1
|
Miura D, Motohashi S, Goto A, Kimura H, Tsugawa W, Sode K, Ikebukuro K, Asano R. Rapid and Convenient Single-Chain Variable Fragment-Employed Electrochemical C-Reactive Protein Detection System. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2859. [PMID: 38474105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although IgG-free immunosensors are in high demand owing to ethical concerns, the development of convenient immunosensors that alternatively integrate recombinantly produced antibody fragments, such as single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), remains challenging. The low affinity of antibody fragments, unlike IgG, caused by monovalent binding to targets often leads to decreased sensitivity. We improved the affinity owing to the bivalent effect by fabricating a bivalent antibody-enzyme complex (AEC) composed of two scFvs and a single glucose dehydrogenase, and developed a rapid and convenient scFv-employed electrochemical detection system for the C-reactive protein (CRP), which is a homopentameric protein biomarker of systemic inflammation. The development of a point-of-care testing (POCT) system is highly desirable; however, no scFv-based CRP-POCT immunosensors have been developed. As expected, the bivalent AEC showed higher affinity than the single scFv and contributed to the high sensitivity of CRP detection. The electrochemical CRP detection using scFv-immobilized magnetic beads and the bivalent AEC as capture and detection antibodies, respectively, was achieved in 20 min without washing steps in human serum and the linear range was 1-10 nM with the limit of detection of 2.9 nM, which has potential to meet the criteria required for POCT application in rapidity, convenience, and hand-held detection devices without employing IgGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daimei Miura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Saki Motohashi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ayaka Goto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hayato Kimura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jardim-Perassi BV, Irrera P, Oluwatola OE, Abrahams D, Estrella VC, Ordway B, Byrne SR, Ojeda AA, Whelan CJ, Kim J, Beatty MS, Damgaci-Erturk S, Longo DL, Gaspar KJ, Siegers GM, Centeno BA, Lau JYC, Pilon-Thomas SA, Ibrahim-Hashim A, Gillies RJ. L-DOS47 Elevates Pancreatic Cancer Tumor pH and Enhances Response to Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:461. [PMID: 38398062 PMCID: PMC10886509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Acidosis is an important immunosuppressive mechanism that leads to tumor growth. Therefore, we investigated the neutralization of tumor acidity to improve immunotherapy response. L-DOS47, a new targeted urease immunoconjugate designed to neutralize tumor acidity, has been well tolerated in phase I/IIa trials. L-DOS47 binds to CEACAM6, a cell-surface protein that is highly expressed in gastrointestinal cancers, allowing urease to cleave endogenous urea into two NH4+ and one CO2, thereby raising local pH. To test the synergetic effect of neutralizing tumor acidity with immunotherapy, we developed a pancreatic orthotopic murine tumor model (KPC961) expressing human CEACAM6. Using chemical exchange saturation transfer-magnetic resonance imaging (CEST-MRI) to measure the tumor extracellular pH (pHe), we confirmed that L-DOS47 raises the tumor pHe from 4 h to 96 h post injection in acidic tumors (average increase of 0.13 units). Additional studies showed that combining L-DOS47 with anti-PD1 significantly increases the efficacy of the anti-PD1 monotherapy, reducing tumor growth for up to 4 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Victorasso Jardim-Perassi
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA (P.I.); (B.O.); (S.D.-E.)
| | - Pietro Irrera
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA (P.I.); (B.O.); (S.D.-E.)
| | - Oluwaseyi E. Oluwatola
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (O.E.O.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Veronica C. Estrella
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA (P.I.); (B.O.); (S.D.-E.)
| | - Bryce Ordway
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA (P.I.); (B.O.); (S.D.-E.)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samantha R. Byrne
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (O.E.O.)
| | - Andrew A. Ojeda
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (O.E.O.)
| | - Christopher J. Whelan
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA (P.I.); (B.O.); (S.D.-E.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jongphil Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Matthew S. Beatty
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (O.E.O.)
| | - Sultan Damgaci-Erturk
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA (P.I.); (B.O.); (S.D.-E.)
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Kim J. Gaspar
- Helix BioPharma Corp., Bay Adelaide Centre-North Tower, 40 Temperance Street, Suite 2700, Toronto, ON M5H 0B4, Canada
| | - Gabrielle M. Siegers
- Helix BioPharma Corp., Bay Adelaide Centre-North Tower, 40 Temperance Street, Suite 2700, Toronto, ON M5H 0B4, Canada
| | - Barbara A. Centeno
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Justin Y. C. Lau
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory (SAIL), H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Shari A. Pilon-Thomas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (O.E.O.)
| | - Arig Ibrahim-Hashim
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA (P.I.); (B.O.); (S.D.-E.)
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA (P.I.); (B.O.); (S.D.-E.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hartupee C, Nagalo BM, Chabu CY, Tesfay MZ, Coleman-Barnett J, West JT, Moaven O. Pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment is a major therapeutic barrier and target. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1287459. [PMID: 38361931 PMCID: PMC10867137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1287459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is projected to become the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Limitations in early detection and treatment barriers contribute to the lack of substantial success in the treatment of this challenging-to-treat malignancy. Desmoplasia is the hallmark of PDAC microenvironment that creates a physical and immunologic barrier. Stromal support cells and immunomodulatory cells face aberrant signaling by pancreatic cancer cells that shifts the complex balance of proper repair mechanisms into a state of dysregulation. The product of this dysregulation is the desmoplastic environment that encases the malignant cells leading to a dense, hypoxic environment that promotes further tumorigenesis, provides innate systemic resistance, and suppresses anti-tumor immune invasion. This desmoplastic environment combined with the immunoregulatory events that allow it to persist serve as the primary focus of this review. The physical barrier and immune counterbalance in the tumor microenvironment (TME) make PDAC an immunologically cold tumor. To convert PDAC into an immunologically hot tumor, tumor microenvironment could be considered alongside the tumor cells. We discuss the complex network of microenvironment molecular and cellular composition and explore how they can be targeted to overcome immuno-therapeutic challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conner Hartupee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Chiswili Y. Chabu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mulu Z. Tesfay
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Joycelynn Coleman-Barnett
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - John T. West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Omeed Moaven
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Louisiana State University - Louisiana Children's Medical Center (LSU - LCMC) Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jancewicz I, Śmiech M, Winiarska M, Zagozdzon R, Wisniewski P. New CEACAM-targeting 2A3 single-domain antibody-based chimeric antigen receptor T-cells produce anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:30. [PMID: 38279989 PMCID: PMC10821984 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Recently, a breakthrough immunotherapeutic strategy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells has been introduced to hematooncology. However, to apply this novel treatment in solid cancers, one must identify suitable molecular targets in the tumors of choice. CEACAM family proteins are involved in the progression of a range of malignancies, including pancreatic and breast cancers, and pose attractive targets for anticancer therapies. In this work, we used a new CEACAM-targeted 2A3 single-domain antibody-based chimeric antigen receptor T-cells to evaluate their antitumor properties in vitro and in animal models. Originally, 2A3 antibody was reported to target CEACAM6 molecule; however, our in vitro co-incubation experiments showed activation and high cytotoxicity of 2A3-CAR T-cells against CEACAM5 and/or CEACAM6 high human cell lines, suggesting cross-reactivity of this antibody. Moreover, 2A3-CAR T-cells tested in vivo in the BxPC-3 xenograft model demonstrated high efficacy against pancreatic cancer xenografts in both early and late intervention treatment regimens. Our results for the first time show an enhanced targeting toward CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 molecules by the new 2A3 sdAb-based CAR T-cells. The results strongly support the further development of 2A3-CAR T-cells as a potential treatment strategy against CEACAM5/6-overexpressing cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iga Jancewicz
- 4Cell Therapies S.A., 59C Bojkowska Street, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Śmiech
- 4Cell Therapies S.A., 59C Bojkowska Street, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- 4Cell Therapies S.A., 59C Bojkowska Street, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Nielubowicza St., Building F, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Zagozdzon
- 4Cell Therapies S.A., 59C Bojkowska Street, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
- Laboratory of Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 5 Roentgena Street, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Pawel Wisniewski
- 4Cell Therapies S.A., 59C Bojkowska Street, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jardim-Perassi BV, Irrera P, Abrahams D, Estrella VC, Ordway B, Byrne SR, Ojeda AA, Whelan CJ, Kim J, Beatty MS, Damgaci-Erturk S, Longo DL, Gaspar KJ, Siegers GM, Centeno BA, Lau JYC, Ibrahim-Hashim A, Pilon-Thomas SA, Gillies RJ. L-DOS47 enhances response to immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer tumor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.555194. [PMID: 37693389 PMCID: PMC10491210 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Acidosis is an important immunosuppressive mechanism that leads to tumor growth. Therefore, we investigated the neutralization of tumor acidity to improve immunotherapy response. L-DOS47, a new targeted urease immunoconjugate designed to neutralize tumor acidity, has been well tolerated in phase I/IIa trials. L-DOS47 binds CEACAM6, a cell surface protein highly expressed in gastrointestinal cancers, allowing urease to cleave endogenous urea into two NH4+ and one CO2, thereby raising local pH. To test the synergetic effect of neutralizing tumor acidity with immunotherapy, we developed a pancreatic orthotopic murine tumor model (KPC961) expressing human CEACAM6. Our results demonstrate that combining L DOS47 with anti-PD1 significantly increases the efficacy of anti-PD1 monotherapy, reducing tumor growth for up to 4 weeks.
Collapse
|
6
|
Natan Y, Blum YD, Arav A, Poliansky Y, Neuman S, Ecker Cohen O, Ben Y. Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Shows Anti-Cancer Properties That are Attributed to Its Buffering Capacity. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3785. [PMID: 37568601 PMCID: PMC10417113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is a non-crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and it is composed of aggregated nano-size primary particles. Here, we evaluated its anti-cancer effect postulated relative to its buffering capabilities in lung cancer. METHODS Tumors were evaluated in vivo using the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mouse cell line and A549 human lung cancer carcinoma cell line. LLC and A549 cells were injected subcutaneously into the right hind leg of mice. Treatments (ACC, cisplatin, vehicle, and ACC with cisplatin, all given via daily IP injections) started once tumors reached a measurable size. Treatments were carried out for 14 days in the LLC model and for 22 and 24 days in the xenograft model (two experiments). LLC tumors were resected from ACC at the end of the study, and vehicle groups were evaluated for cathepsin B activity. Differential gene expression was carried out on A549 cells following 8 weeks of in vitro culture in the presence or absence of ACC in a culture medium. RESULTS The ACC treatment decelerated tumor growth rates in both models. When tumor volumes were compared on the last day of each study, the ACC-treated animal tumor volume was reduced by 44.83% compared to vehicle-treated animals in the LLC model. In the xenograft model, the tumor volume was reduced by 51.6% in ACC-treated animals compared to vehicle-treated animals. A more substantial reduction of 74.75% occurred in the combined treatment of ACC and cisplatin compared to the vehicle (carried out only in the LLC model). Cathepsin B activity was significantly reduced in ACC-treated LLC tumors compared to control tumors. Differential gene expression results showed a shift towards anti-tumorigenic pathways in the ACC-treated A549 cells. CONCLUSION This study supports the ACC anti-malignant buffering hypothesis by demonstrating decelerated tumor growth, reduced cathepsin B activity, and altered gene expressions to produce anti-cancerous effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehudit Natan
- Amorphical Ltd., 11 HaHarash st., Nes-Ziona 7403118, Israel
| | - Yigal Dov Blum
- Amorphical Ltd., 11 HaHarash st., Nes-Ziona 7403118, Israel
| | - Amir Arav
- A.A. Cash Technology Ltd., 59 Shlomzion Hamalka st., Tel-Aviv 6226618, Israel
| | | | - Sara Neuman
- Amorphical Ltd., 11 HaHarash st., Nes-Ziona 7403118, Israel
| | | | - Yossi Ben
- Amorphical Ltd., 11 HaHarash st., Nes-Ziona 7403118, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Pauw T, De Mey L, Debacker JM, Raes G, Van Ginderachter JA, De Groof TWM, Devoogdt N. Current status and future expectations of nanobodies in oncology trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:705-721. [PMID: 37638538 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2249814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized personalized medicine for cancer in recent decades. Despite their broad application in oncology, their large size and complexity may interfere with successful tumor targeting for certain applications of cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanobodies have unique structural and pharmacological features compared to monoclonal antibodies and have successfully been used as complementary anti-cancer diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools. AREAS COVERED Here, an overview is given of the nanobody-based diagnostics and therapeutics that have been or are currently being tested in oncological clinical trials. Furthermore, preclinical developments, which are likely to be translated into the clinic in the near future, are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Overall, the presented studies show the application potential of nanobodies in the field of oncology, making it likely that more nanobodies will be clinically approved in the upcoming future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa De Pauw
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lynn De Mey
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Nuclear Medicine Department, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jens M Debacker
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Nuclear Medicine Department, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Z, Liu X, Pei H, Bao K, Su B, Cao H, Wu L, Chen Q. Rapid and sensitive immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein in serum by fabricating primary antibody-enzyme complexes using protein self-assembly. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1576-1583. [PMID: 36883654 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay02078e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Primary antibody-enzyme complexes (PAECs) are ideal immunosensing elements that simplify the immunoassay process and improve the uniformity of results due to their ability to both recognize antigens and catalyze substrates. However, the conventional fabrication methods of PAECs, such as direct gene fusion expression, chemical conjugation, enzymatic conjugation, etc., have low efficiency, poor reliability, and other defects, which limit the widespread application of PAECs. Therefore, we developed a convenient method for the fabrication of homogeneous multivalent PAECs using protein self-assembly and validated it using anti-alpha-fetoprotein nanobody (A1) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as models. Heptavalent PAECs showed a 4-fold enhancement in enzymatic catalytic activity compared to monovalent PAECs. Further, to verify the application of developed heptavalent PAECs in immunoassay, heptavalent PAECs were used as bifunctional probes to construct a double-antibody sandwich ELISA to detect AFP. The detection limit of the developed heptavalent PAEC-based ELISA is 0.69 ng mL-1, which is about 3 times higher than that of monovalent PAECs, and the whole detection process can be completed within 3 hours. In short, the proposed protein self-assembling method is a promising technology for developing high-performance heptavalent PACEs, which can simplify the detection process and improve detection sensitivity in various immunoassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Hua Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Kunlu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Benchao Su
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Hongmei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Long Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Significance: Cancer-associated tissue-specific lactic acidosis stimulates and mediates tumor invasion and metastasis and is druggable. Rarely, malignancy causes systemic lactic acidosis, the role of which is poorly understood. Recent Advances: The understanding of the role of lactate has shifted dramatically since its discovery. Long recognized as only a waste product, lactate has become known as an alternative metabolism substrate and a secreted nutrient that is exchanged between the tumor and the microenvironment. Tissue-specific lactic acidosis is targeted to improve the host body's anticancer defense and serves as a tool that allows the targeting of anticancer compounds. Systemic lactic acidosis is associated with poor survival. In patients with solid cancer, systemic lactic acidosis is associated with an extremely poor prognosis, as revealed by the analysis of 57 published cases in this study. Although it is considered a pathology worth treating, targeting systemic lactic acidosis in patients with solid cancer is usually inefficient. Critical Issues: Research gaps include simple questions, such as the unknown nuclear pH of the cancer cells and its effects on chemotherapy outcomes, pH sensitivity of glycosylation in cancer cells, in vivo mechanisms of response to acidosis in the absence of lactate, and overinterpretation of in vitro results that were obtained by using cells that were not preadapted to acidic environments. Future Directions: Numerous metabolism-targeting anticancer compounds induce lactatemia, lactic acidosis, or other types of acidosis. Their potential to induce acidic environments is largely overlooked, although the acidosis might contribute to a substantial portion of the observed clinical effects. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1130-1152.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Heneberg
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kalyanaraman B, Cheng G, Hardy M. Therapeutic Targeting of Tumor Cells and Tumor Immune Microenvironment Vulnerabilities. Front Oncol 2022; 12:816504. [PMID: 35756631 PMCID: PMC9214210 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.816504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of tumor vulnerabilities is emerging as a key area of research. This review is focused on exploiting the vulnerabilities of tumor cells and the immune cells in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), including tumor hypoxia, tumor acidity, the bidirectional proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) of lactate, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and redox enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Cancer cells use glucose for energy even under normoxic conditions. Although cancer cells predominantly rely on glycolysis, many have fully functional mitochondria, suggesting that mitochondria are a vulnerable target organelle in cancer cells. Thus, one key distinction between cancer and normal cell metabolism is metabolic reprogramming. Mitochondria-targeted small molecule inhibitors of OXPHOS inhibit tumor proliferation and growth. Another hallmark of cancer is extracellular acidification due lactate accumulation. Emerging results show that lactate acts as a fuel for mitochondrial metabolism and supports tumor proliferation and growth. Metabolic reprogramming occurs in glycolysis-deficient tumor phenotypes and in kinase-targeted, drug-resistant cancers overexpressing OXPHOS genes. Glycolytic cancer cells located away from the vasculature overexpress MCT4 transporter to prevent overacidification by exporting lactate, and the oxidative cancer cells located near the vasculature express MCT1 transporter to provide energy through incorporation of lactate into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. MCTs are, therefore, a vulnerable target in cancer metabolism. MCT inhibitors exert synthetic lethality in combination with metformin, a weak inhibitor of OXPHOS, in cancer cells. Simultaneously targeting multiple vulnerabilities within mitochondria shows synergistic antiproliferative and antitumor effects. Developing tumor-selective, small molecule inhibitors of OXPHOS with a high therapeutic index is critical to fully exploiting the mitochondrial vulnerabilities. We and others developed small-molecule inhibitors containing triphenylphosphonium cation that potently inhibit OXPHOS in tumor cells and tissues. Factors affecting tumor cell vulnerabilities also impact immune cells in the TIME. Glycolytic tumor cells supply lactate to the tumor-suppressing regulatory T cells overexpressing MCTs. Therapeutic opportunities for targeting vulnerabilities in tumor cells and the TIME, as well as the implications on cancer health disparities and cancer treatment, are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix Marseille Univ, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fabrication of Fragment Antibody–Enzyme Complex as a Sensing Element for Immunosensing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031335. [PMID: 35163258 PMCID: PMC8836092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody–enzyme complexes (AECs) are ideal molecular recognition elements for immunosensing applications. One molecule possesses both a binding ability to specific targets and catalytic activity to gain signals, particularly oxidoreductases, which can be integrated into rapid and sensitive electrochemical measurements. The development of AECs using fragment antibodies rather than intact antibodies, such as immunoglobulin G (IgG), has attracted attention for overcoming the ethical and cost issues associated with the production of intact antibodies. Conventionally, chemical conjugation has been used to fabricate AECs; however, controlling stoichiometric conjugation using this method is difficult. To prepare homogeneous AECs, methods based on direct fusion and enzymatic conjugation have been developed, and more convenient methods using Catcher/Tag systems as coupling modules have been reported. In this review, we summarize the methods for fabricating AECs using fragment antibodies developed for sensing applications and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Collapse
|
12
|
Uprety B, Chandran R, Arderne C, Abrahamse H. Anticancer Activity of Urease Mimetic Cobalt (III) Complexes on A549-Lung Cancer Cells: Targeting the Acidic Microenvironment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010211. [PMID: 35057107 PMCID: PMC8780642 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells maintain a local hypoxic and acidic microenvironment which plays a crucial role in cancer progression and drug resistance. Urease is a metallohydrolases that catalyses the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, causing an abrupt increase of pH. This enzymatic activity can be employed to target the acidic tumour microenvironment. In this study, we present the anticancer activities of urease mimetic cobalt (III) complexes on A549 cells. The cells were treated with different doses of cobalt (III) complexes to observe the cytotoxicity. The change in cellular morphology was observed using an inverted microscope. The cell death induced by these complexes was analysed through ATP proliferation, LDH release and caspase 3/7 activity. The effect of extracellular alkalinization by the cobalt (III) complexes on the efficacy of the weakly basic drug, doxorubicin (dox) was also evaluated. This combination therapy of dox with cobalt (III) complexes resulted in enhanced apoptosis in A549 cells, as evidenced by elevated caspase 3/7 activity in treated groups. The study confirms the urease mimicking anticancer activity of cobalt (III) complexes by neutralizing the tumour microenvironment. This study will motivate the applications of transition metal-based enzyme mimics in targeting the tumour microenvironment for effective anticancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Uprety
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (B.U.); (R.C.); Tel.: +27-11-559-6926 (R.C.)
| | - Rahul Chandran
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (B.U.); (R.C.); Tel.: +27-11-559-6926 (R.C.)
| | - Charmaine Arderne
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa;
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miura D, Kimura H, Tsugawa W, Ikebukuro K, Sode K, Asano R. Rapid, convenient, and highly sensitive detection of human hemoglobin in serum using a high-affinity bivalent antibody-enzyme complex. Talanta 2021; 234:122638. [PMID: 34364447 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human hemoglobin (Hb) is a biomarker of several diseases, and monitoring of Hb levels is required during emergent surgery. However, rapid and sensitive Hb detection methods are yet to be developed. The present study established a rapid, convenient, and highly sensitive detection method for Hb in human serum using a bivalent antibody-enzyme complex (AEC). AECs are promising sensing elements because of their ability to bind specific targets and their catalytic activity that produce signals. We recently reported a convenient and universal method to fabricate bivalent AECs with two antibody fragments, using the SpyCatcher/SpyTag system. The present study applied a bivalent AEC for highly sensitive and quantitative detection of human Hb. The bivalent anti-Hb AEC was successfully prepared by incubating both N- and C-terminus SpyCatcher-fused glucose dehydrogenase and SpyTag-fused anti-Hb single-chain variable fragments at 4 °C. As expected, the bivalent AEC for Hb with a multimeric structure showed higher affinity than the monovalent AEC, by means of avidity effects, unlike that for soluble epidermal growth factor receptor with a monomeric structure; this contributed to a great improvement in sensitivity. Finally, we established a rapid and wash-free homogeneous electrochemical detection system for Hb by integrating magnetic beads. The linear range of the system completely covered the clinically required Hb levels, even in human serum. This technology provides an ideal point-of-care test for Hb and other multimeric biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daimei Miura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hayato Kimura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen T, Liu X, Hong H, Wei H. Novel single-domain antibodies against the EGFR domain III epitope exhibit the anti-tumor effect. J Transl Med 2020; 18:376. [PMID: 33023595 PMCID: PMC7541222 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used for cancer therapy. They are large and have some disadvantages limiting their use. Smaller antibody fragments are needed as their alternatives. A fully human single-domain antibody (sdAb) has a small size of only 15 kDa and consists of only the variable domain of the human antibody heavy chain (VH). It has no immunogenicity. It can easily penetrate into tumor tissues, target an epitope inaccessible to mAb and be manufactured in bacteria for a low cost. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is over-expressed in many cancer cells and is a good target for cancer therapy. Methods The EGFR protein fragment located on the EGFR extracellular domain III was chosen to screen a human sdAb library. Five human anti-EGFR sdAbs were identified. Their specific binding to EGFR was confirmed by ELISA, Western blotting and flow cytometry. Their anti-tumor effects were tested. Results Five novel fully human anti-EGFR sdAbs were isolated. They specifically bound to EGFR, not to the seven unrelated proteins as negative controls. They also bound to the three different human cancer cell lines, but not to the two cell lines as negative controls. They inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion and increased apoptosis of these three cancer cell lines. Two of them were tested for their anti-tumor effect in vivo and showed the anti-tumor activity in a mouse xenograft model for human lung cancer. Immunohistochemical staining of xenograft tumors also showed that their anti-tumor effects were associated with the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and the promotion of cancer cell apoptosis. Conclusions This study clearly demonstrated that the anti-EGFR sdAbs could inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. They could be potential therapeutics for the treatment of different human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Haifeng Hong
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Henry Wei
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang EY, Shah K. Nanobodies: Next Generation of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1182. [PMID: 32793488 PMCID: PMC7390931 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of targeted medicine has greatly expanded treatment options and spurred new research avenues in cancer therapeutics, with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) emerging as a prevalent treatment in recent years. With mixed clinical success, mAbs still hold significant shortcomings, as they possess limited tumor penetration, high manufacturing costs, and the potential to develop therapeutic resistance. However, the recent discovery of “nanobodies,” the smallest-known functional antibody fragment, has demonstrated significant translational potential in preclinical and clinical studies. This review highlights their various applications in cancer and analyzes their trajectory toward their translation into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y Yang
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lecocq Q, De Vlaeminck Y, Hanssens H, D'Huyvetter M, Raes G, Goyvaerts C, Keyaerts M, Devoogdt N, Breckpot K. Theranostics in immuno-oncology using nanobody derivatives. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:7772-7791. [PMID: 31695800 PMCID: PMC6831473 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have become mainstream in cancer treatment. However, only patient subsets benefit from these expensive therapies, and often responses are short‐lived or coincide with side effects. A growing modality in precision oncology is the development of theranostics, as this enables patient selection, treatment and monitoring. In this approach, labeled compounds and an imaging technology are used to diagnose patients and select the best treatment option, whereas for therapy, related compounds are used to target cancer cells or the tumor stroma. In this context, nanobodies and nanobody-directed therapeutics have gained interest. This interest stems from their high antigen specificity, small size, ease of labeling and engineering, allowing specific imaging and design of therapies targeting antigens on tumor cells, immune cells as well as proteins in the tumor environment. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the state-of-the-art regarding the use of nanobodies as theranostics, and their importance in the emerging field of personalized medicine.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The extracellular pH of solid tumors is unequivocally acidic due to a combination of high rates of lactic acid production (a consequence of fermentative glycolytic metabolism) and poor perfusion. This has been documented by us and others in a wide variety of solid tumor models, primarily using magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). This acidity contributes to tumor progression by inducing genome instability, promoting local invasion and metastases, inhibiting anti-tumor immunity, and conferring resistance to chemo- and radio-therapies. Systemic buffer therapies can neutralize tumor acidity and has been shown to inhibit local invasion and metastasis and improve immune surveillance in a variety of cancer model systems. This review will revisit the causes and consequences of acidosis by summarizing strategies used by cancer cells to adapt to acidosis, and how this acidity associated with carcinogenesis, metastasis, and immune function. Finally, this review will discuss how neutralization of acidity can be used to inhibit carcinogenesis and metastasis and improve anti-cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arig Ibrahim-Hashim
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Veronica Estrella
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pillai SR, Damaghi M, Marunaka Y, Spugnini EP, Fais S, Gillies RJ. Causes, consequences, and therapy of tumors acidosis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 38:205-222. [PMID: 30911978 PMCID: PMC6625890 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While cancer is commonly described as "a disease of the genes," it is also associated with massive metabolic reprogramming that is now accepted as a disease "Hallmark." This programming is complex and often involves metabolic cooperativity between cancer cells and their surrounding stroma. Indeed, there is emerging clinical evidence that interrupting a cancer's metabolic program can improve patients' outcomes. The most commonly observed and well-studied metabolic adaptation in cancers is the fermentation of glucose to lactic acid, even in the presence of oxygen, also known as "aerobic glycolysis" or the "Warburg Effect." Much has been written about the mechanisms of the Warburg effect, and this remains a topic of great debate. However, herein, we will focus on an important sequela of this metabolic program: the acidification of the tumor microenvironment. Rather than being an epiphenomenon, it is now appreciated that this acidosis is a key player in cancer somatic evolution and progression to malignancy. Adaptation to acidosis induces and selects for malignant behaviors, such as increased invasion and metastasis, chemoresistance, and inhibition of immune surveillance. However, the metabolic reprogramming that occurs during adaptation to acidosis also introduces therapeutic vulnerabilities. Thus, tumor acidosis is a relevant therapeutic target, and we describe herein four approaches to accomplish this: (1) neutralizing acid directly with buffers, (2) targeting metabolic vulnerabilities revealed by acidosis, (3) developing acid-activatable drugs and nanomedicines, and (4) inhibiting metabolic processes responsible for generating acids in the first place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smitha R Pillai
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL, 33602, USA
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL, 33602, USA
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | | | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL, 33602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bélanger K, Iqbal U, Tanha J, MacKenzie R, Moreno M, Stanimirovic D. Single-Domain Antibodies as Therapeutic and Imaging Agents for the Treatment of CNS Diseases. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8020027. [PMID: 31544833 PMCID: PMC6640712 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have become one of the most successful therapeutics for a number of oncology and inflammatory diseases. So far, central nervous system (CNS) indications have missed out on the antibody revolution, while they remain 'hidden' behind several hard to breach barriers. Among the various antibody modalities, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) may hold the 'key' to unlocking the access of antibody therapies to CNS diseases. The unique structural features of sdAbs make them the smallest monomeric antibody fragments suitable for molecular targeting. These features are of particular importance when developing antibodies as modular building blocks for engineering CNS-targeting therapeutics and imaging agents. In this review, we first introduce the characteristic properties of sdAbs compared to traditional antibodies. We then present recent advances in the development of sdAbs as potential therapeutics across brain barriers, including their use for the delivery of biologics across the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers, treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and molecular imaging of brain targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasandra Bélanger
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Umar Iqbal
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Roger MacKenzie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Maria Moreno
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Danica Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gillies RJ, Pilot C, Marunaka Y, Fais S. Targeting acidity in cancer and diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:273-280. [PMID: 30708040 PMCID: PMC6525044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While cancer is commonly described as "a disease of the genes", it is also a disease of metabolism. Indeed, carcinogenesis and malignancy are highly associated with metabolic re-programming, and there is clinical evidence that interrupting a cancer's metabolic program can improve patients' outcomes. Notably, many of the metabolic adaptations observed in cancer are similar to the same perturbations observed in diabetic patients. For example, metformin is commonly used to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic patients, and has been demonstrated to reduce cancer incidence. Treatment with PI3K inhibitors can induce hyperinsulinemia, which can blunt therapeutic efficacy if unchecked. While commonalities between metabolism in cancer and diabetes have been extensively reviewed, here we examine a less explored and emergent convergence between diabetic and cancer metabolism: the generation of lactic acid and subsequent acidification of the surrounding microenvironment. Extracellular lactic acidosis is integral in disease manifestation and is a negative prognostic in both disease states. In tumors, this results in important sequela for cancer progression including increased invasion and metastasis, as well as inhibition of immune surveillance. In diabetes, acidosis impacts the ability of insulin to bind to its receptor, leading to peripheral resistance and an exacerbation of symptoms. Thus, acidosis may be a relevant therapeutic target, and we describe three approaches for targeting: buffers, nanomedicine, and proton pump inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Dept. Cancer Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA.
| | - Christian Pilot
- Dept. Cancer Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan; Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Dept. of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kimura H, Asano R, Tsukamoto N, Tsugawa W, Sode K. Convenient and Universal Fabrication Method for Antibody–Enzyme Complexes as Sensing Elements Using the SpyCatcher/SpyTag System. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14500-14506. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Damgaci S, Ibrahim‐Hashim A, Enriquez‐Navas PM, Pilon‐Thomas S, Guvenis A, Gillies RJ. Hypoxia and acidosis: immune suppressors and therapeutic targets. Immunology 2018; 154:354-362. [PMID: 29485185 PMCID: PMC6002221 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to imbalances between vascularity and cellular growth patterns, the tumour microenvironment harbours multiple metabolic stressors including hypoxia and acidosis, which have significant influences on remodelling both tumour and peritumoral tissues. These stressors are also immunosuppressive and can contribute to escape from immune surveillance. Understanding these effects and characterizing the pathways involved can identify new targets for therapy and may redefine our understanding of traditional anti-tumour therapies. In this review, the effects of hypoxia and acidosis on tumour immunity will be summarized, and how modulating these parameters and their sequelae can be a useful tool for future therapeutic interventions is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Damgaci
- Department of Cancer PhysiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer CenterTampaFLUSA
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringBogazici UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | | | | | - Shari Pilon‐Thomas
- Department of ImmunologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer CenterTampaFLUSA
- Department of Cutaneous OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer CenterTampaFLUSA
| | - Albert Guvenis
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringBogazici UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Department of Cancer PhysiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer CenterTampaFLUSA
- Department of RadiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer CenterTampaFLUSA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tian B, Wong WY, Uger MD, Wisniewski P, Chao H. Development and Characterization of a Camelid Single Domain Antibody-Urease Conjugate That Targets Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2. Front Immunol 2017; 8:956. [PMID: 28871252 PMCID: PMC5566995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation and is essential for a tumor to grow beyond a certain size. Tumors secrete the pro-angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor, which acts upon local endothelial cells by binding to vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs). In this study, we describe the development and characterization of V21-DOS47, an immunoconjugate that targets VEGFR2. V21-DOS47 is composed of a camelid single domain anti-VEGFR2 antibody (V21) and the enzyme urease. The conjugate specifically binds to VEGFR2 and urease converts endogenous urea into ammonia, which is toxic to tumor cells. Previously, we developed a similar antibody-urease conjugate, L-DOS47, which is currently in clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer. Although V21-DOS47 was designed from parameters learned from the generation of L-DOS47, additional optimization was required to produce V21-DOS47. In this study, we describe the expression and purification of two versions of the V21 antibody: V21H1 and V21H4. Each was conjugated to urease using a different chemical cross-linker. The conjugates were characterized by a panel of analytical techniques, including SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, Western blotting, and LC-MSE peptide mapping. Binding characteristics were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry assays. To improve the stability of the conjugates at physiologic pH, the pIs of the V21 antibodies were adjusted by adding several amino acid residues to the C-terminus. For V21H4, a terminal cysteine was also added for use in the conjugation chemistry. The modified V21 antibodies were expressed in the E. coli BL21 (DE3) pT7 system. V21H1 was conjugated to urease using the heterobifunctional cross-linker succinimidyl-[(N-maleimidopropionamido)-diethyleneglycol] ester (SM(PEG)2), which targets lysine resides in the antibody. V21H4 was conjugated to urease using the homobifunctional cross-linker, 1,8-bis(maleimido)diethylene glycol (BM(PEG)2), which targets the cysteine added to the antibody C-terminus. V21H4-DOS47 was determined to be the superior conjugate as the antibody is easily produced and purified at high levels, and the conjugate can be efficiently generated and purified using methods easily transferrable for cGMP production. In addition, V21H4-DOS47 retains higher binding activity than V21H1-DOS47, as the native lysine residues are unmodified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Heman Chao
- Helix BioPharma Corp., Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Goodnow RA, Davie CP. DNA-Encoded Library Technology: A Brief Guide to Its Evolution and Impact on Drug Discovery. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|