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Li G, Liu D, Zuo YY. Nano-bio Interactions in the Lung. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8984-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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2
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Bi S, Li M, Liang Z, Li G, Yu G, Zhang J, Chen C, Yang C, Xue C, Zuo YY, Sun B. Self-assembled aluminum oxyhydroxide nanorices with superior suspension stability for vaccine adjuvant. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 627:238-246. [PMID: 35849857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The suspension stability of aluminum-based adjuvant (Alum) plays an important role in determining the Alum-antigen interaction and vaccine efficacy. Inclusion of excipients has been shown to stabilize antigens in vaccine formulations. However, there is no mechanistic study to tune the characteristics of Alum for improved suspension stability. Herein, a library of self-assembled rice-shaped aluminum oxyhydroxide nanoadjuvants i.e., nanorices (NRs), was synthesized through intrinsically controlled crystallization and atomic coupling-mediated aggregations. The NRs exhibited superior suspension stability in both water and a saline buffer. After adsorbing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) virus-like particles (VLPs), human papillomavirus virus (HPV) VLPs, or bovine serum albumin, NR-antigen complexes exhibited less sedimentation. Further mechanistic study demonstrated that the improved suspension stability was due to intraparticle aggregations that led to the reduction of the surface free energy. By using HBsAg in a murine vaccination model, NRs with higher aspect ratios elicited more potent humoral immune responses. Our study demonstrated that engineered control of particle aggregation provides a novel material design strategy to improve suspension stability for a diversity of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Guangle Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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3
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Taylor N, Ma W, Kristopeit A, Wang SC, Zydney AL. Evaluating Nanoparticle Hydrophobicity Using Analytical Membrane Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8668-8673. [PMID: 35675206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle hydrophobicity is a key factor controlling the stability, adhesion, and transport of nanoparticle suspensions. Although a number of approaches have been presented for evaluating nanoparticle hydrophobicity, these methods are difficult to apply to larger nanoparticles and viruses (>100 nm in size) that are of increasing importance in drug delivery and gene therapy. This study investigated the use of a new analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography method employing a 5.0 μm pore size polyvinylidene fluoride membrane as the stationary-phase in membrane hydrophobic interaction chromatography (MHIC). Experimental data obtained using a series of model proteins were in good agreement with literature values for the hydrophobicity (both experimental and computational). MHIC was then used to evaluate the hydrophobicity of a variety of nanoparticles, including a live attenuated viral vaccine, both in water and in the presence of different surfactants. This new method can be implemented on any liquid chromatography system, run times are typically <20 min, and the experiments avoid the use of organic solvents that could alter the structure of many biological nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Taylor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wanli Ma
- Vaccine Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Adam Kristopeit
- Vaccine Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Vaccine Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew L Zydney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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4
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Liang Z, Wang X, Yu G, Li M, Shi S, Bao H, Chen C, Fu D, Ma W, Xue C, Sun B. Mechanistic understanding of the aspect ratio-dependent adjuvanticity of engineered aluminum oxyhydroxide nanorods in prophylactic vaccines. NANO TODAY 2022; 43:101445. [PMID: 35261619 PMCID: PMC8896059 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) adjuvants are widely used in human vaccines. However, the interaction mechanisms at the material-bio interface, and further understandings on physicochemical property-dependent modulation of the immune responses still remain uncertain. Herein, a library of AlOOH nanorods with well-defined aspect ratios is designed to explore the mechanisms of adjuvanticity. The aspect ratios of AlOOH nanorods were demonstrated to be intrinsically modulated by the hydroxide supersaturation level during crystal growth, leading to the differences in surface free energy (SFE). As a result, higher aspect ratio AlOOH nanoadjuvants with lower SFE exhibited more hydrophobic surface, resulting in more membrane depolarization, cellular uptake and dendritic cell (DC) activation. By using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) virus-like particles (VLPs) or SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) as model antigens, AlOOH nanorods with higher aspect ratio were determined to elicit more potent humoral immune responses, which could be attributed to the enhanced DC activation and the efficient antigen trafficking to the draining lymph nodes. Our findings highlight the critical role of aspect ratio of AlOOH nanorods in modulating adjuvanticity, and further provide a design strategy for engineered nanoadjuvants for prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Shuting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Hang Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Duo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
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5
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Li G, Cao Z, Ho KKHY, Zuo YY. Quantitative Determination of the Hydrophobicity of Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2078-2086. [PMID: 35029972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobicity of nanoparticles (NPs) is one of the most important physicochemical properties that determines their agglomeration state under various environmental conditions. When studying nano-bio interactions, it is found that the hydrophobicity of NPs plays a predominant role in mediating the biological response and toxicity of the NPs. Although many methods have been developed to qualitatively or quantitatively determine hydrophobicity, there is not yet a scientific consensus on the standard of characterizing the hydrophobicity of NPs. We have developed a novel optical method, called the maximum particle dispersion (MPD), for quantitatively characterizing the hydrophobicity of NPs. The principle of measurement of the MPD method lies in the control of the aggregation state of the NPs via manipulating the van der Waals interactions between NPs across a dispersion liquid. We have scrutinized the mechanism of the MPD method using a combination of dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy and further verified the MPD method using a completely independent dye adsorption method. The MPD method demonstrated great promise to be developed into an easy-to-use and cost-effective method for quantitatively characterizing the hydrophobicity of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangle Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Zhenle Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Kacie K H Y Ho
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96826, United States
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6
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Nano-Bio Interactions in the Lung. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9374-7_14-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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7
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Inaba Y, Kernan T, West AC, Banta S. Dispersion of sulfur creates a valuable new growth medium formulation that enables earlier sulfur oxidation in relation to iron oxidation in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3225-3238. [PMID: 34086346 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is an acidophilic chemolithoautotroph that is commonly reported to exhibit diauxic population growth behavior where ferrous iron is oxidized before elemental sulfur when both are available, despite the higher energy content of sulfur. We have discovered sulfur dispersion formulations that enables sulfur oxidation before ferrous iron oxidation. The oxidation of dispersed sulfur can lower the culture pH within days below the range where aerobic ferrous iron oxidation can occur. Thus, ferric iron reduction can be observed quickly which had previously been reported over extended incubation periods with untreated sulfur. Therefore, we demonstrate that this substrate utilization pattern is strongly dependent on the cell loading in relation to sulfur concentration, sulfur surface hydrophobicity, and the pH of the culture. Our dispersed sulfur formulation, lig-sulfur, can be used to support the rapid antibiotic selection of plasmid-transformed cells, which is not possible in liquid cultures where ferrous iron is the main source of energy for these acidophiles. Furthermore, we find that media containing lig-sulfur supports higher production of green fluorescent protein compared to media containing ferrous iron. The use of dispersed sulfur is a valuable new tool for the development of engineered A. ferrooxidans strains and it provides a new method to control iron and sulfur oxidation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Inaba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Timothy Kernan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Alan C West
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
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8
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Chew AK, Dallin BC, Van Lehn RC. The Interplay of Ligand Properties and Core Size Dictates the Hydrophobicity of Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4534-4545. [PMID: 33621066 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobicity of monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles is a crucial design parameter that influences self-assembly, preferential binding to proteins and membranes, and other nano-bio interactions. Predicting the effects of monolayer components on nanoparticle hydrophobicity is challenging due to the nonadditive, cooperative perturbations to interfacial water structure that dictate hydrophobicity at the nanoscale. In this work, we quantify nanoparticle hydrophobicity by using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to calculate local hydration free energies at the nanoparticle-water interface. The simulations reveal that the hydrophobicity of large gold nanoparticles is determined primarily by ligand end group chemistry, as expected. However, for small gold nanoparticles, long alkanethiol ligands interact to form anisotropic bundles that lead to substantial spatial variations in hydrophobicity even for homogeneous monolayer compositions. We further show that nanoparticle hydrophobicity is modulated by changing the ligand structure, ligand chemistry, and gold core size, emphasizing that single-ligand properties alone are insufficient to characterize hydrophobicity. Finally, we illustrate that hydration free energy measurements correlate with the preferential binding of propane as a representative hydrophobic probe molecule. Together, these results show that both physical and chemical properties influence the hydrophobicity of small nanoparticles and must be considered together when predicting gold nanoparticle interactions with biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex K Chew
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bradley C Dallin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Reid C Van Lehn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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9
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Current developments and future outlook in nanofluid flooding: A comprehensive review of various parameters influencing oil recovery mechanisms. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Zuo YY, Uspal WE, Wei T. Airborne Transmission of COVID-19: Aerosol Dispersion, Lung Deposition, and Virus-Receptor Interactions. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16502-16524. [PMID: 33236896 PMCID: PMC7724984 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is now causing a global pandemic. Aerosol transmission of COVID-19, although plausible, has not been confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a general transmission route. Considering the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, especially nosocomial outbreaks and other superspreading events, there is an urgent need to study the possibility of airborne transmission and its impact on the lung, the primary body organ attacked by the virus. Here, we review the complete pathway of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from aerosol dispersion in air to subsequent biological uptake after inhalation. In particular, we first review the aerodynamic and colloidal mechanisms by which aerosols disperse and transmit in air and deposit onto surfaces. We then review the fundamental mechanisms that govern regional deposition of micro- and nanoparticles in the lung. Focus is given to biophysical interactions between particles and the pulmonary surfactant film, the initial alveolar-capillary barrier and first-line host defense system against inhaled particles and pathogens. Finally, we summarize the current understanding about the structural dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its interactions with receptors at the atomistic and molecular scales, primarily as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. This review provides urgent and multidisciplinary knowledge toward understanding the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its health impact on the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Y. Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Hawaii at Manoa,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, John A.
Burns School of Medicine, University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96826, United
States
| | - William E. Uspal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Hawaii at Manoa,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Tao Wei
- Chemical Engineering Department,
Howard University, Washington, DC
20059, United States
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11
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Rivero Arze A, Manier N, Chatel A, Mouneyrac C. Characterization of the nano-bio interaction between metallic oxide nanomaterials and freshwater microalgae using flow cytometry. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:1082-1095. [PMID: 32810409 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1808106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since nanomaterials (NMs) are particulate contaminants, their first contact with organisms is a physical encounter ruled by physic-chemical processes that can determinate the potential NMs accumulation, toxicity, and trophic transfer. Freshwater ecosystems often become a final depository for NMs, so they can get in contact with the biota, especially primary organisms as algae. There are almost none comparative studies of this interaction using various NMs in the same conditions. This work identifies, analyzes, and compares the algae-NMs interaction by flow cytometry after a short-term contact test in which three freshwater algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Desmodesmus subspicatus, and Chlorella vulgaris) interact individually with a set of twelve metallic oxide NMs. Dose-response profiles and differences in the algae-NMs interaction were found according to each algae species (C. vulgaris had the most affinity, starting the interaction from 0.5 mg/L and D. subspicatus had the less affinity starting at 5 mg/L). Flow cytometry results were confirmed by optical microscopy. Some NMs characteristics were identified as key-factors that govern the algae-NMs interaction: NMs composition (no interaction for SiO2 NMs), surface electric charge (higher interaction for the positively charged NMs and lower interaction for the negatively charged ones) and crystalline form (for TiO2 NMs). The presented method can be useful for a rapid determination of the interaction between free cells organisms as microalgae and (nano)particulate substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rivero Arze
- French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Nicolas Manier
- French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Amélie Chatel
- Catholic University of the West (UCO), Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Angers, France
| | - Catherine Mouneyrac
- Catholic University of the West (UCO), Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Angers, France
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Liu S, Xia T. Continued Efforts on Nanomaterial-Environmental Health and Safety Is Critical to Maintain Sustainable Growth of Nanoindustry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000603. [PMID: 32338451 PMCID: PMC7694868 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is enjoying an impressive growth and the global nanotechnology industry is expected to exceed US$ 125 billion by 2024. Based on these successes, there are notions that enough is known and efforts on engineered nanomaterial environmental health and safety (nano-EHS) research should be put on the back burner. However, there are recent events showing that it is not the case. The US Food and Drug Administration found ferumoxytol (carbohydrate-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle) for anemia treatment could induce lethal anaphylactic reactions. The European Union will categorize TiO2 as a category 2 carcinogen due to its inhalation hazard and France banned use of TiO2 (E171) in food from January 1, 2020 because of its carcinogenic potential. Although nanoindustry is seemingly in a healthy state, growth could be hindered for the lack of certainty and more nano-EHS research is needed for the sustainable growth of nanoindustry. Herein, the current knowledge gaps and the way forward are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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