1
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Jaito N, Phetlum S, Saeoung T, Tiyasakulchai T, Srimongkolpithak N, Uengwetwanit T. Improving stereoselectivity of phosphotriesterase (PTE) for kinetic resolution of chiral phosphates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1446566. [PMID: 39139291 PMCID: PMC11319162 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1446566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Specific stereoisomer is paramount as it is vital for optimizing drug efficacy and safety. The quest for the isolation of desired stereoisomer of active pharmaceutical ingredients or key intermediates drives innovation in drug synthetic and biocatalytic methods. Chiral phosphoramidate is an important building block for the synthesis of antiviral drugs such as remdesivir and sofosbuvir. Given the clinical potency of the (Sp)-diastereomer of the drugs, an enzyme capable of completely hydrolyzing the (Rp)-diastereomer is needed to achieve the purified diastereomers via biocatalytic reaction. In this study, protein engineering of phosphotriesterase (PTE) was aimed to improve the specificity. Employing rational design and site-directed mutagenesis, we generated a small library comprising 24 variants for activity screening. Notably, W131M and I106A/W131M variants demonstrated successful preparation of pure (Sp)-diastereomer of remdesivir and sofosbuvir precursors within a remarkably short hydrolysis time (<20 min). Our work unveils a promising methodology for producing pure stereoisomeric compounds, utilizing novel biocatalysts to enable the chemoenzymatic synthesis of phosphoramidate nucleoside prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tanaporn Uengwetwanit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Thailand
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2
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Glockzin KM, Narindoshvili T, Raushel FM. Regiochemical Analysis of the ProTide Activation Mechanism. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1774-1782. [PMID: 38958242 PMCID: PMC11256751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
ProTides are nucleotide analogues used for the treatment of specific viral infections. These compounds consist of a masked nucleotide that undergoes in vivo enzymatic and spontaneous chemical transformations to generate a free mononucleotide that is ultimately transformed to the pharmaceutically active triphosphorylated drug. The three FDA approved ProTides are composed of a phosphoramidate (P-N) core coupled with a nucleoside analogue, phenol, and an l-alanyl carboxylate ester. The previously proposed mechanism of activation postulates the existence of an unstable 5-membered mixed anhydride cyclic intermediate formed from the direct attack of the carboxylate group of the l-alanyl moiety with expulsion of phenol. The mixed anhydride cyclic intermediate is further postulated to undergo spontaneous hydrolysis to form a linear l-alanyl phosphoramidate product. In the proposed mechanism of activation, the 5-membered mixed anhydride intermediate has been detected previously using mass spectrometry, but the specific site of nucleophilic attack by water (P-O versus C-O) has not been determined. To further interrogate the mechanism for hydrolysis of the putative 5-membered cyclic intermediate formed during ProTide activation, the reaction was conducted in 18O-labeled water using a ProTide analogue that could be activated by carboxypeptidase Y. Mass spectrometry and 31P NMR spectroscopy were used to demonstrate that the hydrolysis of the mixed anhydride 5-membered intermediate occurs with exclusive attack at the phosphorus center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Glockzin
- Department
of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Tamari Narindoshvili
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Frank M. Raushel
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Gniech T, Humboldt A, Keith KA, James SH, Richert C. A ProTide of AZT Shows Activity Against Human Papillomaviruses. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300661. [PMID: 38241205 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV) can cause warts and tumors. So far, no small molecule antiviral has been approved for the treatment of infections with this DNA virus, although preclinical studies show activity for nucleosidic compounds, such as 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethylguanine (PMEG) or cidofovir. This prompted us to test new prodrug versions of the nucleoside analog 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), known to be active against reverse transcriptases and approved for the treatment of HIV. Here we report the synthesis of an ethylbutyl alaninyl ester phosphosphoramidate prodrug of AZT, dubbed AZAEB, and its activity against HPV, a target not known to be sensitive to AZT. A methyl ester derivative was found to be inactive against this and three other DNA viruses, while the phosphoramidate prodrug AZAEB showed a modest inhibitory effect against HPV types 6, 11, 18 and 31. Our results open up new avenues of study for the treatment of diseases caused by members of the papillomaviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gniech
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adrian Humboldt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kathy A Keith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Scott H James
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Zhang L, Cheng Y, Liu YG, Chen X, Liu H. Anticancer Effect of Chlorambucil Enhanced by Chiral Phthalidyl Promoiety. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201025. [PMID: 36427041 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phthalidyl promoiety has been used in several drugs, but they were all marketed in racemic form. The pharmaceutical effects of each enantiomer have not been clearly demonstrated. In this project, an anticancer chemotherapy drug, chlorambucil, was modified as enantiopure phthalidyl prodrugs. The enantiomers, together with phthalidyl unit and their racemic mixture, were then subject to the in vivo bioactivity tests against B16F10 melanoma cells. It was found that proper chirality within the promoiety had noticeably better in vivo pharmacological effects than the parent drug, the enantiomer and racemic mixture. This merit perhaps could be extended from the phthalidyl prodrugs to other chirality containing prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yisa Cheng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Guo Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xingkuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
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5
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Roy B, Navarro V, Peyrottes S. Prodrugs of Nucleoside 5'-Monophosphate Analogues: Overview of the Recent Literature Concerning their Synthesis and Applications. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1256-1303. [PMID: 36093825 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220909122820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are widely used as anti-infectious and antitumoral agents. However, their clinical use may face limitations associated with their physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic parameters, and/or their peculiar mechanisms of action. Indeed, once inside the cells, nucleoside analogues require to be metabolized into their corresponding (poly-)phosphorylated derivatives, mediated by cellular and/or viral kinases, in order to interfere with nucleic acid biosynthesis. Within this activation process, the first-phosphorylation step is often the limiting one and to overcome this limitation, numerous prodrug approaches have been proposed. Herein, we will focus on recent literature data (from 2015 and onwards) related to new prodrug strategies, the development of original synthetic approaches and novel applications of nucleotide prodrugs (namely pronucleotides) leading to the intracellular delivery of 5'-monophosphate nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roy
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Valentin Navarro
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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6
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Rammohan A, Zyryanov GV. Minireview: Remdesivir, A Prominent Nucleotide/Nucleoside Antiviral Drug. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1947331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aluru Rammohan
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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7
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Samineni R, Eda V, Rao P, Sen S, Oruganti S. Grignard Reagents as Niche Bases in the Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Relevant Molecules. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Samineni
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Vishnuvardhana Eda
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Pallavi Rao
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Saikat Sen
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Srinivas Oruganti
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
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8
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Roy S, Yadaw A, Roy S, Sirasani G, Gangu A, Brown JD, Armstrong JD, Stringham RW, Gupton BF, Senanayake CH, Snead DR. Facile and Scalable Methodology for the Pyrrolo[2,1- f][1,2,4]triazine of Remdesivir. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:82-90. [PMID: 35095258 PMCID: PMC8787819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine (1) is an important regulatory starting material in the production of the antiviral drug remdesivir. Compound 1 was produced through a newly developed synthetic methodology utilizing simple building blocks such as pyrrole, chloramine, and formamidine acetate by examining the mechanistic pathway for the process optimization exercise. Triazine 1 was obtained in 55% overall yield in a two-vessel-operated process. This work describes the safety of the process, impurity profiles and control, and efforts toward the scale-up of triazine for the preparation of kilogram quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarabindu Roy
- Kolkata
- R&D Centre, TCG Lifesciences Private
Limited, Chemistry, Block
BN, Plot 7, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Ajay Yadaw
- Kolkata
- R&D Centre, TCG Lifesciences Private
Limited, Chemistry, Block
BN, Plot 7, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Subho Roy
- Kolkata
- R&D Centre, TCG Lifesciences Private
Limited, Chemistry, Block
BN, Plot 7, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Gopal Sirasani
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Aravind Gangu
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Jack D. Brown
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Joseph D. Armstrong
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rodger W. Stringham
- Medicines
for All Institute, 737
N 5th Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Medicines
for All Institute, 737
N 5th Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Chris H. Senanayake
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - David R. Snead
- Medicines
for All Institute, 737
N 5th Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
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9
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Abstract
Remdesivir (GS-5734, Veklury®) has remained the only antiviral drug formally approved by the US FDA for the treatment of Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection). Its key structural features are the fact that it is a C-nucleoside (adenosine) analogue, contains a 1'-cyano function, and could be considered as a ProTide based on the presence of a phosphoramidate group. Its antiviral spectrum and activity in animal models have been well established and so has been its molecular mode of action as a delayed chain terminator of the viral RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). Its clinical efficacy has been evaluated, but needs to be optimized with regard to timing, dosage and duration of treatment, and route of administration. Safety, toxicity and pharmacokinetics need to be further addressed, and so are its potential combinations with other drugs such as corticosteroids (i.e. dexamethasone) and ribavirin.
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10
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Vargas D, Larghi EL, Kaufman TS. Evolution of the Synthesis of Remdesivir. Classical Approaches and Most Recent Advances. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19356-19363. [PMID: 34368522 PMCID: PMC8340098 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The broad-spectrum antiviral Remdesivir, a monophosphate nucleoside analogue prodrug (ProTide), was repurposed. In May 2020, it received emergency approval by the FDA, being the first drug approved to fight the new coronavirus (COVID-19) disease which targets the virus directly. The main synthetic strategies toward Remdesivir, and their relevant modifications, are presented and discussed, to provide a panoramic view of the state-of-the-art and the more important advances in this field. Recent progress, proposed improvements, and uses of novel technologies for the synthetic sequence are also detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier
F. Vargas
- Instituto de Química Rosario
(IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and National University of Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Enrique L. Larghi
- Instituto de Química Rosario
(IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and National University of Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S. Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario
(IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and National University of Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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11
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Holden HM, Raushel FM. From the Three-Dimensional Structure of Phosphotriesterase. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3413-3415. [PMID: 34080833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel M Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Frank M Raushel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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12
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Lyagin I, Efremenko E. Enzymes, Reacting with Organophosphorus Compounds as Detoxifiers: Diversity and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1761. [PMID: 33578824 PMCID: PMC7916636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are able to interact with various biological targets in living organisms, including enzymes. The binding of OPCs to enzymes does not always lead to negative consequences for the body itself, since there are a lot of natural biocatalysts that can catalyze the chemical transformations of the OPCs via hydrolysis or oxidation/reduction and thereby provide their detoxification. Some of these enzymes, their structural differences and identity, mechanisms, and specificity of catalytic action are discussed in this work, including results of computational modeling. Phylogenetic analysis of these diverse enzymes was specially realized for this review to emphasize a great area for future development(s) and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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13
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has undergone a remarkable transition in the last two decades, from being considered a niche technology to playing a much more relevant role in organic synthesis today. Advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics, and the decreasing costs for gene synthesis and sequencing contribute to the growing success of engineered biocatalysts in industrial applications. However, the incorporation of biocatalytic process steps in new or established manufacturing routes is not always straightforward. To realize the full synthetic potential of biocatalysis for the sustainable manufacture of chemical building blocks, it is therefore important to regularly analyze the success factors and existing hurdles for the implementation of enzymes in large scale small molecule synthesis. Building on our previous analysis of biocatalysis in the Swiss manufacturing environment, we present a follow-up study on how the industrial biocatalysis situation in Switzerland has evolved in the last four years. Considering the current industrial landscape, we record recent advances in biocatalysis in Switzerland as well as give suggestions where enzymatic transformations may be valuably employed to address some of the societal challenges we face today, particularly in the context of the current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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