1
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Pomowski A, Dell'Acqua S, Wüst A, Pauleta SR, Moura I, Einsle O. Revisiting the metal sites of nitrous oxide reductase in a low-dose structure from Marinobacter nauticus. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:279-290. [PMID: 38720157 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Copper-containing nitrous oxide reductase catalyzes a 2-electron reduction of the green-house gas N2O to yield N2. It contains two metal centers, the binuclear electron transfer site CuA, and the unique, tetranuclear CuZ center that is the site of substrate binding. Different forms of the enzyme were described previously, representing variations in oxidation state and composition of the metal sites. Hypothesizing that many reported discrepancies in the structural data may be due to radiation damage during data collection, we determined the structure of anoxically isolated Marinobacter nauticus N2OR from diffraction data obtained with low-intensity X-rays from an in-house rotating anode generator and an image plate detector. The data set was of exceptional quality and yielded a structure at 1.5 Å resolution in a new crystal form. The CuA site of the enzyme shows two distinct conformations with potential relevance for intramolecular electron transfer, and the CuZ cluster is present in a [4Cu:2S] configuration. In addition, the structure contains three additional types of ions, and an analysis of anomalous scattering contributions confirms them to be Ca2+, K+, and Cl-. The uniformity of the present structure supports the hypothesis that many earlier analyses showed inhomogeneities due to radiation effects. Adding to the earlier description of the same enzyme with a [4Cu:S] CuZ site, a mechanistic model is presented, with a structurally flexible CuZ center that does not require the complete dissociation of a sulfide prior to N2O binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Pomowski
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Dell'Acqua
- Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università Di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anja Wüst
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sofia R Pauleta
- Microbial Stress Lab, UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Moura
- LAQV, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2529-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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2
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Piper SEH, Casadevall C, Reisner E, Clarke TA, Jeuken LJC, Gates AJ, Butt JN. Photocatalytic Removal of the Greenhouse Gas Nitrous Oxide by Liposomal Microreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210572. [PMID: 35951464 PMCID: PMC9825952 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2 O) is a potent greenhouse and ozone-reactive gas for which emissions are growing rapidly due to increasingly intensive agriculture. Synthetic catalysts for N2 O decomposition typically contain precious metals and/or operate at elevated temperatures driving a desire for more sustainable alternatives. Here we demonstrate self-assembly of liposomal microreactors enabling catalytic reduction of N2 O to the climate neutral product N2 . Photoexcitation of graphitic N-doped carbon dots delivers electrons to encapsulated N2 O Reductase enzymes via a lipid-soluble biomolecular wire provided by the MtrCAB protein complex. Within the microreactor, electron transfer from MtrCAB to N2 O Reductase is facilitated by the general redox mediator methyl viologen. The liposomal microreactors use only earth-abundant elements to catalyze N2 O removal in ambient, aqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. H. Piper
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Carla Casadevall
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Thomas A. Clarke
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Lars J. C. Jeuken
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityPO Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Gates
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Julea N. Butt
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK,School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
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3
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Piper SEH, Casadevall C, Reisner E, Clarke TA, Jeuken LJC, Gates AJ, Butt JN. Photocatalytic Removal of the Greenhouse Gas Nitrous Oxide by Liposomal Microreactors. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202210572. [PMID: 38529325 PMCID: PMC10962689 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse and ozone-reactive gas for which emissions are growing rapidly due to increasingly intensive agriculture. Synthetic catalysts for N2O decomposition typically contain precious metals and/or operate at elevated temperatures driving a desire for more sustainable alternatives. Here we demonstrate self-assembly of liposomal microreactors enabling catalytic reduction of N2O to the climate neutral product N2. Photoexcitation of graphitic N-doped carbon dots delivers electrons to encapsulated N2O Reductase enzymes via a lipid-soluble biomolecular wire provided by the MtrCAB protein complex. Within the microreactor, electron transfer from MtrCAB to N2O Reductase is facilitated by the general redox mediator methyl viologen. The liposomal microreactors use only earth-abundant elements to catalyze N2O removal in ambient, aqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. H. Piper
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Carla Casadevall
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Thomas A. Clarke
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Lars J. C. Jeuken
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityPO Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Gates
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Julea N. Butt
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
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4
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Müller C, Zhang L, Zipfel S, Topitsch A, Lutz M, Eckert J, Prasser B, Chami M, Lü W, Du J, Einsle O. Molecular interplay of an assembly machinery for nitrous oxide reductase. Nature 2022; 608:626-631. [PMID: 35896743 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Emissions of the critical ozone-depleting and greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils and industrial processes have increased considerably over the last decades1-3. As the final step of bacterial denitrification, N2O is reduced to chemically inert N2 (refs. 1,4) in a reaction that is catalysed by the copper-dependent nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) (ref. 5). The assembly of its unique [4Cu:2S] active site cluster CuZ requires both the ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) complex NosDFY and the membrane-anchored copper chaperone NosL (refs. 4,6). Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of Pseudomonas stutzeri NosDFY and its complexes with NosL and N2OR, respectively. We find that the periplasmic NosD protein contains a binding site for a Cu+ ion and interacts specifically with NosL in its nucleotide-free state, whereas its binding to N2OR requires a conformational change that is triggered by ATP binding. Mutually exclusive structures of NosDFY in complex with NosL and with N2OR reveal a sequential metal-trafficking and assembly pathway for a highly complex copper site. Within this pathway, NosDFY acts as a mechanical energy transducer rather than as a transporter. It links ATP hydrolysis in the cytoplasm to a conformational transition of the NosD subunit in the periplasm, which is required for NosDFY to switch its interaction partner so that copper ions are handed over from the chaperone NosL to the enzyme N2OR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Müller
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Zipfel
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annika Topitsch
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marleen Lutz
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Eckert
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Prasser
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Chami
- BioEM Lab, Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Lü
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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5
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Rathnayaka SC, Mankad NP. Coordination chemistry of the Cu Z site in nitrous oxide reductase and its synthetic mimics. Coord Chem Rev 2021; 429:213718. [PMID: 33692589 PMCID: PMC7939133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) has garnered significant attention recently due to its dual roles as an ozone depletion agent and a potent greenhouse gas. Anthropogenic N2O emissions occur primarily through agricultural disruption of nitrogen homeostasis causing N2O to build up in the atmosphere. The enzyme responsible for N2O fixation within the geochemical nitrogen cycle is nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR), which catalyzes 2H+/2e- reduction of N2O to N2 and H2O at a tetranuclear active site, CuZ. In this review, the coordination chemistry of CuZ is reviewed. Recent advances in the understanding of biological CuZ coordination chemistry is discussed, as are significant breakthroughs in synthetic modeling of CuZ that have emerged in recent years. The latter topic includes both structurally faithful, synthetic [Cu4(µ4-S)] clusters that are able to reduce N2O, as well as dicopper motifs that shed light on reaction pathways available to the critical CuI-CuIV cluster edge of CuZ. Collectively, these advances in metalloenzyme studies and synthetic model systems provide meaningful knowledge about the physiologically relevant coordination chemistry of CuZ but also open new questions that will pose challenges in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh C. Rathnayaka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Neal P. Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, United States
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6
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Zhang L, Bill E, Kroneck PMH, Einsle O. A [3Cu:2S] cluster provides insight into the assembly and function of the Cu Z site of nitrous oxide reductase. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3239-3244. [PMID: 34164092 PMCID: PMC8179356 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05204c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) is the only known enzyme reducing environmentally critical nitrous oxide (N2O) to dinitrogen (N2) as the final step of bacterial denitrification. The assembly process of its unique catalytic [4Cu:2S] cluster CuZ remains scarcely understood. Here we report on a mutagenesis study of all seven histidine ligands coordinating this copper center, followed by spectroscopic and structural characterization and based on an established, functional expression system for Pseudomonas stutzeri N2OR in Escherichia coli. While no copper ion was found in the CuZ binding site of variants H129A, H130A, H178A, H326A, H433A and H494A, the H382A variant carried a catalytically inactive [3Cu:2S] center, in which one sulfur ligand, SZ2, had relocated to form a weak hydrogen bond to the sidechain of the nearby lysine residue K454. This link provides sufficient stability to avoid the loss of the sulfide anion. The UV-vis spectra of this cluster are strikingly similar to those of the active enzyme, implying that the flexibility of SZ2 may have been observed before, but not recognized. The sulfide shift changes the metal coordination in CuZ and is thus of high mechanistic interest. Variants of all seven histidine ligands of the [4Cu:2S] active site of nitrous oxide reductase mostly result in loss of the metal site. However, a H382A variant retains a [3Cu:2S] cluster that hints towards a structural flexibility also present in the intact site.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstr. 34-36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | | | - Oliver Einsle
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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7
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Zhang L, Bill E, Kroneck PMH, Einsle O. Histidine-Gated Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer to the CuA Site of Nitrous Oxide Reductase. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:830-838. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Einsle
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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8
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Ahumada V, Manotas M, Zakzuk J, Aglas L, Coronado S, Briza P, Lackner P, Regino R, Araujo G, Ferreira F, Caraballo L. Identification and Physicochemical Characterization of a New Allergen from Ascaris lumbricoides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249761. [PMID: 33371317 PMCID: PMC7767342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the impact of Ascaris lumbricoides infection on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of allergic diseases, new allergens should be identified. We report the identification of a new Ascaris lumbricoides allergen, Asc l 5. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and immunological features of the Asc l 5 allergen. We constructed an A. lumbricoides cDNA library and Asc l 5 was identified by immunoscreening. After purification, rAsc l 5 was physicochemically characterized. Evaluation of its allergenic activity included determination of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding frequency (in two populations: 254 children and 298 all-age subjects), CD203c based-basophil activation tests (BAT) and a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mouse model. We found by amino acid sequence analysis that Asc l 5 belongs to the SXP/RAL-2 protein family of nematodes. rAsc l 5 is a monomeric protein with an alpha-helical folding. IgE sensitization to rAsc l 5 was around 52% in general population; positive BAT rate was 60%. rAsc l 5 induced specific IgE production in mice and a positive PCA reaction. These results show that Asc l 5 has structural and immunological characteristics to be considered as a new allergen from A. lumbricoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velky Ahumada
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia; (V.A.); (M.M.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - María Manotas
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia; (V.A.); (M.M.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia; (V.A.); (M.M.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (P.L.); (G.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Sandra Coronado
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia; (V.A.); (M.M.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (P.L.); (G.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Peter Lackner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (P.L.); (G.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Ronald Regino
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia; (V.A.); (M.M.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Galber Araujo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (P.L.); (G.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (P.L.); (G.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia; (V.A.); (M.M.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-3103527373
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9
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Ferousi C, Majer SH, DiMucci IM, Lancaster KM. Biological and Bioinspired Inorganic N-N Bond-Forming Reactions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5252-5307. [PMID: 32108471 PMCID: PMC7339862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The metallobiochemistry underlying the formation of the inorganic N-N-bond-containing molecules nitrous oxide (N2O), dinitrogen (N2), and hydrazine (N2H4) is essential to the lifestyles of diverse organisms. Similar reactions hold promise as means to use N-based fuels as alternative carbon-free energy sources. This review discusses research efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying biological N-N bond formation in primary metabolism and how the associated reactions are tied to energy transduction and organismal survival. These efforts comprise studies of both natural and engineered metalloenzymes as well as synthetic model complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ferousi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sean H Majer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ida M DiMucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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10
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Role of structural ions on the dynamics of the Pseudomonas fluorescens 07A metalloprotease. Food Chem 2019; 286:309-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Functional assembly of nitrous oxide reductase provides insights into copper site maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12822-12827. [PMID: 31189605 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903819116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The multicopper enzyme nitrous oxide reductase reduces the greenhouse gas N2O to uncritical N2 as the final step of bacterial denitrification. Its two metal centers require an elaborate assembly machinery that so far has precluded heterologous production as a prerequisite for bioremediatory applications in agriculture and wastewater treatment. Here, we report on the production of active holoenzyme in Escherichia coli using a two-plasmid system to produce the entire biosynthetic machinery as well as the structural gene for the enzyme. Using this recombinant system to probe the role of individual maturation factors, we find that the ABC transporter NosFY and the accessory NosD protein are essential for the formation of the [4Cu:2S] site CuZ, but not the electron transfer site CuA Depending on source organism, the heterologous host E. coli can, in some cases, compensate for the lack of the Cu chaperone NosL, while in others this protein is strictly required, underlining the case for designing a recombinant system to be entirely self-contained.
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12
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13
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Bennett SP, Soriano-Laguna MJ, Bradley JM, Svistunenko DA, Richardson DJ, Gates AJ, Le Brun NE. NosL is a dedicated copper chaperone for assembly of the Cu Z center of nitrous oxide reductase. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4985-4993. [PMID: 31183047 PMCID: PMC6530538 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) is the terminal enzyme of the denitrification pathway of soil bacteria that reduces the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) to dinitrogen. In addition to a binuclear CuA site that functions in electron transfer, the active site of N2OR features a unique tetranuclear copper cluster bridged by inorganic sulfide, termed CuZ. In copper-limited environments, N2OR fails to function, resulting in truncation of denitrification and rising levels of N2O released by cells to the atmosphere, presenting a major environmental challenge. Here we report studies of nosL from Paracoccus denitrificans, which is part of the nos gene cluster, and encodes a putative copper binding protein. A Paracoccus denitrificans ΔnosL mutant strain had no denitrification phenotype under copper-sufficient conditions but failed to reduce N2O under copper-limited conditions. N2OR isolated from ΔnosL cells was found to be deficient in copper and to exhibit attenuated activity. UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy revealed that bands due to the CuA center were unaffected, while those corresponding to the CuZ center were significantly reduced in intensity. In vitro studies of a soluble form of NosL without its predicted membrane anchor showed that it binds one Cu(i) ion per protein with attomolar affinity, but does not bind Cu(ii). Together, the data demonstrate that NosL is a copper-binding protein specifically required for assembly of the CuZ center of N2OR, and thus represents the first characterised assembly factor for the CuZ active site of this key environmental enzyme, which is globally responsible for the destruction of a potent greenhouse gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie P Bennett
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry , School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , NR4 7TJ , UK .
| | - Manuel J Soriano-Laguna
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry , School of Biological Sciences , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , NR4 7TJ , UK .
| | - Justin M Bradley
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry , School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , NR4 7TJ , UK .
| | - Dimitri A Svistunenko
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Essex , Wivenhoe Park , Colchester CO4 3SQ , UK
| | - David J Richardson
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry , School of Biological Sciences , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , NR4 7TJ , UK .
| | - Andrew J Gates
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry , School of Biological Sciences , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , NR4 7TJ , UK .
| | - Nick E Le Brun
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry , School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , NR4 7TJ , UK .
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14
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Duo Y, Wang X, Chen J, Chen J. Gene cloning, expression, and reducing property enhancement of nitrous oxide reductase from Alcaligenes denitrificans strain TB. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:43-52. [PMID: 29649759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and tends to accumulate as an intermediate in the process of bacteria denitrification. To achieve complete reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) in bacteria denitrification, the structural gene nosZ encoding nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) was cloned from Alcaligenes denitrificans strain TB (GenBank JQ044686). The recombinant plasmid containing the nosZ gene was built, and the expression of nosZ gene in Escherichia coli was determined. Results show that the nosZ gene consisting of 1917 nucleotides achieves heterologous expression successfully by codon optimization strategy under optimal conditions (pre-induction inoculum OD600 of 0.67, final IPTG concentration of 0.5 mM, inducing time of 6 h, and inducing temperature of 28 °C). Determination result of gas chromatography confirms that N2O degradation efficiency of recombinant E. coli is strengthened by at least 1.92 times compared with that of original strain TB when treated with N2O as substrate. Moreover, N2OR activity in recombinant strain is 2.09 times higher than that in wild strain TB, which validates the aforementioned result and implies that the recombinant E. coli BL21 (DE3)-pET28b-nosZ is a potential candidate to control N2O accumulation and alleviate greenhouse effect. In addition, the N2OR structure and the possible N2O binding site in Alcaligenes sp. TB are predicted, which open an avenue for further research on the relationship between N2OR activity and its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yankai Duo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Bioconversion and Biopurification, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Bioconversion and Biopurification, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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15
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The catalytic cycle of nitrous oxide reductase - The enzyme that catalyzes the last step of denitrification. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:423-434. [PMID: 28927704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide requires a catalyst to overcome the large activation energy barrier of this reaction. Its biological decomposition to the inert dinitrogen can be accomplished by denitrifiers through nitrous oxide reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of the denitrification, a pathway of the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. Nitrous oxide reductase is a multicopper enzyme containing a mixed valence CuA center that can accept electrons from small electron shuttle proteins, triggering electron flow to the catalytic sulfide-bridged tetranuclear copper "CuZ center". This enzyme has been isolated with its catalytic center in two forms, CuZ*(4Cu1S) and CuZ(4Cu2S), proven to be spectroscopic and structurally different. In the last decades, it has been a challenge to characterize the properties of this complex enzyme, due to the different oxidation states observed for each of its centers and the heterogeneity of its preparations. The substrate binding site in those two "CuZ center" forms and which is the active form of the enzyme is still a matter of debate. However, in the last years the application of different spectroscopies, together with theoretical calculations have been useful in answering these questions and in identifying intermediate species of the catalytic cycle. An overview of the spectroscopic, kinetics and structural properties of the two forms of the catalytic "CuZ center" is given here, together with the current knowledge on nitrous oxide reduction mechanism by nitrous oxide reductase and its intermediate species.
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16
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Zheng H, Cooper DR, Porebski PJ, Shabalin IG, Handing KB, Minor W. CheckMyMetal: a macromolecular metal-binding validation tool. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2017; 73:223-233. [PMID: 28291757 PMCID: PMC5349434 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798317001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are essential in many biological processes, and metal ions are modeled in roughly 40% of the macromolecular structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). However, a significant fraction of these structures contain poorly modeled metal-binding sites. CheckMyMetal (CMM) is an easy-to-use metal-binding site validation server for macromolecules that is freely available at http://csgid.org/csgid/metal_sites. The CMM server can detect incorrect metal assignments as well as geometrical and other irregularities in the metal-binding sites. Guidelines for metal-site modeling and validation in macromolecules are illustrated by several practical examples grouped by the type of metal. These examples show CMM users (and crystallographers in general) problems they may encounter during the modeling of a specific metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - David R. Cooper
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Przemyslaw J. Porebski
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ivan G. Shabalin
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Katarzyna B. Handing
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Wladek Minor
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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17
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Zhang L, Trncik C, Andrade SLA, Einsle O. The flavinyl transferase ApbE of Pseudomonas stutzeri matures the NosR protein required for nitrous oxide reduction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1858:95-102. [PMID: 27864152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The copper-containing enzyme nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) catalyzes the transformation of nitrous oxide (N2O) to dinitrogen (N2) in microbial denitrification. Several accessory factors are essential for assembling the two copper sites CuA and CuZ, and for maintaining the activity. In particular, the deletion of either the transmembrane iron-sulfur flavoprotein NosR or the periplasmic protein NosX, a member of the ApbE family, abolishes N2O respiration. Here we demonstrate through biochemical and structural studies that the ApbE protein from Pseudomonas stutzeri, where the nosX gene is absent, is a monomeric FAD-binding protein that can serve as the flavin donor for NosR maturation via covalent flavinylation of a threonine residue. The flavin transfer reaction proceeds both in vivo and in vitro to generate post-translationally modified NosR with covalently bound FMN. Only FAD can act as substrate and the reaction requires a divalent cation, preferably Mg2+ that was also present in the crystal structure. In addition, the reaction is species-specific to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Christian Trncik
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Susana L A Andrade
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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