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Sripada SA, Hosseini M, Ramesh S, Wang J, Ritola K, Menegatti S, Daniele MA. Advances and opportunities in process analytical technologies for viral vector manufacturing. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108391. [PMID: 38848795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Viral vectors are an emerging, exciting class of biologics whose application in vaccines, oncology, and gene therapy has grown exponentially in recent years. Following first regulatory approval, this class of therapeutics has been vigorously pursued to treat monogenic disorders including orphan diseases, entering hundreds of new products into pipelines. Viral vector manufacturing supporting clinical efforts has spurred the introduction of a broad swath of analytical techniques dedicated to assessing the diverse and evolving panel of Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) of these products. Herein, we provide an overview of the current state of analytics enabling measurement of CQAs such as capsid and vector identities, product titer, transduction efficiency, impurity clearance etc. We highlight orthogonal methods and discuss the advantages and limitations of these techniques while evaluating their adaptation as process analytical technologies. Finally, we identify gaps and propose opportunities in enabling existing technologies for real-time monitoring from hardware, software, and data analysis viewpoints for technology development within viral vector biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhana A Sripada
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Mahshid Hosseini
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Srivatsan Ramesh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Junhyeong Wang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kimberly Ritola
- North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning (NC-VVIRAL), North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brain Initiative Neurotools Vector Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning (NC-VVIRAL), North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, North Carolina State University, 890 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning (NC-VVIRAL), North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Thoben C, Stadtler JJ, Simon PR, Raddatz CR, Sehlmeyer M, Zimmermann S. Coated Blade Spray Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3593-3599. [PMID: 38347729 PMCID: PMC10902811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Coated blade spray (CBS) is a microextraction technology with blades that serve as both the extraction device and the electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter. CBS is designed for easy and rapid extraction of analytes in complex matrices as well as ESI directly from the blade. The technology selectively enriches the components of interest on a coated metal blade. The coating consists of a selective polymer. So far, CBS has only been coupled with mass spectrometry but never with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), where ions are separated and detected based on their ion mobility in a drift gas under the influence of an electric field, while instrumentation is compact and easy to operate so that the advantages of CBS can be particularly well exploited. Therefore, this work focuses on coupling CBS with our previously described ESI-IMS. The ion mobility spectrometer has a drift length of only 75 mm and provides a high resolving power of RP = 100. In this work, preliminary measurements of CBS-IMS are presented. In particular, the detection of benzodiazepines and ketamine in drinks and the pesticide isoproturon in water samples is shown to demonstrate the feasibility of CBS-IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jannie J. Stadtler
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul R. Simon
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Merle Sehlmeyer
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Thoben C, Schlottmann F, Kobelt T, Nitschke A, Gloeden GL, Naylor CN, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Ultra-Fast Ion Mobility Spectrometer for High-Throughput Chromatography. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17073-17081. [PMID: 37953497 PMCID: PMC10666085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Fast chromatography systems especially developed for high sample throughput applications require sensitive detectors with a high repetition rate. These high throughput techniques, including various chip-based microfluidic designs, often benefit from detectors providing subsequent separation in another dimension, such as mass spectrometry or ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), giving additional information about the analytes or monitoring reaction kinetics. However, subsequent separation is required at a high repetition rate. Here, we therefore present an ultra-fast drift tube IMS operating at ambient pressure. Short drift times while maintaining high resolving power are reached by several key instrumental design features: short length of the drift tube, resistor network of the drift tube, tristate ion shutter, and improved data acquisition electronics. With these design improvements, even slow ions with a reduced mobility of just 0.94 cm2/(V s) have a drift time below 1.6 ms. Such short drift times allow for a significantly increased repetition rate of 600 Hz compared with previously reported values. To further reduce drift times and thus increase the repetition rate, helium can be used as the drift gas, which allows repetition rates of up to 2 kHz. Finally, these significant improvements enable IMS to be used as a detector following ultra-fast separation including chip-based chromatographic systems or droplet microfluidic applications requiring high repetition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Schlottmann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Kobelt
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Nitschke
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gian-Luca Gloeden
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Cameron N. Naylor
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T. Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Kubo T, Ichikawa M, Adachi T, Watabe Y, Naito T, Otuka K. Development of a particle packed bed model for homogeneity evaluation of liquid chromatography column. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464171. [PMID: 37385150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Particle packed columns used for liquid chromatography (LC) can suppress a column internal band broadening (hereinafter referred to as band broadening) by packing monodisperse particles homogenously. However, a quantitative evaluation for the effects of particle shape and packed state on band broadening needs to be more investigated. In this study, we fabricated a model of particle packed bed using microfluid LC columns that have pillar array structure prepared by microfabrication technology, evaluating how structural factors inside of a column affect its band broadening. At first, microfluid LC columns was prepared using Si-quartz glass (Si-Q column) for the optimization of LC measurement system. Through the evaluation, it showed 11.6 times higher pressure tolerance compared to that of PDMS-soda lime glass (PDMS-g column). Then, an optimized LC measurement system was constructed using a microfluidic LC column made of Si-Q column, and it was confirmed that the measurement error was small enough and the LC measurement could be performed with high repeatability. Additionally, the effect of a distribution of structural size on band broadening was evaluated. It was confirmed that wide distribution of the structural size provided large band broadening in actual measurements. Comparing two columns having different structural log-normal distributions of 0 and 0.22 showed approximately 1.8 times difference in both real LC measurement. Lastly, the relationship between packed state and band broadening was evaluated. As packed state, we employed void arrangement and structural arrangement in the columns. Different location arrangements of 50 and 100 µm pillar sizes afforded different band broadening. Well-homogenized array showed approximately two times worse band broadening compared to that of delocalized array. Based on these results, the developed packed bed of particles model was able to evaluate the relation between structural factors and band broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kubo
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Motonobu Ichikawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tenki Adachi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watabe
- Research Center, Shimadzu General Service, Inc, 1, Nishinokyo, Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Naito
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; RIKEN Innovation, COREDO Nihonbashi, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027 Japan
| | - Koji Otuka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Ultrasensitive quantification of trace amines based on N-phosphorylation labeling chip 2D LC-QQQ/MS. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:315-322. [PMID: 37102107 PMCID: PMC10123937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace amines (TAs) are metabolically related to catecholamine and associated with cancer and neurological disorders. Comprehensive measurement of TAs is essential for understanding pathological processes and providing proper drug intervention. However, the trace amounts and chemical instability of TAs challenge quantification. Here, diisopropyl phosphite coupled with chip two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ/MS) was developed to simultaneously determine TAs and associated metabolites. The results showed that the sensitivities of TAs increased up to 5520 times compared with those using nonderivatized LC-QQQ/MS. This sensitive method was utilized to investigate their alterations in hepatoma cells after treatment with sorafenib. The significantly altered TAs and associated metabolites suggested that phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolic pathways were related to sorafenib treatment in Hep3B cells. This sensitive method has great potential to elucidate the mechanism and diagnose diseases considering that an increasing number of physiological functions of TAs have been discovered in recent decades.
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Chromatographic-Based Platforms as New Avenues for Scientific Progress and Sustainability. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165267. [PMID: 36014506 PMCID: PMC9412595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatography was born approximately one century ago and has undergone outstanding technological improvements in innovation, research, and development since then that has made it fundamental to advances in knowledge at different levels, with a relevant impact on the well-being and health of individuals. Chromatography boosted a comprehensive and deeper understanding of the complexity and diversity of human–environment interactions and systems, how these interactions affect our life, and the several societal challenges we are currently facing, namely those related to the sustainability of our planet and the future generations. From the life sciences, which allowed us to identify endogenous metabolites relevant to disease mechanisms, to the OMICS field, nanotechnology, clinical and forensic analysis, drug discovery, environment, and “foodprint”, among others, the wide range of applications of today’s chromatographic techniques is impressive. This is fueled by a great variability of powerful chromatographic instruments currently available, with very high sensitivity, resolution, and identification capacity, that provide a strong basis for an analytical platform able to support the challenging demands of the postgenomic and post COVID-19 eras. Within this context, this review aims to address the great utility of chromatography in helping to cope with several societal-based challenges, such as the characterization of disease and/or physiological status, and the response to current agri-food industry challenges of food safety and sustainability, or the monitoring of environmental contamination. These are increasingly important challenges considering the climate changes, the tons of food waste produced every day, and the exponential growth of the human population. In this context, the principles governing the separation mechanisms in chromatography as well the different types and chromatographic techniques will be described. In addition, the major achievements and the most important technological advances will be also highlighted. Finally, a set of studies was selected in order to evince the importance of different chromatographic analyses to understand processes or create fundamental information in the response to current societal challenges.
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Effects of the LC mobile phase in vacuum differential mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry for the selective analysis of antidepressant drugs in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7243-7252. [PMID: 35976423 PMCID: PMC9482904 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of LC mobile phase composition and flow rate (2–50 µL/min) on mobility behavior in vacuum differential mobility spectrometry (vDMS) was investigated for electrosprayed isobaric antidepressant drugs (AD); amitriptyline, maprotiline, venlafaxine; and structurally related antidepressants nortriptyline, imipramine, and desipramine. While at 2 µL/min, no difference in compensation voltage was observed with methanol and acetonitrile, at 50 µL/min, acetonitrile used for LC elution of analytes enabled the selectivity of the mobility separation to be improved. An accurate and sensitive method could be developed for the quantification of six AD drugs in human plasma using trap/elute micro-LC setup hyphenated to vDMS with mass spectrometric detection in the selected ion monitoring mode. The assay was found to be linear over three orders of magnitude, and the limit of quantification was of 25 ng/mL for all analytes. The LC-vDMS-SIM/MS method was compared to a LC-MRM/MS method, and in both cases, inter-assay precisions were lower than 12.5 and accuracies were in the range 91.5–110%, but with a four times reduced analysis time (2 min) for the LC-vDMS-SIM/MS method. This work illustrates that with vDMS, the LC mobile phase composition can be used to tune the ion mobility separation and to improve assay selectivity without additional hardware.
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Hu W, Meng Q, Lu Y, Xu Y, Nwadiuso OJ, Yu J, Liu W, Jing G, Li W, Liu W. Fourier Deconvolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 241:123270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jia X, Zhang H, Jiang X, Lu Y, Liu W, Yu J. Profiling and quantitation of alkaloids in different parts of Sophora alopecuroides L. extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation ion mobility spectrometry detection. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:1003-1010. [PMID: 33751700 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ambient pressure electrospray ionisation ion mobility spectrometry coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect alkaloids from different parts of Sophora alopecuroides L. extracts. Multiplexing ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio while maintaining high resolving power for the detecting of eluents from HPLC separation. MATERIAL AND METHODS The alkaloids profile and distribution are demonstrated by retention time-drift time two-dimensional spaces, and the contents of five major alkaloids including sophoridine, sophocarpine, cytisine, aloperine, and matrine were determined in the leaf, skin, stem, seed kernel, and seed husk using the HPLC-IMS method. This method offers extra separation ability to isomers such as matrine and sophocarpine, which can be difficult to distinguish by mass spectrometry. RESULTS The reduced mobilities for cytisine, sophoridine, sophocarpine, matrine, and aloperine are 0.828, 0.718, 0.731, 0.725, and 0.769 cm2 /V/s, respectively. The limits of detection are 0.553, 0.488, 0.479, 0.484, and 0.513 ug/mL. This method adds extra separation ability to HPLC to resolve co-eluted peaks and provides another qualitative parameter besides HPLC retention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilisation of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hanghang Zhang
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilisation of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiangfu Jiang
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilisation of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yaling Lu
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilisation of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Jianna Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilisation of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar, Xinjiang, China
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Hartner NT, Wink K, Raddatz CR, Thoben C, Schirmer M, Zimmermann S, Belder D. Coupling Droplet Microfluidics with Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Monitoring Chemical Conversions at Nanoliter Scale. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13615-13623. [PMID: 34592821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the coupling of droplet microfluidics and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to address the challenges of label-free and chemical-specific detection of compounds in individual droplets. In analogy to the established use of mass spectrometry, droplet-IMS coupling can be also achieved via electrospray ionization but with significantly less instrumental effort. Because IMS instruments do not require high-vacuum systems, they are very compact, cost-effective, and robust, making them an ideal candidate as a chemical-specific end-of-line detector for segmented flow experiments. Herein, we demonstrate the successful coupling of droplet microfluidics with a custom-built high-resolution drift tube IMS system for monitoring chemical reactions in nL-sized droplets in an oil phase. The analytes contained in each droplet were assigned according to their characteristic ion mobility with limit of detections down to 200 nM to 1 μM and droplet frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz. Using a custom sheath flow electrospray interface, we have further achieved the chemical-specific monitoring of a biochemical transformation catalyzed by a few hundred yeast cells, at single droplet level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora T Hartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstantin Wink
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Schirmer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Piendl SK, Schönfelder T, Polack M, Weigelt L, van der Zwaag T, Teutenberg T, Beckert E, Belder D. Integration of segmented microflow chemistry and online HPLC/MS analysis on a microfluidic chip system enabling enantioselective analyses at the nanoliter scale. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2614-2624. [PMID: 34008641 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce an approach to merge droplet microfluidics with an HPLC/MS functionality on a single chip to analyze the contents of individual droplets. This is achieved by a mechanical rotor-stator interface that precisely positions a microstructured PEEK rotor on a microfluidic chip in a pressure-tight manner. The developed full-body fused silica chip, manufactured by selective laser-induced etching, contained a segmented microflow compartment followed by a packed HPLC channel, which were interconnected by the microfluidic PEEK rotor on the fused silica lid with hair-thin through-holes. This enabled the targeted and leakage-free transfer of 10 nL fractions of droplets as small as 25 nL from the segmented microflow channel into the HPLC compartment that operated at pressures of up to 60 bar. In a proof of concept study, this approach was successfully applied to monitor reactions at the nanoliter scale and to distinguish the formed enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schönfelder
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Polack
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Laura Weigelt
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Till van der Zwaag
- Institut für Energie - und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie - und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Erik Beckert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Themelis T, Amini A, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Towards spatial comprehensive three-dimensional liquid chromatography: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1148:238157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Davis JJ, Foster SW, Grinias JP. Low-cost and open-source strategies for chemical separations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461820. [PMID: 33453654 PMCID: PMC7870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward utilizing open access resources for laboratory research has begun. Open-source design strategies for scientific hardware rely upon the use of widely available parts, especially those that can be directly printed using additive manufacturing techniques and electronic components that can be connected to low-cost microcontrollers. Open-source software eliminates the need for expensive commercial licenses and provides the opportunity to design programs for specific needs. In this review, the impact of the "open-source movement" within the field of chemical separations is described, primarily through a comprehensive look at research in this area over the past five years. Topics that are covered include general laboratory equipment, sample preparation techniques, separations-based analysis, detection strategies, electronic system control, and software for data processing. Remaining hurdles and possible opportunities for further adoption of open-source approaches in the context of these separations-related topics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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14
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Hartner NT, Raddatz CR, Thoben C, Piendl SK, Zimmermann S, Belder D. On-Line Coupling of Chip-Electrochromatography and Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15129-15136. [PMID: 33143411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the first hyphenation of chip-electrochromatography (ChEC) with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). This approach combines the separation power of two electrokinetically driven separation techniques, the first in liquid phase and the second in gas phase, with a label-free detection of the analytes. For achieving this, a microfluidic glass chip incorporating a monolithic separation column, a nanofluidic liquid junction for providing post-column electrical contact, and a monolithically integrated electrospray emitter was developed. This device was successfully coupled to a custom-built high-resolution drift tube IMS with shifted potentials. After proof-of-concept studies in which a mixture of five model compounds was analyzed in less than 80 s, this first ChEC-IMS system was applied to a more complex sample, the analysis of herbicides spiked in the wine matrix. The use of ChEC before IMS detection not only facilitated the peak allocation and increased the peak capacity but also enabled analyte quantification. As both, ChEC and IMS work at ambient conditions and are driven by high voltages, no bulky pumping systems are needed, neither for the hydrodynamic pumping of the mobile phase as in high-performance liquid chromatography nor for generating a vacuum system as in mass spectrometry. Accordingly, the approach has great potential as a portable analytical system for field analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora T Hartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian K Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Prüfert C, Urban RD, Fischer TG, Villatoro J, Riebe D, Beitz T, Belder D, Zeitler K, Löhmannsröben HG. In situ monitoring of photocatalyzed isomerization reactions on a microchip flow reactor by IR-MALDI ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7899-7911. [PMID: 32918557 PMCID: PMC7550389 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The visible-light photocatalytic E/Z isomerization of olefins can be mediated by a wide spectrum of triplet sensitizers (photocatalysts). However, the search for the most efficient photocatalysts through screenings in photo batch reactors is material and time consuming. Capillary and microchip flow reactors can accelerate this screening process. Combined with a fast analytical technique for isomer differentiation, these reactors can enable high-throughput analyses. Ion mobility (IM) spectrometry is a cost-effective technique that allows simple isomer separation and detection on the millisecond timescale. This work introduces a hyphenation method consisting of a microchip reactor and an infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (IR-MALDI) ion mobility spectrometer that has the potential for high-throughput analysis. The photocatalyzed E/Z isomerization of ethyl-3-(pyridine-3-yl)but-2-enoate (E-1) as a model substrate was chosen to demonstrate the capability of this device. Classic organic triplet sensitizers as well as Ru-, Ir-, and Cu-based complexes were tested as catalysts. The ionization efficiency of the Z-isomer is much higher at atmospheric pressure which is due to a higher proton affinity. In order to suppress proton transfer reactions by limiting the number of collisions, an IM spectrometer working at reduced pressure (max. 100 mbar) was employed. This design reduced charge transfer reactions and allowed the quantitative determination of the reaction yield in real time. Among 14 catalysts tested, four catalysts could be determined as efficient sensitizers for the E/Z isomerization of ethyl cinnamate derivative E-1. Conversion rates of up to 80% were achieved in irradiation time sequences of 10 up to 180 s. With respect to current studies found in the literature, this reduces the acquisition times from several hours to only a few minutes per scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Prüfert
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Raphael David Urban
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tillmann Georg Fischer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José Villatoro
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Riebe
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Toralf Beitz
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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16
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Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. 3. Achievements on chip-based LC–MS devices. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Valadbeigi Y, Bayat S, Ilbeigi V. A Novel Application of Dopants in Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Suppression of Fragment Ions of Citric Acid. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7924-7931. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sahar Bayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Vahideh Ilbeigi
- TOF Tech. Pars Company, Isfahan Science & Technology Town, Isfahan, Iran
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18
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Kirk AT, Kueddelsmann MJ, Bohnhorst A, Lippmann M, Zimmermann S. Improving Ion Mobility Spectrometer Sensitivity through the Extended Field Switching Ion Shutter. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4838-4847. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar T. Kirk
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian J. Kueddelsmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohnhorst
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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19
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Piendl SK, Geissler D, Weigelt L, Belder D. Multiple Heart-Cutting Two-Dimensional Chip-HPLC Combined with Deep-UV Fluorescence and Mass Spectrometric Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3795-3803. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Weigelt
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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