: 31050037 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To conduct a systematic review of literature to identify interventions that are effective in improving insulin prescribing for people with diabetes in the hospital setting. METHODS Computerized bibliographic databases were searched for studies published in English that described the effectiveness of interventions to improve insulin prescribing within the hospital setting. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported data that compared insulin prescribing practice after an intervention or compared with a control group. Studies were not excluded on the basis of publication date, geographical location or risk of bias assessment. RESULTS We identified 35 studies for inclusion in the review, including two cluster randomized controlled trials, two cohort studies, and 31 uncontrolled before-after studies. Studies reported a variety of interventions that aimed to increase insulin prescribing accuracy or completeness or decrease the use of discouraged subcutaneous sliding scale insulin regimens. Differences in definition of insulin prescribing error, terminology and common practice based on geographical location was evident, and quality issues with respect to study design and reporting somewhat limited the interpretation of conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Implementing strategies that are sensitive to local context and designed to increase adherence to insulin prescribing guidelines are associated with a reduction in prescribing errors. Future implementation should build on effective approaches including multifaceted interventions involving multiple stakeholders at various institutional levels. Future studies in insulin prescribing errors would benefit from the use of standardized approaches, terminology and outcome measures to enable greater comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bain
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - S S Hasan
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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Crawford E, Mustafa Z, Khan S, Hussain I, Maddekar N, Bikmalla S, Bain A, Grove P, Dillon M, Oxtoby J, Haris M. 48: Evaluating the use of PET-CT scan requests in the lung cancer diagnostic pathway – are we overusing this valuable resource? Lung Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(17)30098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rajhan A, Michael L, Bain A, Thomas A, Allen M. P67 Is there a difference between the sleep physiology of obese and super obese patients? Thorax 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bain A, Astuti DA, Suharti S, Arman C, Wiryawan KG. Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Meat Quality of Bali Cattle Fed a Ration Supplemented with Soybean Oil Calcium Soap and Cashew Fruit Flour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5398/medpet.2016.39.3.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tavassoli N, Chen Z, Bain A, Melo L, Chen D, Grant ER. Template-Oriented Genetic Algorithm Feature Selection of Analyte Wavelets in the Raman Spectrum of a Complex Mixture. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10591-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502203d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Tavassoli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Z. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - A. Bain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - L. Melo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - D. Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - E. R. Grant
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Wu J, Duan S, Li W, Wang Y, Liu W, Zhang J, Lun L, Li X, Zhou C, Zheng Y, Liu S, Xie Y, Cai G, Chen X, Shen P, Li Y, Wang Z, Wang W, Ren H, Zhang W, Chen N, Shimamoto M, Ohsawa I, Suzuki H, Nagamachi S, Shimizu Y, Horikoshi S, Tomino Y, Cox SN, Serino G, Sallustio F, Pesce F, Schena FP, Kalbacher E, Ducher M, Fouque D, MacGregor B, Combarnous F, Fauvel JP, Sarcina C, Ferrario F, Terraneo V, Pani A, Fogazzi G, Visciano GB, De Simone I, Rastelli F, Pozzi C, Kwak IS, Seong EY, Rhee H, Lee DW, Lee SB, Yang BY, Shin MJ, Kim IY, Stangou MJ, Bantis C, Kasimatis S, Skoularopoulou M, Toulkeridis G, Pantzaki A, Papagianni A, Efstratiadis G, Yamada K, Suzuki H, Suzuki Y, Raska M, Huang ZQ, Reily C, Moldoveanu Z, Kiryluk K, Julian BA, Tomino Y, Gharavi AG, Novak J, Camilla R, Coppo R, Bellur S, Cattran D, Cook T, Feehally J, Troyanov S, Roberts I, Vergano L, Morando L, Mizerska-Wasiak M, Maldyk J, Rybi-Szuminska A, Firszt-Adamczyk A, Bienias B, Gadomska-Prokop K, Grenda R, Zajaczkowska M, Stankiewicz R, Wasilewska A, Roszkowska-Blaim M, Zhang X, Xie J, Wang W, Pan X, Guo S, Shen P, Zhang W, Chen N, Soylu A, Ozturk Y, Dogan Y, Ozmen D, Yilmaz O, Kavukcu S, Choi JY, Park GY, Jung HY, Kim KH, Kwon O, Cho JH, Kim CD, Kim YL, Park SH, Berthoux FC, Mohey H, Laurent B, Mariat C, Chen YX, Zhang W, Xu J, Chen N, Bajcsi D, Haris A, Abraham G, Legrady P, Polner K, Ronaszeki B, Balla Z, Rakonczay Z, Ivanyi B, Sonkodi S, Bredin PH, Canney M, Kennedy C, Plant LD, Clarkson MR, Naz N, Hiremath M, Banerjee A, Shah Y, Yuste C, Casian A, Jironda C, Jayne D, Smith R, Lewin M, Jones R, Merkel P, Jayne D, Izzo C, Quaglia M, Radin E, Airoldi A, Fenoglio R, Lazzarich E, Stratta P, Onusic VL, Araujo MJ, Battaini LC, Jorge LB, Dias CB, Toledo-Barros M, Toledo-Barros R, Woronik V, Cirami CL, Gallo P, Romoli E, Mecacci F, Simeone S, Minetti EE, Mello G, Rivera F, Segarra A, Praga M, Quaglia M, Radin E, Izzo C, Airoldi A, Lazzarich E, Fenoglio R, Stratta P, Dias CB, Lee J, Jorge L, Malheiro D, Barros RT, Woronik V, Zakharova EV, Stolyarevich ES, Velioglu A, Guler D, Nalcaci S, Birdal G, Arikan H, Koc M, Direskeneli H, Tuglular S, Ozener C, Guedes Marques M, Cotovio P, Ferrer F, Silva C, Botelho C, Lopes K, Maia P, Carreira A, Campos M, Alharazy S, Kong NCT, Mohammad M, Shah SA, Gafor H, Bain A. Clinical nephrology - IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bain A. Callum Roy Weir Bain. Assoc Med J 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e6472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Adams D, Yee L, Williams R, Rimmer J, Bain A, Heseltine A, Afza M, Hendry J, Pearce C, Martin H. OB2.3 Investigation into an outbreak of invasive Group A Streptococcal (iGAS) infection at a general hospital in 2010. J Hosp Infect 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(10)60030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bain A. A nurse-led gynaecology emergency assessment service. Nurs Times 2006; 102:31-2. [PMID: 17212295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A gynaecology emergency assessment unit was established because an increasing number of women were being referred to the gynaecology ward for assessment. On average 180 women a month are assessed at the unit and there is potential for that number to increase. An audit has revealed that only 7.2% of women seen in the unit required admission, the remainder being suitable for treatment as outpatients. Before the unit was established it was normal practice for any referrals to be automatically admitted until the junior doctor on call could assess them and decide an appropriate care plan.
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Sasaki K, Park JO, Bain A, Reilly KJ, Adamson WT, Koide S, Zhang W, Rombeau JL. Glutamine protects function and improves preservation of small bowel segments. J Surg Res 1997; 73:90-4. [PMID: 9441799 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1997.5186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved organ preservation is essential for the success of small bowel transplantation. Small bowel is usually preserved in UW (University of Wisconsin) solution which does not contain glutamine (Gln), the principal fuel for the enterocyte. We hypothesized that Gln-supplemented UW would improve mucosal function and structure of cold preserved small intestine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Jejunum (40 cm) was harvested from Lewis rats and preserved for 18 hr at 4 degrees C in saline; UW solution only; UW with 1, 2, or 4% Gln; and UW containing 1, 2, or 4% isonitrogenous balanced nonessential amino acids (NEAA). 14C glucose transport, mucosal protein, mucosal maltase and alkaline phosphatase, jejunal villous height, and histologic damage were measured. RESULTS UW with 2% Gln significantly increased glucose transport and mucosal protein when compared to the 2% NEAA and UW-only groups. Two percent Gln significantly decreased histologic damage of jejunum following cold preservation. Increasing Gln to 4% did not significantly increase its efficacy when compared to the UW with 2% Gln group. There were no significant differences in the activities of mucosal maltase and alkaline phosphatase among the various treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS The addition of Gln, optimally provided at a concentration of 2%, to UW solution may protect the preserved small bowel segments from cold ischemic injury and improve mucosal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sasaki
- The Harrison Department of Surgical Research, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Mantell MP, Ziegler TR, Adamson WT, Roth JA, Zhang W, Frankel W, Bain A, Chow JC, Smith RJ, Rombeau JL. Resection-induced colonic adaptation is augmented by IGF-I and associated with upregulation of colonic IGF-I mRNA. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:G974-80. [PMID: 8572229 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.6.g974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on colonic adaptation were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 60, 225-275 mg) after either a 60% small bowel and cecal resection (RX) or mid-small bowel transection with reanastomosis (TX). Animals received a 7-day treatment with either IGF-I (2.4 mg.kg-1.day-1) or vehicle (V; 0.1 mol/l acetic acid). Body weight decreased significantly after resection (-25.6 +/- 4.0 g; P < 0.05 vs. TX/V). IGF-I treatment significantly reduced weight loss after resection (-12.4 +/- 3.8 g; P < 0.01 vs. RX/V) and induced significant weight gain after transection (15.6 +/- 4.0 g; P < 0.05 vs. TX/V). Plasma IGF-I decreased with resection (526 +/- 41 TX/V vs. 344 +/- 17 ng/ml RX/V; P < 0.01). IGF-I treatment significantly increased plasma IGF-I levels (805 +/- 100 ng/ml TX/IGF, 677 +/- 56 ng/ml RX/IGF). After resection, IGF-I treatment significantly increased colonic mucosal weight, DNA, protein content, and crypt depth when compared with resection alone (P < 0.05). Colonic water absorption, measured by an in vivo [3H]polyethylene glycol assay, was significantly increased by IGF-I treatment in resected animals (399 +/- 23 RX/IGF vs. 306 +/- 32 microliter.cm-1.h-1 RX/V; P < 0.05). Resection resulted in increased steady-state colonic IGF-I mRNA (182% of TX/V; P < 0.01) without significantly affecting IGF-I receptor mRNA expression. Regulation of IGF binding protein (BP)-3 and -4 was discoordinate, with IGFBP-3 mRNA tending to decrease with resection (67% of TX/V; P is not significant) and IGFBP-4 increasing significantly (191% of TX/V; P < 0.05). An important role for IGF-I in colonic adaptation after massive intestinal resection is indicated by 1) significantly enhanced colonic mucosal growth and water absorption with IGF-I treatment and 2) postresection upregulation of colonic IGF-I mRNA and alteration of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Mantell
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Abstract
IGF-I, a mitogenic polypeptide hormone, and glutamine (GLN), the preferred enterocyte fuel, singularly improve growth and structure of the small bowel isograft; however, their combined effects on intestinal allografts are unknown. This study examined the effects of IGF-I and GLN, singularly and in combination, on the structure and function of the intestinal allograft. Fifty-nine adult rats underwent resection of the distal 60% of small bowel and received either a 40-cm isograft or an allograft. Either IGF-I (2.4 mg/kg/day) or its vehicle was infused continuously by subcutaneous minipumps. An isocaloric polymeric diet with either 2% GLN or isonitrogenously balanced 2% nonessential amino acids was given continuously by gastrostomy for 10 days. Five groups were studied: isograft (ISO) alone, allograft (ALLO) alone, ALLO and GLN, ALLO and IGF-I, and ALLO and IGF-I with GLN. All recipients received Cyclosporine A (15 mg/kg, im) daily. Mucosal villus height, surface area, crypt depth, IgA, IgG, IgM, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) plasma cells in intestinal tissue, glucose and water absorption of intestinal graft, bacterial translocation (BT) to mesenteric lymph nodes, and body weight were determined. IGF-I increased villus height, surface area (P < 0.001), crypt depth (P < 0.01), and glucose absorption (P < 0.05) compared to the ISO and ALLO groups. GLN increased only crypt depth when compared to the ALLO group (P < 0.01). Both IGF-I and GLN independently decreased BT to MLN (P < 0.05) and, in combination, enhanced water absorption (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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Sasaki K, Zhang W, Bain A, Reilly K, Adamson W, Hirata K, Rombeau J. Protective effects of glutamine for cold-preserved small bowel grafts. Transplant Proc 1995; 27:1612-3. [PMID: 7725423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Research, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Zhang W, Frankel WL, Adamson WT, Roth JA, Mantell MP, Bain A, Ziegler TR, Smith RJ, Rombeau JL. Insulin-like growth factor-I improves mucosal structure and function in transplanted rat small intestine. Transplantation 1995; 59:755-61. [PMID: 7533956 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199503150-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The transplanted small intestine develops significant mucosal atrophy, impaired nutrient and water absorption, and increased bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes in rats maintained on elemental diets or total parenteral nutrition. This study determined the effects of administration of an peptide growth factor (insulin-like growth factor-I[IGF-I]) on the mucosal structure and barrier function of rat small bowel isografts. Thirty-six adult Lewis rats underwent either resection of the distal 60% of the small bowel and proximal colon followed by a 40-cm orthotopic jejunal isograft or proximal small bowel transection and distal small bowel resection to leave an analogous length of small intestine in control animals. All rats received an isocaloric, isonitrogenous, polymeric diet (200 kcal/kg/day, 2 gN/kg/day) by gastrostomy and were infused with either IGF-I (2.4 mg/kg/day) or vehicle by osmotic pumps subcutaneously. After 10 days of treatment, jejunal crypt cell production, mucosal morphometric indices, glucose and water absorption, body weight, and bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were measured. Jejunal mRNA content for IGF-I, IGF-I receptor, and IGF-binding proteins 3 and 4 (IGFBP-3,4) were determined by Northern blotting. Crypt cell production, villus height, crypt depth, and villus surface area were significantly increased in control and transplanted jejunum of rats infused with IGF-I when compared to animals given vehicle alone. Additionally, jejunal glucose absorption and water absorption were significantly improved in both IGF-I groups when compared with their respective vehicle controls. IGF-I infusion increased body weight in transplanted and control animals and markedly reduced bacterial translocation to MLN after small bowel transplantation. Jejunal levels of IGF-I mRNA were significantly increased in transplanted animals when compared to transected controls. IGF-I treatment significantly increased IGFBP-3 tissue mRNA levels in both transected and transplanted animals. These results demonstrate that IGF-I administration, after small bowel transplantation, improves mucosal structure and absorptive function and reduces bacterial translocation to MLN. IGF-I may have important effects in transplanted small bowel both as an endogenous and administered growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Zhang W, Frankel WL, Bain A, Choi D, Klurfeld DM, Rombeau JL. Glutamine reduces bacterial translocation after small bowel transplantation in cyclosporine-treated rats. J Surg Res 1995; 58:159-64. [PMID: 7861767 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1995.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial translocation (BT) of enteric organisms is a major cause of sepsis in patients undergoing small bowel transplantation (SBT). Cyclosporine (CsA) may be toxic to intestinal epithelium and increase the risk of BT. Glutamine (Gln) is the preferred enterocyte fuel and maintains graft epithelial integrity in experimental SBT. This study determined the effects of CsA on mucosal structure and function of transplanted intestinal isograft and examined whether Gln-enriched diet reversed CsA-induced intestinal toxicity. Thirty-three adult Lewis rats underwent resection of the distal 60% of small bowel and received an orthotopic jejunal isograft. Rats received either elemental diet with 2% Gln or the same diet with balanced nonessential amino acids (non-Gln) by gastrostomy for 10 days. CsA (15 mg/kg, im) or olive oil was injected daily. Rats were assigned to four groups: non-Gln with vehicle, non-Gln with CsA, Gln with vehicle, and Gln with CsA. Mucosal villous height, surface area, crypt depth, 14C glucose absorption, BT to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and body weight change were evaluated. The non-Gln with CsA group had the highest incidence of BT (P < 0.001). Gln groups had significantly decreased BT (P < 0.01) and increased crypt depth and villous surface area (P < 0.01) when compared to non-Gln groups. Body weight significantly decreased in CsA groups when compared to non-CsA groups (P < 0.01). These results indicate at CsA significantly decreased body weight and increased BT without decreasing mucosal structure and glucose absorption of intestinal isografts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Frankel W, Zhang W, Singh A, Bain A, Satchithanandam S, Klurfeld D, Rombeau J. Fiber: effect on bacterial translocation and intestinal mucin content. World J Surg 1995; 19:144-8; discussion 148-9. [PMID: 7740802 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and elemental diet (ED) produce intestinal atrophy and increase bacterial translocation (BT) to mesenteric lymph nodes. The increased rate of BT may be due to alterations in mucosal structure, enzyme activity, or mucin content. Fiber improves intestinal structure and function in rats and may reduce the rate of BT. This study determined whether the addition of fiber to TPN or ED would maintain intestinal integrity and decrease BT to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Fifty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent placement of jugular catheters and were assigned to one of five dietary groups: TPN, TPN+oral oat fiber (TPNF) 2 g/day, ED, ED+oral oat fiber (EDF) 2 g/day, or AIN-76 (control); they were pair-fed for 7 days. On day 8 the mesenteric lymph nodes were removed for bacterial cultures; and jejunal mucosal weight, DNA, protein, alkaline phosphatase, maltase, and jejunal mucin content were measured. Enteral nutrition significantly decreased BT when compared to parenteral feeding, and fiber significantly decreased BT when administered to rats receiving TPN or ED. Improvements in intestinal mucosal structure were not consistently associated with decreased rates of BT. Additionally, BT occurred independently of jejunal mucin concentration. Mechanisms other than maintenance of mucosal structure or mucin content are important in the mediation of fiber-induced decreased BT in rats receiving TPN or ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Frankel
- Department of Surgical Research, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Frankel W, Lew J, Su B, Bain A, Klurfeld D, Einhorn E, MacDermott RP, Rombeau J. Butyrate increases colonocyte protein synthesis in ulcerative colitis. J Surg Res 1994; 57:210-4. [PMID: 8041140 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1994.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate promotes epithelial cell healing and improves symptoms when administered rectally in patients with distal ulcerative colitis (UC). It was hypothesized that butyrate may enhance healing in patients with UC by stimulating colonocyte proliferation and/or protein production. Mucosa from the descending colon was obtained from patients with UC (n = 5), Crohn's disease (n = 8), diverticulitis (n = 6), and cancer (normal tissue 10 cm from tumor; n = 10). Epithelial cells were isolated using dispase/collagenase and differential sedimentation and incubated for 4 hr at 37 degrees C with either Na butyrate (10 mM) or NaCl (10 mM). Protein synthesis was assessed by [14C]leucine incorporation and proliferation was determined with [3H]thymidine. Mean viability and purity were >88%. Spontaneous proliferation was significantly increased in UC when compared to diverticulitis and normal controls. Butyrate significantly increased protein synthesis in UC epithelial cells when compared to saline control. The therapeutic effects of butyrate in patients with UC may be due to its use by epithelial cells as a metabolic fuel to increase protein production and promote healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Frankel
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Zhang W, Frankel WL, Roth J, Mantell MP, Bain A, Klurfeld DM, Rombeau JL. Insulin-like growth factor-I improves mucosal structure and function in small bowel transplantation in the rat. Transplant Proc 1994; 26:1458-9. [PMID: 8029988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a recently developed rating scale of perceived exertion, the Children's Effort Rating Table (CERT), for controlling exercise intensity in young children. 16 children (M age = 9.9 yr., SD = 1.2) performed three separate exercise tests on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer. Stage I (response protocol) consisted of a graded test with heart rate and perceived effort rating recorded in response to specified steady-state work outputs. Stage II (production protocol) examined subjects' ability to produce work outputs corresponding to levels 5, 7, and 9 of the CERT. This protocol was repeated on a further occasion (Stage III) to assess the reliability of the findings. Pearson correlations between ratings and heart rate (0.76) and ratings and work output (0.75) highlight the potential of the scale as a valid measure of exercise intensity. Also, the work rates produced by subjects in Stage II correlated 0.89 with those predicted from Stage I; however, analysis of variance showed that work output was significantly lower in Stage II than predicted. Finally, an intraclass correlation of 0.91 between Stages II and III suggests that the scale gave a reliable estimate of exercise intensity of children. The findings from this pilot study suggest that children's perceptions of effort might be used to guide intensity of exercise during structured activity classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Eston
- Department of Movement, Science and Physical Education, University of Liverpool
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Botha P, Hirsch S, Harley E, Elisha G, Pratt K, Bain A, Destroo L. Infectious drug resistance during an outbreak of samonellosis. S Afr Med J 1980; 58:311-3. [PMID: 7404243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The sudden acquisition of aminoglycoside resistance among Salmonella group C1 isolates causing summer diarrhoea raised the possibility oif plasmid-mediated reistance. The demonstration of circular DNA species in the resistant, but not in the sensitive salmonellae and the transfer by conjugation of antibiotic resistance to a sensitive strain of Escherichic coli, was consistent with plasmid-mediated resistance.
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Bain A. Protection Against Head Injury. West J Med 1959. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5136.1532-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Duverger J, Bain A. A Rare Case of Lingual and Pharyngeal Sporotrichosis with Threatened Asphyxiation. Laryngoscope 1911. [DOI: 10.1288/00005537-191106000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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