1
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Venter AR. Protein analysis by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 39056172 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This review presents progress made in the ambient analysis of proteins, in particular by desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). Related ambient ionization techniques are discussed in comparison to DESI-MS only to illustrate the larger context of protein analysis by ambient ionization mass spectrometry. The review describes early and current approaches for the analysis of undigested proteins, native proteins, tryptic digests, and indirect protein determination through reporter molecules. Applications to mass spectrometry imaging for protein spatial distributions, the identification of posttranslational modifications, determination of binding stoichiometries, and enzymatic transformations are discussed. The analytical capabilities of other ambient ionization techniques such as LESA and nano-DESI currently exceed those of DESI-MS for in situ surface sampling of intact proteins from tissues. This review shows, however, that despite its many limitations, DESI-MS is making valuable contributions to protein analysis. The challenges in sensitivity, spatial resolution, and mass range are surmountable obstacles and further development and improvements to DESI-MS is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre R Venter
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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2
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Holbrook JH, Kemper GE, Hummon AB. Quantitative mass spectrometry imaging: therapeutics & biomolecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2137-2151. [PMID: 38284765 PMCID: PMC10878071 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05988j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has become increasingly utilized in the analysis of biological molecules. MSI grants the ability to spatially map thousands of molecules within one experimental run in a label-free manner. While MSI is considered by most to be a qualitative method, recent advancements in instrumentation, sample preparation, and development of standards has made quantitative MSI (qMSI) more common. In this feature article, we present a tailored review of recent advancements in qMSI of therapeutics and biomolecules such as lipids and peptides/proteins. We also provide detailed experimental considerations for conducting qMSI studies on biological samples, aiming to advance the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Holbrook
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Gabrielle E Kemper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Amanda B Hummon
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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3
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Karlo J, Dhillon AK, Siddhanta S, Singh SP. Reverse stable isotope labelling with Raman spectroscopy for microbial proteomics. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300341. [PMID: 38010366 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Global proteome changes in microbes affect the survival and overall production of commercially relevant metabolites through different bioprocesses. The existing methods to monitor proteome level changes are destructive in nature. Stable isotope probing (SIP) coupled with Raman spectroscopy is a relatively new approach for proteome analysis. However, applying this approach for monitoring changes in a large culture volume is not cost-effective. In this study, for the first time we are presenting a novel method of combining reverse SIP using 13 C-glucose and Deuterium to monitor the proteome changes through Raman spectroscopy. The findings of the study revealed visible changes (blue shifts) in proteome related peaks that can be used for monitoring proteome dynamics, that is, synthesis of nascent amino acids and its turnover with time in a non-destructive, cost-effective, and label-free manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Karlo
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
| | | | - Soumik Siddhanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
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4
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Zhou S, Fatma Z, Xue P, Mishra S, Cao M, Zhao H, Sweedler JV. Mass Spectrometry-Based High-Throughput Quantification of Bioproducts in Liquid Culture. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4067-4076. [PMID: 36790390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
To meet the ever-increasing need for high-throughput screening in metabolic engineering, information-rich, fast screening methods are needed. Mass spectrometry (MS) provides an efficient and general approach for metabolite screening and offers the capability of characterizing a broad range of analytes in a label-free manner, but often requires a range of sample clean-up and extraction steps. Liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) coupled MS is an image-guided MS surface analysis approach that directly samples and introduces metabolites from a surface to MS. Here, we combined the advantages of LESA-MS and an acoustic liquid handler with stable isotope-labeled internal standards. This approach provides absolute quantitation of target chemicals from liquid culture-dried droplets and enables high-throughput quantitative screening for microbial metabolites. In this study, LESA-MS was successfully applied to quantify several different metabolites (itaconic acid, triacetic acid lactone, and palmitic acid) from different yeast strains in different mediums, demonstrating its versatility, accuracy, and efficiency across a range of microbial engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhen Zhou
- Department of Energy Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zia Fatma
- Department of Energy Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pu Xue
- Department of Energy Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shekhar Mishra
- Department of Energy Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Energy Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Energy Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Energy Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Surface-sampling mass spectrometry to study proteins and protein complexes. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:229-241. [PMID: 36748325 PMCID: PMC10070487 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to summarise the current capabilities of surface mass spectrometry (MS) approaches that offer intact protein analysis, and that of non-covalent complexes. Protein analysis is largely achieved via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI), which is in itself a surface analysis approach or solvent-based electrospray ionisation (ESI). Several surface sampling approaches have been developed based on ESI, and those that have been used for intact protein analysis will be discussed below. The extent of protein coverage, top-down elucidation, and probing of protein structure for native proteins and non-covalent complexes will be discussed for each approach. Strategies for improving protein analysis, ranging from sample preparation, and sampling methods to instrument modifications and the inclusion of ion mobility separation in the workflow will also be discussed. The relative benefits and drawbacks of each approach will be summarised, providing an overview of current capabilities.
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6
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Qin L, Han J, Wang C, Xu B, Tan D, He S, Guo L, Bo X, Xie J. Key defatting tissue pretreatment protocol for enhanced MALDI MS Imaging of peptide biomarkers visualization in the castor beans and their attribution applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083901. [PMID: 36589060 PMCID: PMC9800866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Castor bean or ricin-induced intoxication or terror events have threatened public security and social safety. Potential resources or materials include beans, raw extraction products, crude toxins, and purified ricin. The traceability of the origins of castor beans is thus essential for forensic and anti-terror investigations. As a new imaging technique with label-free, rapid, and high throughput features, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been gradually stressed in plant research. However, sample preparation approaches for plant tissues still face severe challenges, especially for some lipid-rich, water-rich, or fragile tissues. Proper tissue washing procedures would be pivotal, but little information is known until now. METHODS For castor beans containing plenty of lipids that were fragile when handled, we developed a comprehensive tissue pretreatment protocol. Eight washing procedures aimed at removing lipids were discussed in detail. We then constructed a robust MALDI-MSI method to enhance the detection sensitivity of RCBs in castor beans. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A modified six-step washing procedure was chosen as the most critical parameter regarding the MSI visualization of peptides. The method was further applied to visualize and quantify the defense peptides, Ricinus communis biomarkers (RCBs) in castor bean tissue sections from nine different geographic sources from China, Pakistan, and Ethiopia. Multivariate statistical models, including deep learning network, revealed a valuable classification clue concerning nationality and altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junshan Han
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deyun Tan
- Institute of Cash Crop Research, Zibo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Song He
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Bo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Wu Q. A review on quantitation-related factors and quantitation strategies in mass spectrometry imaging of small biomolecules. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3932-3943. [PMID: 36164961 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01257j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantitative information of the analytes in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is fundamental for determining the accurate spatial distribution, which can provide additional insight into the living processes, disease progression or the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic mechanisms. However, performing a quantitative analysis in MSI is still challenging. This review focuses on the quantitation-related factors and recent advances in the strategies of quantitative MSI (q-MSI) of small molecules. The main quantitation-related factors are discussed according to the new investigations in recent years, including the regionally varied extraction efficiencies and ionization efficiencies, signal-concentration regression functions, and the repeatability of surface sampling/ionization methods. Newly developed quantitation strategies in MSI based on aforementioned factors are introduced, including new techniques in standard curve calibration with normalization to an internal standard, kinetic calibration, and chemometric methods. Different strategies for validating q-MSI methods are discussed. Finally, the future perspectives to q-MSI are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China.
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8
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Harkin C, Smith KW, Cruickshank FL, Logan Mackay C, Flinders B, Heeren RMA, Moore T, Brockbank S, Cobice DF. On-tissue chemical derivatization in mass spectrometry imaging. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:662-694. [PMID: 33433028 PMCID: PMC9545000 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) combines molecular and spatial information in a valuable tool for a wide range of applications. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is at the forefront of MSI ionization due to its wide availability and increasing improvement in spatial resolution and analysis speed. However, ionization suppression, low concentrations, and endogenous and methodological interferences cause visualization problems for certain molecules. Chemical derivatization (CD) has proven a viable solution to these issues when applied in mass spectrometry platforms. Chemical tagging of target analytes with larger, precharged moieties aids ionization efficiency and removes analytes from areas of potential isobaric interferences. Here, we address the application of CD on tissue samples for MSI analysis, termed on-tissue chemical derivatization (OTCD). MALDI MSI will remain the focus platform due to its popularity, however, alternative ionization techniques such as liquid extraction surface analysis and desorption electrospray ionization will also be recognized. OTCD reagent selection, application, and optimization methods will be discussed in detail. MSI with OTCD is a powerful tool to study the spatial distribution of poorly ionizable molecules within tissues. Most importantly, the use of OTCD-MSI facilitates the analysis of previously inaccessible biologically relevant molecules through the adaptation of existing CD methods. Though further experimental optimization steps are necessary, the benefits of this technique are extensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Harkin
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI), School of Biomedical SciencesUlster UniversityColeraineNorthern IrelandUK
| | - Karl W. Smith
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Facility (ICR)Florida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
| | - Faye L. Cruickshank
- Scottish Instrumentation and Research Centre for Advanced Mass Spectrometry (SIRCAMS), EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghScotlandUK
| | - C. Logan Mackay
- Scottish Instrumentation and Research Centre for Advanced Mass Spectrometry (SIRCAMS), EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghScotlandUK
| | - Bryn Flinders
- Screening Division, Mass Spectrometry, Hair DiagnostixDutch Screening GroupMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I)University of MaastrichtMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Tara Moore
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI), School of Biomedical SciencesUlster UniversityColeraineNorthern IrelandUK
| | | | - Diego F. Cobice
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI), School of Biomedical SciencesUlster UniversityColeraineNorthern IrelandUK
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9
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Li X, Hu H, Yin R, Li Y, Sun X, Dey SK, Laskin J. High-Throughput Nano-DESI Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Biological Tissues Using an Integrated Microfluidic Probe. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9690-9696. [PMID: 35770488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanospray desorption electrospray mass spectrometry imaging (nano-DESI MSI) enables quantitative mapping of hundreds of molecules in biological samples with minimal sample pretreatment. We have recently developed an integrated microfluidic probe (iMFP) for nano-DESI MSI. Herein, we describe an improved design of the iMFP for the high-throughput imaging of tissue sections. We increased the dimensions of the primary and spray channels and optimized the spray voltage and solvent flow rate to obtain a stable operation of the iMFP at both low and high scan rates. We observe that the sensitivity, molecular coverage, and spatial resolution obtained using the iMFP do not change to a significant extent as the scan rate increases. Using a scan rate of 0.4 mm/s, we obtained high-quality images of mouse uterine tissue sections (scan area: 3.2 mm × 2.3 mm) in only 9.5 min and of mouse brain tissue (scan area: 7.0 mm × 5.4 mm) in 21.7 min, which corresponds to a 10-15-fold improvement in the experimental throughput. We have also developed a quantitative metric for evaluating the quality of ion images obtained at different scan rates. Using this metric, we demonstrate that the quality of nano-DESI MSI data does not degrade substantially with an increase in the scan rate. The ability to image biological tissues with high throughput using iMFP-based nano-DESI MSI will substantially speed up tissue mapping efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ruichuan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yingju Li
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Sudhansu K Dey
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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10
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Illes-Toth E, Stubbs CJ, Sisley EK, Bellamy-Carter J, Simmonds AL, Mize TH, Styles IB, Goodwin RJA, Cooper HJ. Quantitative Characterization of Three Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors by LESA Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1168-1175. [PMID: 35675480 PMCID: PMC9264382 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) coupled to native mass spectrometry (MS) presents unique analytical opportunities due to its sensitivity, speed, and automation. Here, we examine whether this tool can be used to quantitatively probe protein-ligand interactions through calculation of equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd values). We performed native LESA MS analyses for a well-characterized system comprising bovine carbonic anhydrase II and the ligands chlorothiazide, dansylamide, and sulfanilamide, and compared the results with those obtained from direct infusion mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance measurements. Two LESA approaches were considered: In one approach, the protein and ligand were premixed in solution before being deposited and dried onto a solid substrate for LESA sampling, and in the second, the protein alone was dried onto the substrate and the ligand was included in the LESA sampling solvent. Good agreement was found between the Kd values derived from direct infusion MS and LESA MS when the protein and ligand were premixed; however, Kd values determined from LESA MS measurements where the ligand was in the sampling solvent were inconsistent. Our results suggest that LESA MS is a suitable tool for quantitative analysis of protein-ligand interactions when the dried sample comprises both protein and ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Illes-Toth
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Stubbs
- Mechanistic
and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences,
R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Emma K. Sisley
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna L. Simmonds
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Todd H. Mize
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Iain B. Styles
- School
of Computer Science and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors
(COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, United Kingdom
- University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. A. Goodwin
- Imaging and
Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals
R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J. Cooper
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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11
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Zhao C, Cai Z. Three-dimensional quantitative mass spectrometry imaging in complex system: From subcellular to whole organism. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:469-487. [PMID: 33300181 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has been applied for label-free three-dimensional (3D) imaging from position array across the whole organism, which provides high-dimensional quantitative data of inorganic or organic compounds that may play an important role in the regulation of cellular signaling, including metals, metabolites, lipids, drugs, peptides, and proteins. While MSI is suitable for investigation of the spatial distribution of molecules, it has a limitation with visualization and quantification of multiple molecules. 3D-MSI, however, can be applied toward exploring metabolic pathway as well as the interactions of lipid-protein, protein-protein, and metal-protein in complex systems from subcellular to the whole organism through an untargeted methodology. In this review, we highlight the methods and applications of MS-based 3D imaging to address the complexity of molecular interaction from nano- to micrometer lateral resolution, with particular focus on: (a) common and hybrid 3D-MSI techniques; (b) quantitative MSI methodology, including the methods using a stable isotope labeling internal standard (SILIS) and SILIS-free approaches with tissue extinction coefficient or virtual calibration; (c) reconstruction of the 3D organ; (d) application of 3D-MSI for biomarker screening and environmental toxicological research. 3D-MSI quantitative analysis provides accurate spatial information and quantitative variation of biomolecules, which may be valuable for the exploration of the molecular mechanism of the disease progresses and toxicological assessment of environmental pollutants in the whole organism. Additionally, we also discuss the challenges and perspectives on the future of 3D quantitative MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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12
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Lefebvre D, Fenaille F, Merda D, Blanco-Valle K, Feraudet-Tarisse C, Simon S, Hennekinne JA, Nia Y, Becher F. Top-Down Mass Spectrometry for Trace Level Quantification of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A Variants. J Proteome Res 2021; 21:547-556. [PMID: 34968056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We addressed here the need for improved sensitivity of top-down mass spectrometry for identification, differentiation, and absolute quantification of sequence variants of SEA, a bacterial toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus and regularly involved in food poisoning outbreaks (FPO). We combined immunoaffinity enrichment, a protein internal standard, and optimized acquisition conditions, either by full-scan high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) or multiplex parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode. Deconvolution of full-scan HRMS signal and PRM detection of variant-specific fragment ions allowed confident identification of each SEA variant. Summing the PRM signal of variant-common fragment ions was most efficient for absolute quantification, illustrated by a sensitivity down to 2.5 ng/mL and an assay variability below 15%. Additionally, we showed that relative PRM fragment ion abundances constituted a supplementary specificity criterion in top-down quantification. The top-down method was successfully evaluated on a panel of enterotoxin-producing strains isolated during FPO, in parallel to the conventional whole genome sequencing, ELISA, and bottom-up mass spectrometry methods. Top-down provided at the same time correct identification of the SEA variants produced and precise determination of the toxin level. The raw files generated in this study can be found on PASSEL (Peptide Atlas) under data set identifier PASS01710.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatien Lefebvre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Déborah Merda
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kevin Blanco-Valle
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Feraudet-Tarisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Yacine Nia
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - François Becher
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Pánczél J, Schudok M, Schiell M, Riedel J, Kertesz V. An Effective QWBA/UHPLC-MS/Tissue Punch Approach: Solving a Pharmacokinetic Issue via Quantitative Met-ID. Drug Metab Lett 2021; 14:152-162. [PMID: 34818998 DOI: 10.2174/1872312814666210813114700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods to provide absolute quantitation of the administered drug and corresponding metabolites in tissue in a spatially resolved manner is a challenging but much needed capability in pharmaceutical research. Quantitative Whole-Body Autoradiography (QWBA) after a single- dose intravenous (3 mg/kg) and extravascular (30 mg/kg) administrations of an in vitro metabolically stable test compound (structure not reported here) indicated quick tissue distribution and excretion. OBJECTIVE Good bioavailability and short in vivo half-lives were determined formerly for the same test compound. For closing gaps in the understanding of pharmacokinetic data and in vitro results, radioactive hot spots on whole-body tissue sections had been profiled. METHODS Punches from selected tissue regions containing high radioactivity in the tissue sections previously analyzed by QWBA were extracted by a highly organic solvent and analyzed without any consecutive sample preparation step, applying Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and off-line radioanalysis to maximize signal levels for metabolite identification and profiling. RESULTS The analysis revealed that the test compound was metabolized intensively by phase I reactions in vivo and the metabolites formed were excreted in bile and urine. The predominant metabolites showed abundant signal intensities both by MS and by radioanalysis but the MS signal intensities generally underestimated the real abundances of metabolites relative to the unchanged drug. CONCLUSION This work illustrates that maximizing the sensitivity of tissue punch radioanalysis and the combination with UHPLC-MS leads to a better insight into pharmacokinetic processes by providing quantitative data with high molecular selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Pánczél
- Research and Development, DMPK, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manfred Schudok
- Research and Development, DMPK, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiell
- Research and Development, DMPK, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Research and Development, DMPK, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biological Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, United States
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Kertesz V, Cahill JF. Spatially resolved absolute quantitation in thin tissue by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2619-2636. [PMID: 33140126 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become the de facto tool for routine quantitative analysis of biomolecules. MS is increasingly being used to reveal the spatial distribution of proteins, metabolites, and pharmaceuticals in tissue and interest in this area has led to a number of novel spatially resolved MS technologies. Most spatially resolved MS measurements are qualitative in nature due to a myriad of potential biases, such as sample heterogeneity, sampling artifacts, and ionization effects. As applications of spatially resolved MS in the pharmacological and clinical fields increase, demand has become high for quantitative MS imaging and profiling data. As a result, several varied technologies now exist that provide differing levels of spatial and quantitative information. This review provides an overview of MS profiling and imaging technologies that have demonstrated quantitative analysis from tissue. Focus is given on the fundamental processes affecting quantitative analysis in an array of MS imaging and profiling technologies and methods to address these biases.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6131, USA.
| | - John F Cahill
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6131, USA.
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful, label-free technique that provides detailed maps of hundreds of molecules in complex samples with high sensitivity and subcellular spatial resolution. Accurate quantification in MSI relies on a detailed understanding of matrix effects associated with the ionization process along with evaluation of the extraction efficiency and mass-dependent ion losses occurring in the analysis step. We present a critical summary of approaches developed for quantitative MSI of metabolites, lipids, and proteins in biological tissues and discuss their current and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Unsihuay
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; , ,
| | - Daniela Mesa Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; , ,
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; , ,
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16
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Kertesz V, Cahill JF, Srijanto BR, Collier CP, Vavrek M, Chen B. Absolute quantitation of propranolol from 200-μm regions of mouse brain and liver thin tissues using laser ablation-dropletProbe-mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9010. [PMID: 33232548 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ability to quantify drugs and metabolites in tissue with sub-mm resolution is a challenging but much needed capability in pharmaceutical research. To fill this void, a novel surface sampling approach combining laser ablation with the commercial dropletProbe automated liquid surface sampling system (LA-dropletProbe) was developed and is presented here. METHODS Parylene C-coated 200 × 200 μm tissue regions of mouse brain and kidney thin tissue sections were analyzed for propranolol by laser ablation of tissue directly into a preformed liquid junction. Propranolol was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) in positive electrospray ionization mode. Quantitation was achieved via application of a stable-isotope-labeled internal standard and an external calibration curve. RESULTS The absolute concentrations of propranolol determined from 200 × 200 μm tissue regions were compared with the propranolol concentrations obtained from 2.3-mm-diameter tissue punches of adjacent, non-coated sections using standard bulk tissue extraction protocols followed by regular HPLC/MS/MS analysis. The average concentration of propranolol in both organs determined by the two employed methods agreed to within ±12%. Furthermore, the relative abundances of phase II hydroxypropranolol glucuronide metabolites were recorded and found to be consistent with previous results. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates that depositing a thin layer of parylene C onto thin tissue prior to analysis, which seals the surface and prevents direct liquid extraction of the drug from the tissue, coupled to the novel LA-dropletProbe surface sampling system is a viable approach for sub-mm resolution quantitative drug distribution analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - John F Cahill
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Bernadeta R Srijanto
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Charles P Collier
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Bingming Chen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
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17
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Kertesz V, Cahill JF, Srijanto BR, Collier CP, Vavrek M, Chen B. Integrated laser ablation-dropletProbe-mass spectrometry for absolute drug quantitation, metabolite detection, and distribution in tissue. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9202. [PMID: 34545636 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Spatially resolved and accurate quantitation of drug-related compounds in tissue is a much-needed capability in drug discovery research. Here, application of an integrated laser ablation-dropletProbe-mass spectrometry surface sampling system (LADP-MS) is reported, which achieved absolute quantitation of propranolol measured from <500 × 500 μm thin tissue samples. METHODS Mouse liver and kidney thin tissue sections were coated with parylene C and analyzed for propranolol by a laser ablation/liquid extraction workflow. Non-coated adjacent sections were microdissected for validation and processed using standard bulk tissue extraction protocols. High-performance liquid chromatography with positive ion mode electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was applied to detect the drug and its metabolites. RESULTS Absolute propranolol concentration in ~500 × 500 μm tissue regions measured by the two methods agreed within ±8% and had a relative standard deviation within ±17%. Quantitation down to ~400 × 400 μm tissue regions was shown, and this resolution was also used for automated mapping of propranolol and phase II hydroxypropranolol glucuronide metabolites in kidney tissue. CONCLUSIONS This study exemplifies the capabilities of integrated laser ablation-dropletProbe-mass spectrometry (LADP-MS) for high resolution absolute drug quantitation analysis of thin tissue sections. This capability will be valuable for applications needing to quantitatively understand the spatial distribution of small molecules in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - John F Cahill
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bernadeta R Srijanto
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles P Collier
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bingming Chen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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18
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Cintron-Diaz YL, Acanda de la Rocha AM, Castellanos A, Chambers JM, Fernandez-Lima F. Mapping chemotherapeutic drug distribution in cancer cell spheroids using 2D-TOF-SIMS and LESA-TIMS-MS. Analyst 2020; 145:7056-7062. [PMID: 32966375 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cancer cell cultures grown in the form of spheroids are effective models for the study of in vivo-like processes simulating cancer tumor pharmacological dynamics and morphology. In this study, we show the advantages of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) combined with in situ Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis coupled to trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry (LESA-TIMS-TOF MS) for high spatial resolution mapping and quantitation of ABT-737, a chemotherapeutic drug, at the level of single human colon carcinoma cell spheroids (HCT 116 MCS). 2D-TOF-SIMS studies of consecutive sections (∼16 μm thick slices) showed that ABT-737 is homogenously distributed in the outer layers of the HCT 116 MCS. Complementary in situ LESA-TIMS-TOF MS/MS measurements confirmed the presence of the ABT-737 drug in the MCS slides by the observation of the molecular ion [M + H]+m/z and mobility, and the charateristic fragmentation pattern. LESA-TIMS-TOF MS allowed a quantitative assessment of the ABT-737 drug of the control MCS slice spiked with ABT-737 standard over the 0.4-4.1 ng range and MCS treated starting at 10 μM for 24 h. These experiments showcase an effective protocol for unambigous characterization and 3D mapping of chemotherapeutic drug distribution at the single MCS level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarixa L Cintron-Diaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC4-233, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Wang Y, Jin Q, Shiea J, Sun W. Wire Desorption Combined with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Direct Analysis of Small Organic and Large Biological Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1656-1664. [PMID: 32559077 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry based on wire desorption and electrospray ionization (WD-ESI) for direct analysis was developed to characterize chemical compounds with different polarities and thermal stabilities at atmospheric pressure. This technique is a variant of the thermal desorption electrospray ion source developed by Shiea et al. One large improvement is that the heating speed (>500 °C/s) of the thermal desorption in this work is extremely fast, using a self-heating metal wire, with which sample solution can splash from the surface to form small droplets and thus the analytes can be protected from thermal decomposition. With this feature, we have successfully achieved soft ionization of highly polar organic and biological compounds such as aflatoxin, small peptides, and even large proteins from complex matrices. The simple structure and self-cleaning capability of the WD-ESI source make it ideal for on-site screening in various applications such as food safety and biodrug testing, especially when coupled with a transportable mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Wang
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Jin
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wenjian Sun
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, People's Republic of China
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20
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Hale OJ, Cooper HJ. In situ mass spectrometry analysis of intact proteins and protein complexes from biological substrates. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:317-326. [PMID: 32010951 PMCID: PMC7054757 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in sample preparation, ion sources and mass spectrometer technology have enabled the detection and characterisation of intact proteins. The challenges associated include an appropriately soft ionisation event, efficient transmission and detection of the often delicate macromolecules. Ambient ion sources, in particular, offer a wealth of strategies for analysis of proteins from solution environments, and directly from biological substrates. The last two decades have seen rapid development in this area. Innovations include liquid extraction surface analysis, desorption electrospray ionisation and nanospray desorption electrospray ionisation. Similarly, developments in native mass spectrometry allow protein-protein and protein-ligand complexes to be ionised and analysed. Identification and characterisation of these large ions involves a suite of hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques, often including the coupling of ion mobility spectrometry and fragmentation techniques. The latter include collision, electron and photon-induced methods, each with their own characteristics and benefits for intact protein identification. In this review, recent developments for in situ protein analysis are explored, with a focus on ion sources and tandem mass spectrometry techniques used for identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Hale
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Helen J. Cooper
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
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21
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Kuo TH, Dutkiewicz EP, Pei J, Hsu CC. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry Today and Tomorrow: Embracing Challenges and Opportunities. Anal Chem 2019; 92:2353-2363. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hao Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ewelina P. Dutkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jiying Pei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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