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Xu M, Wei S, Duan L, Ji Y, Han X, Sun Q, Weng L. The recent advancements in protein nanoparticles for immunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:11825-11848. [PMID: 38814163 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00537f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the advancement of nanoparticle-based immunotherapy has introduced an innovative strategy for combatting diseases. Compared with other types of nanoparticles, protein nanoparticles have obtained substantial attention owing to their remarkable biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of modification, and finely designed spatial structures. Nature provides several protein nanoparticle platforms, including viral capsids, ferritin, and albumin, which hold significant potential for disease treatment. These naturally occurring protein nanoparticles not only serve as effective drug delivery platforms but also augment antigen delivery and targeting capabilities through techniques like genetic modification and covalent conjugation. Motivated by nature's originality and driven by progress in computational methodologies, scientists have crafted numerous protein nanoparticles with intricate assembly structures, showing significant potential in the development of multivalent vaccines. Consequently, both naturally occurring and de novo designed protein nanoparticles are anticipated to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. This review consolidates the advancements in protein nanoparticles for immunotherapy across diseases including cancer and other diseases like influenza, pneumonia, and hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Siyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Lifan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yifan Ji
- Portland Institute, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaofan Han
- Portland Institute, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qipeng Sun
- Portland Institute, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lixing Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
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2
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Richards BA, Goncalves AG, Sullivan MO, Chen W. Engineering protein nanoparticles for drug delivery. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 86:103070. [PMID: 38354452 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Protein nanoparticles offer a highly tunable platform for engineering multifunctional drug delivery vehicles that can improve drug efficacy and reduce off-target effects. While many protein nanoparticles have demonstrated the ability to tolerate genetic and posttranslational modifications for drug delivery applications, this review will focus on three protein nanoparticles of increasing size. Each protein nanoparticle possesses distinct properties such as highly tunable stability, capacity for splitting or fusing subunits for modular surface decoration, and well-characterized conformational changes with impressive capacity for large protein cargos. While many of the genetic and posttranslational modifications leverage these protein nanoparticle's properties, the shared techniques highlight engineering approaches that have been generalized across many protein nanoparticle platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Richards
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Antonio G Goncalves
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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3
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Zhang YW, Zheng N, Chou DHC. Serine-mediated hydrazone ligation displaying insulin-like peptides on M13 phage pIII. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8902-8909. [PMID: 37905463 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01487h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Phage display has emerged as a tool for the discovery of therapeutic antibodies and proteins. However, the effective display and engineering of structurally complex proteins, such as insulin, pose significant challenges due to the sequence of insulin, which is composed of two peptide chains linked by three disulfide bonds. In this study, we developed a new approach for the display of insulin-like peptides on M13 phage pIII, employing N-terminal serine-mediated hydrazone ligation. The insulin-displaying phage retains the biological binding affinity of human insulin. To address the viability loss after ligation, we introduced a trypsin-cleavable spacer on pIII, enabling insulin-displayed phage library selection. This method offers a general pathway for the display of structurally complex proteins on pIII, enhancing the practicality of selecting chemically modified phage libraries and opening avenues for the engineering of new insulin analogs for the treatment of diabetes by using phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wolf Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Danny Hung-Chieh Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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4
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Kraj P, Hewagama ND, Douglas T. Diffusion and molecular partitioning in hierarchically complex virus-like particles. Virology 2023; 580:50-60. [PMID: 36764014 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are diverse infectious agents found in virtually every type of natural environment. Due to the range of conditions in which viruses have evolved, they exhibit a wide range of structure and function which has been exploited for biotechnology. The self-assembly process of virus-like particles (VLPs), derived from structural virus components, allows for the assembly of a hierarchy of materials. Because VLPs are robust in both their assembly and the final product, functionality can be incorporated through design of their building blocks or chemical modification after their synthesis and assembly. In particular, encapsulation of active enzymes inside VLP results in macromolecular concentration approximating that of cells, introducing excluded volume effects on encapsulated cargo which are not present in traditional experiments done on dilute proteins. This work reviews the hierarchical assembly of VLPs, experiments investigating diffusion in VLP systems, and methods for partitioning of chemical species in VLPs as functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nathasha D Hewagama
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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5
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Essus VA, Souza Júnior GSE, Nunes GHP, Oliveira JDS, de Faria BM, Romão LF, Cortines JR. Bacteriophage P22 Capsid as a Pluripotent Nanotechnology Tool. Viruses 2023; 15:516. [PMID: 36851730 PMCID: PMC9962691 DOI: 10.3390/v15020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica bacteriophage P22 is one of the most promising models for the development of virus-like particle (VLP) nanocages. It possesses an icosahedral T = 7 capsid, assembled by the combination of two structural proteins: the coat protein (gp5) and the scaffold protein (gp8). The P22 capsid has the remarkable capability of undergoing structural transition into three morphologies with differing diameters and wall-pore sizes. These varied morphologies can be explored for the design of nanoplatforms, such as for the development of cargo internalization strategies. The capsid proteic nature allows for the extensive modification of its structure, enabling the addition of non-native structures to alter the VLP properties or confer them to diverse ends. Various molecules were added to the P22 VLP through genetic, chemical, and other means to both the capsid and the scaffold protein, permitting the encapsulation or the presentation of cargo. This allows the particle to be exploited for numerous purposes-for example, as a nanocarrier, nanoreactor, and vaccine model, among other applications. Therefore, the present review intends to give an overview of the literature on this amazing particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Alejandro Essus
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Getúlio Silva e Souza Júnior
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Henrique Pereira Nunes
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana dos Santos Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mafra de Faria
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. F026, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ferreira Romão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. F026, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Cortines
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
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Kim HS, Bae JH, Kim G, Song JJ, Kim HS. Construction and Functionalization of a Clathrin Assembly for a Targeted Protein Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204620. [PMID: 36456203 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein assemblies have drawn much attention as platforms for biomedical applications, including gene/drug delivery and vaccine, due to biocompatibility and functional diversity. Here, the construction and functionalization of a protein assembly composed of human clathrin heavy chain and light chain for a targeted protein delivery, is presented. The clathrin heavy and light chains are redesigned and associated with each other, and the resulting triskelion unit further self-assembled into a clathrin assembly with the size of about 28 nm in diameter. The clathrin assembly is dual-functionalized with a protein cargo and a targeting moiety using two different orthogonal protein-ligand pairs through one-pot reaction. The functionalized clathrin assembly exhibits about a 900-fold decreased KD value for a cell-surface target due to avidity compared to a native targeting moiety. The utility of the clathrin assembly is demonstrated by an efficient delivery of a protein cargo into tumor cells in a target-specific manner, resulting in a strong cytotoxic effect. The present approach can be used in the creation of protein assemblies with multimodality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sik Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gijeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Joon Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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7
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Wijesundara YH, Herbert FC, Kumari S, Howlett T, Koirala S, Trashi O, Trashi I, Al-Kharji NM, Gassensmith JJ. Rip it, stitch it, click it: A Chemist's guide to VLP manipulation. Virology 2022; 577:105-123. [PMID: 36343470 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are some of nature's most ubiquitous self-assembled molecular containers. Evolutionary pressures have created some incredibly robust, thermally, and enzymatically resistant carriers to transport delicate genetic information safely. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are human-engineered non-infectious systems that inherit the parent virus' ability to self-assemble under controlled conditions while being non-infectious. VLPs and plant-based viral nanoparticles are becoming increasingly popular in medicine as their self-assembly properties are exploitable for applications ranging from diagnostic tools to targeted drug delivery. Understanding the basic structure and principles underlying the assembly of higher-order structures has allowed researchers to disassemble (rip it), reassemble (stitch it), and functionalize (click it) these systems on demand. This review focuses on the current toolbox of strategies developed to manipulate these systems by ripping, stitching, and clicking to create new technologies in the biomedical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalini H Wijesundara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Fabian C Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Thomas Howlett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Shailendra Koirala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Orikeda Trashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ikeda Trashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Noora M Al-Kharji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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8
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Assembly of Protein Cages for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122609. [PMID: 36559102 PMCID: PMC9785872 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used as target delivery vehicles for therapeutic goods; however, compared with inorganic and organic nanomaterials, protein nanomaterials have better biocompatibility and can self-assemble into highly ordered cage-like structures, which are more favorable for applications in targeted drug delivery. In this review, we concentrate on the typical protein cage nanoparticles drugs encapsulation processes, such as drug fusion expression, diffusion, electrostatic contact, covalent binding, and protein cage disassembly/recombination. The usage of protein cage nanoparticles in biomedicine is also briefly discussed. These materials can be utilized to transport small molecules, peptides, siRNA, and other medications for anti-tumor, contrast, etc.
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9
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Abstract
Antibody immunodominance refers to the preferential and asymmetric elicitation of antibodies against specific epitopes on a complex protein antigen. Traditional vaccination approaches for rapidly evolving pathogens have had limited success in part because of this phenomenon, as elicited antibodies preferentially target highly variable regions of antigens, and thus do not confer long lasting protection. While antibodies targeting functionally conserved epitopes have the potential to be broadly protective, they often make up a minority of the overall repertoire. Here, we discuss recent protein engineering strategies used to favorably alter patterns of immunodominance, and selectively focus antibody responses toward broadly protective epitopes in the pursuit of next-generation vaccines for rapidly evolving pathogens.
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10
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Gad S, Ayakar S. Protein scaffolds: A tool for multi-enzyme assembly. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 32:e00670. [PMID: 34824995 PMCID: PMC8605239 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of complex molecules using multiple enzymes simultaneously in one reaction vessel has rapidly emerged as a new frontier in the field of bioprocess technology. However, operating different enzymes together in a single vessel limits their operational performance which needs to be addressed. With this respect, scaffolding proteins play an immense role in bringing different enzymes together in a specific manner. The scaffolding improves the catalytic performance, enzyme stability and provides an optimal micro-environment for biochemical reactions. This review describes the components of protein scaffolds, different ways of constructing a protein scaffold-based multi-enzyme complex, and their effects on enzyme kinetics. Moreover, different conjugation strategies viz; dockerin-cohesin interaction, SpyTag-SpyCatcher system, peptide linker-based ligation, affibody, and sortase-mediated ligation are discussed in detail. Various analytical and characterization tools that have enabled the development of these scaffolding strategies are also reviewed. Such mega-enzyme complexes promise wider applications in the field of biotechnology and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada Gad
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology - IndianOil Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Sonal Ayakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology - IndianOil Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
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11
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Goel D, Sinha S. Naturally occurring protein nano compartments: basic structure, function, and genetic engineering. NANO EXPRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ac2c93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Yang MH, Hu CC, Wong CH, Liang JJ, Ko HY, He MH, Lin YL, Lin NS, Hsu YH. Convenient Auto-Processing Vector Based on Bamboo Mosaic Virus for Presentation of Antigens Through Enzymatic Coupling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739837. [PMID: 34721406 PMCID: PMC8551676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new binary epitope-presenting CVP platform based on bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) by using the sortase A (SrtA)-mediated ligation technology. The reconstructed BaMV genome harbors two modifications: 1) a coat protein (CP) with N-terminal extension of the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease recognition site plus 4 extra glycine (G) residues as the SrtA acceptor; and 2) a TEV protease coding region replacing that of the triple-gene-block proteins. Inoculation of such construct, pKB5G, on Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in the efficient production of filamentous CVPs ready for SrtA-mediated ligation with desired proteins. The second part of the binary platform includes an expression vector for the bacterial production of donor proteins. We demonstrated the applicability of the platform by using the recombinant envelope protein domain III (rEDIII) of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as the antigen. Up to 40% of the BaMV CP subunits in each CVP were loaded with rEDIII proteins in 1 min. The rEDIII-presenting BaMV CVPs (BJLPET5G) could be purified using affinity chromatography. Immunization assays confirmed that BJLPET5G could induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against JEV infections. The binary platform could be adapted as a useful alternative for the development and mass production of vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoacyltransferases/genetics
- Aminoacyltransferases/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/blood
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Endopeptidases/genetics
- Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Potexvirus/enzymology
- Potexvirus/genetics
- Potexvirus/immunology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/immunology
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Virion/enzymology
- Virion/genetics
- Virion/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hzeng Wong
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ying Ko
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsun He
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Szyszka TN, Jenner EN, Tasneem N, Lau YH. Molecular Display on Protein Nanocompartments: Design Strategies and Systems Applications. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor N. Szyszka
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Eastern Ave Camperdown NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute Camperdown NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Eric N. Jenner
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Eastern Ave Camperdown NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Nuren Tasneem
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Eastern Ave Camperdown NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Yu Heng Lau
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Eastern Ave Camperdown NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute Camperdown NSW 2006 Australia
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14
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Choi H, Eom S, Kim HU, Bae Y, Jung HS, Kang S. Load and Display: Engineering Encapsulin as a Modular Nanoplatform for Protein-Cargo Encapsulation and Protein-Ligand Decoration Using Split Intein and SpyTag/SpyCatcher. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3028-3039. [PMID: 34142815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein cage nanoparticles have a unique spherical hollow structure that provides a modifiable interior space and an exterior surface. For full application, it is desirable to utilize both the interior space and the exterior surface simultaneously with two different functionalities in a well-combined way. Here, we genetically engineered encapsulin protein cage nanoparticles (Encap) as modular nanoplatforms by introducing a split-C-intein (IntC) fragment and SpyTag into the interior and exterior surfaces, respectively. A complementary split-N-intein (IntN) was fused to various protein cargoes, such as NanoLuc luciferase (Nluc), enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), and Nluc-miniSOG, individually, which led to their successful encapsulation into Encaps to form Cargo@Encap through split intein-mediated protein ligation during protein coexpression and cage assembly in bacteria. Conversely, the SpyCatcher protein was fused to various protein ligands, such as a glutathione binder (GST-SC), dimerizing ligands (FKBP12-SC and FRB-SC), and a cancer-targeting affibody (SC-EGFRAfb); subsequently, they were displayed on Cargo@Encaps through SpyTag/SpyCatcher ligation to form Cargo@Encap/Ligands in a mix-and-match manner. Nluc@Encap/glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was effectively immobilized on glutathione (GSH)-coated solid supports exhibiting repetitive and long-term usage of the encapsulated luciferases. We also established luciferase-embedded layer-by-layer (LbL) nanostructures by alternately depositing Nluc@Encap/FKBP12 and Nluc@Encap/FRB in the presence of rapamycin and applied enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)@Encap/EGFRAfb as a target-specific fluorescent imaging probe to visualize specific cancer cells selectively. Modular functionalization of the interior space and the exterior surface of a protein cage nanoparticle may offer the opportunity to develop new protein-based nanostructured devices and nanomedical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyukjun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Soomin Eom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Han-Ul Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, 1, Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24341, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Yoonji Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, 1, Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24341, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Sebyung Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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15
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Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses whose ubiquity in nature and remarkable specificity to their host bacteria enable an impressive and growing field of tunable biotechnologies in agriculture and public health. Bacteriophage capsids, which house and protect their nucleic acids, have been modified with a range of functionalities (e.g., fluorophores, nanoparticles, antigens, drugs) to suit their final application. Functional groups naturally present on bacteriophage capsids can be used for electrostatic adsorption or bioconjugation, but their impermanence and poor specificity can lead to inconsistencies in coverage and function. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored both genetic and chemical modifications to enable strong, specific bonds between phage capsids and their target conjugates. Genetic modification methods involve introducing genes for alternative amino acids, peptides, or protein sequences into either the bacteriophage genomes or capsid genes on host plasmids to facilitate recombinant phage generation. Chemical modification methods rely on reacting functional groups present on the capsid with activated conjugates under the appropriate solution pH and salt conditions. This review surveys the current state-of-the-art in both genetic and chemical bacteriophage capsid modification methodologies, identifies major strengths and weaknesses of methods, and discusses areas of research needed to propel bacteriophage technology in development of biosensors, vaccines, therapeutics, and nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie M. Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sam R. Nugen
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Hartzell EJ, Lieser RM, Sullivan MO, Chen W. Modular Hepatitis B Virus-like Particle Platform for Biosensing and Drug Delivery. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12642-12651. [PMID: 32924431 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus-like particle (HBV VLP) is an attractive protein nanoparticle platform due to the availability of 240 modification sites for engineering purposes. Although direct protein insertion into the surface loop has been demonstrated, this decoration strategy is restricted by the size of the inserted protein moieties. Meanwhile, larger proteins can be decorated using chemical conjugations; yet these approaches perturb the integrity of more delicate proteins and can unfavorably orient the proteins, impairing active surface display. Herein, we aim to create a robust and highly modular method to produce smart HBV-based nanodevices by using the SpyCatcher/SpyTag system, which allows a wide range of peptides and proteins to be conjugated directly and simply onto the modified HBV capsids in a controlled and biocompatible manner. Our technology allows the modular surface modification of HBV VLPs with multiple components, which provides signal amplification, increased targeting avidity, and high therapeutic payload incorporation. We have achieved a yield of over 200 mg/L for these engineered HBV VLPs and demonstrated the flexibility of this platform in both biosensing and drug delivery applications. The ability to decorate over 200 nanoluciferases per VLP improved detection signal by over 1500-fold, such that low nanomolar levels of thrombin could be detected by the naked eye. Meanwhile, a dimeric prodrug-activating enzyme was loaded without cross-linking particles by coexpressing orthogonally labeled monomers. This along with a epidermal growth factor receptor-binding peptide enabled tunable uptake of HBV VLPs into inflammatory breast cancer cells, leading to efficient suicide enzyme delivery and cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Hartzell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Rachel M Lieser
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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17
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Sharma J, Shepardson K, Johns LL, Wellham J, Avera J, Schwarz B, Rynda-Apple A, Douglas T. A Self-Adjuvanted, Modular, Antigenic VLP for Rapid Response to Influenza Virus Variability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:18211-18224. [PMID: 32233444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The continuous evolution of influenza A virus (IAV) requires the influenza vaccine formulations to be updated annually to provide adequate protection. Recombinant protein-based vaccines provide safer, faster, and a more scalable alternative to the conventional embryonated egg approach for developing vaccines. However, these vaccines are typically poorer in immunogenicity than the vaccines containing inactivated or attenuated influenza viruses and require administration of a large antigen dosage together with potent adjuvants. The presentation of protein antigens on the surface of virus-like particles (VLP) provides an attractive strategy to rapidly induce stronger antigen-specific immune responses. Here we have examined the immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of P22 VLPs conjugated with multiple copies of the globular head domain of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein from the PR8 strain of IAV in a murine model of influenza pathogenesis. Using a covalent attachment strategy (SpyTag/SpyCatcher), we conjugated the HA globular head, which was recombinantly expressed in a genetically modified E. coli strain and found to refold as a monomer, to preassembled P22 VLPs. Immunization of mice with this P22-HAhead conjugate provided full protection from morbidity and mortality following infection with a homologous IAV strain. Moreover, the P22-HAhead conjugate also elicited an accelerated and enhanced HA head specific IgG response, which was significantly higher than the soluble HA head, or the admixture of P22 and HA head without the need for adjuvants. Thus, our results show that the HA head can be easily prepared by in vitro refolding in a modified E. coli strain, maintaining its intact structure and enabling the induction of a strong immune response when conjugated to P22 VLPs, even when presented as a monomer. These results also demonstrate that the P22 VLPs can be rapidly modified in a modular fashion, resulting in an effective vaccine construct that can generate protective immunity without the need for additional adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhanvi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kelly Shepardson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Laura L Johns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Julia Wellham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - John Avera
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Matrivax Research and Development Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United Sates
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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18
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Saylor K, Gillam F, Lohneis T, Zhang C. Designs of Antigen Structure and Composition for Improved Protein-Based Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:283. [PMID: 32153587 PMCID: PMC7050619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, vaccinologists have come to understand that the hallmark of any protective immune response is the antigen. However, it is not the whole antigen that dictates the immune response, but rather the various parts comprising the whole that are capable of influencing immunogenicity. Protein-based antigens hold particular importance within this structural approach to understanding immunity because, though different molecules can serve as antigens, only proteins are capable of inducing both cellular and humoral immunity. This fact, coupled with the versatility and customizability of proteins when considering vaccine design applications, makes protein-based vaccines (PBVs) one of today's most promising technologies for artificially inducing immunity. In this review, we follow the development of PBV technologies through time and discuss the antigen-specific receptors that are most critical to any immune response: pattern recognition receptors, B cell receptors, and T cell receptors. Knowledge of these receptors and their ligands has become exceptionally valuable in the field of vaccinology, where today it is possible to make drastic modifications to PBV structure, from primary to quaternary, in order to promote recognition of target epitopes, potentiate vaccine immunogenicity, and prevent antigen-associated complications. Additionally, these modifications have made it possible to control immune responses by modulating stability and targeting PBV to key immune cells. Consequently, careful consideration should be given to protein structure when designing PBVs in the future in order to potentiate PBV efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Saylor
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Frank Gillam
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Locus Biosciences, Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Lohneis
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- BioPharmaceutical Technology Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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19
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Wu J, Wu H, Nakagawa S, Gao J. Virus-derived materials: bury the hatchet with old foes. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1058-1072. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01383k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, with special architecture and unique biological nature, can be utilized for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Honghui Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Shinsaku Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
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20
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Tang S, Liu Z, Xu W, Li Q, Han T, Pan D, Yue N, Wu M, Liu Q, Yuan W, Huang Z, Zhou D, Zhou W, Qian Z. Versatile Functionalization of Ferritin Nanoparticles by Intein-Mediated Trans-Splicing for Antigen/Adjuvant Co-delivery. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5469-5475. [PMID: 31251065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling protein nanoparticles are extensively and increasingly engineered to integrate adjuvants with antigens to elicit potent and long-term immunity due to uniform architecture, inherent biocompatibility, and excellent plasticity. However, functionalization of nanoparticles by surface tailoring has two common problems: (1) disassembly caused by loaded cargoes; and (2) an adjuvant that is inconvenient to co-deliver with an antigen by genetic fusion. Here, we report an intein-mediated trans-splicing approach that overcomes the detrimental effects of loaded proteins on ferritin nanoparticle stability and allows concurrent display of antigen and adjuvant in a facile, efficient, and site-specific manner. An immunization study with an epitope-based model antigen reveals that antigen and adjuvant co-delivery nanoparticles induce a more potent protective immunity than other formulations do. Our results demonstrate that protein engineering represents an intriguing approach for antigen/adjuvant co-delivery to potentiate antigen-associated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubing Tang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center , Guangzhou Medical University , 510623 Guangzhou , China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Wenjia Xu
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Qi Li
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Tian Han
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Deng Pan
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Nan Yue
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Mangteng Wu
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Qingwei Liu
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center , Guangzhou Medical University , 510623 Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center , Guangzhou Medical University , 510623 Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhikang Qian
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200031 Shanghai , China
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21
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Kim H, Choi H, Bae Y, Kang S. Development of target‐tunable P22 VLP‐based delivery nanoplatforms using bacterial superglue. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2843-2851. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan Korea
| | - Hyukjun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan Korea
| | - Yoonji Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan Korea
| | - Sebyung Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan Korea
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22
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Zhao L, Kopylov M, Potter CS, Carragher B, Finn MG. Engineering the PP7 Virus Capsid as a Peptide Display Platform. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4443-4454. [PMID: 30912918 PMCID: PMC6991139 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As self-assembling polyvalent nanoscale structures that can tolerate substantial genetic and chemical modification, virus-like particles are useful in a variety of fields. Here we describe the genetic modification and structural characterization of the Leviviridae PP7 capsid protein as a platform for the presentation of functional polypeptides. This particle was shown to tolerate the display of sequences from 1 kDa (a cell penetrating peptide) to 14 kDa (the Fc-binding double Z-domain) on its exterior surface as C-terminal genetic fusions to the coat protein. In addition, a dimeric construct allowed the presentation of exogenous loops between capsid monomers and the simultaneous presentation of two different peptides at different positions on the icosahedral structure. The PP7 particle is thereby significantly more tolerant of these types of polypeptide additions than Qβ and MS2, the other Leviviridae-derived VLPs in common use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mykhailo Kopylov
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Clinton S. Potter
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Bridget Carragher
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - M. G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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23
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Dai X, Böker A, Glebe U. Broadening the scope of sortagging. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4700-4721. [PMID: 35514663 PMCID: PMC9060782 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06705h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortases are enzymes occurring in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Sortase A (SrtA), the best studied sortase class, plays a key role in anchoring surface proteins with the recognition sequence LPXTG covalently to oligoglycine units of the bacterial cell wall. This unique transpeptidase activity renders SrtA attractive for various purposes and motivated researchers to study multiple in vivo and in vitro ligations in the last decades. This ligation technique is known as sortase-mediated ligation (SML) or sortagging and developed to a frequently used method in basic research. The advantages are manifold: extremely high substrate specificity, simple access to substrates and enzyme, robust nature and easy handling of sortase A. In addition to the ligation of two proteins or peptides, early studies already included at least one artificial (peptide equipped) substrate into sortagging reactions - which demonstrates the versatility and broad applicability of SML. Thus, SML is not only a biology-related technique, but has found prominence as a major interdisciplinary research tool. In this review, we provide an overview about the use of sortase A in interdisciplinary research, mainly for protein modification, synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates and immobilization of proteins on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Dai
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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24
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Zhang Y, Park KY, Suazo KF, Distefano MD. Recent progress in enzymatic protein labelling techniques and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:9106-9136. [PMID: 30259933 PMCID: PMC6289631 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based conjugates are valuable constructs for a variety of applications. Conjugation of proteins to fluorophores is commonly used to study their cellular localization and the protein-protein interactions. Modification of therapeutic proteins with either polymers or cytotoxic moieties greatly enhances their pharmacokinetics or potency. To label a protein of interest, conventional direct chemical reaction with the side-chains of native amino acids often yields heterogeneously modified products. This renders their characterization complicated, requires difficult separation steps and may impact protein function. Although modification can also be achieved via the insertion of unnatural amino acids bearing bioorthogonal functional groups, these methods can have lower protein expression yields, limiting large scale production. As a site-specific modification method, enzymatic protein labelling is highly efficient and robust under mild reaction conditions. Significant progress has been made over the last five years in modifying proteins using enzymatic methods for numerous applications, including the creation of clinically relevant conjugates with polymers, cytotoxins or imaging agents, fluorescent or affinity probes to study complex protein interaction networks, and protein-linked materials for biosensing. This review summarizes developments in enzymatic protein labelling over the last five years for a panel of ten enzymes, including sortase A, subtiligase, microbial transglutaminase, farnesyltransferase, N-myristoyltransferase, phosphopantetheinyl transferases, tubulin tyrosin ligase, lipoic acid ligase, biotin ligase and formylglycine generating enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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25
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McCoy K, Selivanovitch E, Luque D, Lee B, Edwards E, Castón JR, Douglas T. Cargo Retention inside P22 Virus-Like Particles. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3738-3746. [PMID: 30092631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral protein cages, with their regular and programmable architectures, are excellent platforms for the development of functional nanomaterials. The ability to transform a virus into a material with intended structure and function relies on the existence of a well-understood model system, a noninfectious virus-like particle (VLP) counterpart. Here, we study the factors important to the ability of P22 VLP to retain or release various protein cargo molecules depending on the nature of the cargo, the capsid morphology, and the environmental conditions. Because the interaction between the internalized scaffold protein (SP) and the capsid coat protein (CP) is noncovalent, we have studied the efficiency with which a range of SP variants can dissociate from the interior of different P22 VLP morphologies and exit by traversing the porous capsid. Understanding the types of cargos that are either retained or released from the P22 VLP will aid in the rational design of functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly McCoy
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Ekaterina Selivanovitch
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Daniel Luque
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) , Darwin 3 , 28049 Madrid , Spain.,Centro Nacional de Microbiología/ISCIII, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid , Spain
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Ethan Edwards
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - José R Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) , Darwin 3 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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26
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Diaz D, Care A, Sunna A. Bioengineering Strategies for Protein-Based Nanoparticles. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E370. [PMID: 30041491 PMCID: PMC6071185 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the practical application of protein-based nanoparticles (PNPs) has expanded rapidly into areas like drug delivery, vaccine development, and biocatalysis. PNPs possess unique features that make them attractive as potential platforms for a variety of nanobiotechnological applications. They self-assemble from multiple protein subunits into hollow monodisperse structures; they are highly stable, biocompatible, and biodegradable; and their external components and encapsulation properties can be readily manipulated by chemical or genetic strategies. Moreover, their complex and perfect symmetry have motivated researchers to mimic their properties in order to create de novo protein assemblies. This review focuses on recent advances in the bioengineering and bioconjugation of PNPs and the implementation of synthetic biology concepts to exploit and enhance PNP's intrinsic properties and to impart them with novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Diaz
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Andrew Care
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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27
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Choi JM, Bourassa V, Hong K, Shoga M, Lim EY, Park A, Apaydin K, Udit AK. Polyvalent Hybrid Virus-Like Nanoparticles with Displayed Heparin Antagonist Peptides. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2997-3004. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Valerie Bourassa
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Kevin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Michael Shoga
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Elizabeth Y. Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Andrew Park
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Kazim Apaydin
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Andrew K. Udit
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
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28
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Banerjee A, Howarth M. Nanoteamwork: covalent protein assembly beyond duets towards protein ensembles and orchestras. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 51:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Within the materials science community, proteins with cage-like architectures are being developed as versatile nanoscale platforms for use in protein nanotechnology. Much effort has been focused on the functionalization of protein cages with biological and non-biological moieties to bring about new properties of not only individual protein cages, but collective bulk-scale assemblies of protein cages. In this review, we report on the current understanding of protein cage assembly, both of the cages themselves from individual subunits, and the assembly of the individual protein cages into higher order structures. We start by discussing the key properties of natural protein cages (for example: size, shape and structure) followed by a review of some of the mechanisms of protein cage assembly and the factors that influence it. We then explore the current approaches for functionalizing protein cages, on the interior or exterior surfaces of the capsids. Lastly, we explore the emerging area of higher order assemblies created from individual protein cages and their potential for new and exciting collective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Aumiller
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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30
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Ding X, Liu D, Booth G, Gao W, Lu Y. Virus-Like Particle Engineering: From Rational Design to Versatile Applications. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700324. [PMID: 29453861 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As mimicking natural virus structures, virus-like particles (VLPs) have evolved to become a widely accepted technology used for humans which are safe, highly efficacious, and profitable. Several remarkable advantages have been achieved to revolutionize the molecule delivery for diverse applications in nanotechnology, biotechnology, and medicine. Here, the rational structure design, manufacturing process, functionalization strategy, and emerging applications of VLPs is reviewed. The situation and challenges in the VLP engineering, the key development orientation, and future applications have been discussed. To develop a good VLP design concept, the virus/VLP-host interactions need to be examined and the screening methods of the VLP stabilization factors need to be established. The functionalization toolbox can be expanded to fabricate smart, robust, and multifunctional VLPs. Novel robust VLP manufacturing platforms are required to deliver vaccines in resource-poor regions with a significant reduction in the production time and cost. The future applications of VLPs are always driven by the development of emerging technologies and new requirements of modern life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwei Ding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - George Booth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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