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Kumarasinghe U, Hasturk O, Wang B, Rudolph S, Chen Y, Kaplan DL, Staii C. Impact of Silk-Ionomer Encapsulation on Immune Cell Mechanical Properties and Viability. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4311-4322. [PMID: 38718147 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Encapsulation of single cells is a powerful technique used in various fields, such as regenerative medicine, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, cell-based therapies, and biotechnology. It offers a method to protect cells by providing cytocompatible coatings to strengthen cells against mechanical and environmental perturbations. Silk fibroin, derived from the silkworm Bombyx mori, is a promising protein biomaterial for cell encapsulation due to the cytocompatibility and capacity to maintain cell functionality. Here, THP-1 cells, a human leukemia monocytic cell line, were encapsulated with chemically modified silk polyelectrolytes through electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition. The effectiveness of the silk nanocoating was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy and on cell viability and proliferation by Alamar Blue assay and live/dead staining. An analysis of the mechanical properties of the encapsulated cells was conducted using atomic force microscopy nanoindentation to measure elasticity maps and cellular stiffness. After the cells were encapsulated in silk, an increase in their stiffness was observed. Based on this observation, we developed a mechanical predictive model to estimate the variations in stiffness in relation to the thickness of the coating. By tuning the cellular assembly and biomechanics, these encapsulations promote systems that protect cells during biomaterial deposition or processing in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udathari Kumarasinghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Onur Hasturk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Brook Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Sara Rudolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Cristian Staii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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2
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Li X, Li Y, Zhang X, Xu J, Kang J, Li B, Zhao B, Wang L. Cross-Linking Methods of the Silk Protein Hydrogel in Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:529-544. [PMID: 38294593 PMCID: PMC11087422 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniomaxillofacial tissue defects are clinical defects involving craniomaxillofacial and oral soft and hard tissues. They are characterized by defect-shaped irregularities, bacterial and inflammatory environments, and the need for functional recovery. Conventional clinical treatments are currently unable to achieve regeneration of high-quality oral craniomaxillofacial tissue. As a natural biomaterial, silk fibroin (SF) has been widely studied in biomedicine and has broad prospects for use in tissue regeneration. Hydrogels made of SF showed excellent water retention, biocompatibility, safety and the ability to combine with other materials. METHODS To gain an in-depth understanding of the current development of SF, this article reviews the structure, preparation and application prospects in oral and craniomaxillofacial tissue regenerative medicine. It first briefly introduces the structure of SF and then summarizes the principles, advantages and disadvantages of the different cross-linking methods (physical cross-linking, chemical cross-linking and double network structure) of SF. Finally, the existing research on the use of SF in tissue engineering and the prospects of using SF with different cross-linking methods in oral and craniomaxillofacial tissue regeneration are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS This review is intended to show the advantages of SF hydrogels in tissue engineering and provides theoretical support for establishing novel and viable silk protein hydrogels for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Li
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanjiao Li
- School of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xinsong Zhang
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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3
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Yang H, Yao L, Wang Y, Chen G, Chen H. Advancing cell surface modification in mammalian cells with synthetic molecules. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13325-13345. [PMID: 38033886 PMCID: PMC10685406 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04597h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological cells, being the fundamental entities of life, are widely acknowledged as intricate living machines. The manipulation of cell surfaces has emerged as a progressively significant domain of investigation and advancement in recent times. Particularly, the alteration of cell surfaces using meticulously crafted and thoroughly characterized synthesized molecules has proven to be an efficacious means of introducing innovative functionalities or manipulating cells. Within this realm, a diverse array of elegant and robust strategies have been recently devised, including the bioorthogonal strategy, which enables selective modification. This review offers a comprehensive survey of recent advancements in the modification of mammalian cell surfaces through the use of synthetic molecules. It explores a range of strategies, encompassing chemical covalent modifications, physical alterations, and bioorthogonal approaches. The review concludes by addressing the present challenges and potential future opportunities in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lihua Yao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yichen Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University Suzhou 215006 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
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4
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Sun Z, Huang R, Lyu H, Yu X, Wang W, Li J, Lu X, Guo C. Silk Acid as an Implantable Biomaterial for Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301439. [PMID: 37647626 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin derived from the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori is a protein-based biopolymer with low immunogenicity, intrinsic biodegradability, and tunable mechanical properties, showing great potential in biomedical applications. Using chemical modification to alter the primary structure of silk fibroin enables the expanded generation of new silk-based biomaterials. Inspired by the molecular structure of hyaluronic acid, which is enriched in carboxyl groups, an efficient method with scaling-up potential to achieve controlled carboxylation of silk fibroin to prepare silk acid (SA) is reported, and the biological properties of SA are further studied. The SA materials show tunable hydrophilicity and enzymatic degradation properties at different carboxylation degrees (CDs). Subcutaneous implantation in mice for up to 1 month reveals that the SA materials with a high CD present enhanced degradation while causing a mild foreign-body response, including a low inflammatory response and reduced fibrotic encapsulation. Immunofluorescence analysis further indicates that the SA materials show pro-angiogenesis properties and promote M2-type macrophage polarization to facilitate tissue regeneration. This implies great promise for SA materials as a new implantable biomaterial for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Sun
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Ruochuan Huang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Jinghang Li
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Chengchen Guo
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
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5
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Hu J, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Yang G. Application of silk fibroin coatings for biomaterial surface modification: a silk road for biomedicine. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:943-956. [PMID: 37961798 PMCID: PMC10646393 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) as a natural biopolymer has become a popular material for biomedical applications due to its minimal immunogenicity, tunable biodegradability, and high biocompatibility. Nowadays, various techniques have been developed for the applications of SF in bioengineering. Most of the literature reviews focus on the SF-based biomaterials and their different forms of applications such as films, hydrogels, and scaffolds. SF is also valuable as a coating on other substrate materials for biomedicine; however, there are few reviews related to SF-coated biomaterials. Thus, in this review, we focused on the surface modification of biomaterials using SF coatings, demonstrated their various preparation methods on substrate materials, and introduced the latest procedures. The diverse applications of SF coatings for biomedicine are discussed, including bone, ligament, skin, mucosa, and nerve regeneration, and dental implant surface modification. SF coating is conducive to inducing cell adhesion and migration, promoting hydroxyapatite (HA) deposition and matrix mineralization, and inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway, making it a promising strategy for bone regeneration. In addition, SF-coated composite scaffolds can be considered prospective candidates for ligament regeneration after injury. SF coating has been proven to enhance the mechanical properties of the substrate material, and render integral stability to the dressing material during the regeneration of skin and mucosa. Moreover, SF coating is a potential strategy to accelerate nerve regeneration due to its dielectric properties, mechanical flexibility, and angiogenesis promotion effect. In addition, SF coating is an effective and popular means for dental implant surface modification to promote osteogenesis around implants made of different materials. Thus, this review can be of great benefit for further improvements in SF-coated biomaterials, and will undoubtedly contribute to clinical transformation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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6
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Falcucci T, Radke M, Sahoo JK, Hasturk O, Kaplan DL. Multifunctional silk vinyl sulfone-based hydrogel scaffolds for dynamic material-cell interactions. Biomaterials 2023; 300:122201. [PMID: 37348323 PMCID: PMC10366540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and mechanical interactions between cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix influence cell behavior and fate. Mimicking these features in vitro has prompted the design and development of biomaterials, with continuing efforts to improve tailorable systems that also incorporate dynamic chemical functionalities. The majority of these chemistries have been incorporated into synthetic biomaterials, here we focus on modifications of silk protein with dynamic features achieved via enzymatic, "click", and photo-chemistries. The one-pot synthesis of vinyl sulfone modified silk (SilkVS) can be tuned to manipulate the degree of functionalization. The resultant modified protein-based material undergoes three different gelation mechanisms, enzymatic, "click", and light-induced, to generate hydrogels for in vitro cell culture. Further, the versatility of this chemical functionality is exploited to mimic cell-ECM interactions via the incorporation of bioactive peptides and proteins or by altering the mechanical properties of the material to guide cell behavior. SilkVS is well-suited for use in in vitro culture, providing a natural protein with both tunable biochemistry and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Falcucci
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Radke
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Onur Hasturk
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA, USA.
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7
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Hasturk O, Sahoo JK, Kaplan DL. Synthesis and characterization of silk-poly(guluronate) hybrid polymers for the fabrication of dual crosslinked, mechanically dynamic hydrogels. POLYMER 2023; 281:126129. [PMID: 37483847 PMCID: PMC10357961 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.126129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The rapid ionic crosslinking of alginate has been actively studied for biomedical applications including hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering, injectable gels, and 3D bioprinting. However, the poor structural stability of ionic crosslinks under physiological conditions limits the widespread applications of these hydrogels. Moreover, the lack of cell adhesion to the material combined with the inability of proteases to degrade alginate further restrict utility as hydrogel scaffolds. Blends of alginate with silk fibroin have been proposed for improved structural and mechanical properties, but potential phase separation between the hydrophobic protein and the hydrophilic polysaccharide remains an issue. In this study, we demonstrated the synthesis of a hybrid biopolymer composed of a silk backbone with side chains of poly(guluronate) isolated from alginate to introduce rapid ionic crosslinking on enzymatically crosslinked silk-based hydrogels for on-demand and reversible stiffening and softening properties. Dual crosslinked macro- and microgels of silk fibroin-poly(guluronate) (SF-PG) hybrid polymers displayed dynamic morphology with reversible shrinking and swelling behavior. SF-PG hydrogel discs demonstrated dynamic mechanics with compressive moduli ranging from less than 5 kPa to over 80 kPa and underwent proteolytic degradation unlike covalently crosslinked alginate controls. SF-PG gels supplemented with gelatin substituted with tyramine or both tyramine and PG also supported the attachment and survival of murine fibroblasts, suggesting potential uses of these new hydrogels in mammalian cell culture to investigate cellular responses to dynamic mechanics or modeling of diseases defined by matrix mechanics, such as fibrosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Hasturk
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford MA, USA
| | | | - David L Kaplan
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford MA, USA
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8
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Liu Y, Kim E, Lei M, Wu S, Yan K, Shen J, Bentley WE, Shi X, Qu X, Payne GF. Electro-Biofabrication. Coupling Electrochemical and Biomolecular Methods to Create Functional Bio-Based Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37155361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, this journal published a review entitled "Biofabrication with Chitosan" based on the observations that (i) chitosan could be electrodeposited using low voltage electrical inputs (typically less than 5 V) and (ii) the enzyme tyrosinase could be used to graft proteins (via accessible tyrosine residues) to chitosan. Here, we provide a progress report on the coupling of electronic inputs with advanced biological methods for the fabrication of biopolymer-based hydrogel films. In many cases, the initial observations of chitosan's electrodeposition have been extended and generalized: mechanisms have been established for the electrodeposition of various other biological polymers (proteins and polysaccharides), and electrodeposition has been shown to allow the precise control of the hydrogel's emergent microstructure. In addition, the use of biotechnological methods to confer function has been extended from tyrosinase conjugation to the use of protein engineering to create genetically fused assembly tags (short sequences of accessible amino acid residues) that facilitate the attachment of function-conferring proteins to electrodeposited films using alternative enzymes (e.g., transglutaminase), metal chelation, and electrochemically induced oxidative mechanisms. Over these 20 years, the contributions from numerous groups have also identified exciting opportunities. First, electrochemistry provides unique capabilities to impose chemical and electrical cues that can induce assembly while controlling the emergent microstructure. Second, it is clear that the detailed mechanisms of biopolymer self-assembly (i.e., chitosan gel formation) are far more complex than anticipated, and this provides a rich opportunity both for fundamental inquiry and for the creation of high performance and sustainable material systems. Third, the mild conditions used for electrodeposition allow cells to be co-deposited for the fabrication of living materials. Finally, the applications have been expanded from biosensing and lab-on-a-chip systems to bioelectronic and medical materials. We suggest that electro-biofabrication is poised to emerge as an enabling additive manufacturing method especially suited for life science applications and to bridge communication between our biological and technological worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Miao Lei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Si Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Kun Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Jana Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - William E Bentley
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xue Qu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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9
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Sahoo JK, Hasturk O, Falcucci T, Kaplan DL. Silk chemistry and biomedical material designs. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:302-318. [PMID: 37165164 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin has applications in different medical fields such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, drug delivery and medical devices. Advances in silk chemistry and biomaterial designs have yielded exciting tools for generating new silk-based materials and technologies. Selective chemistries can enhance or tune the features of silk, such as mechanics, biodegradability, processability and biological interactions, to address challenges in medically relevant materials (hydrogels, films, sponges and fibres). This Review details the design and utility of silk biomaterials for different applications, with particular focus on chemistry. This Review consists of three segments: silk protein fundamentals, silk chemistries and functionalization mechanisms. This is followed by a description of different crosslinking chemistries facilitating network formation, including the formation of composite biomaterials. Utility in the fields of tissue engineering, drug delivery, 3D printing, cell coatings, microfluidics and biosensors are highlighted. Looking to the future, we discuss silk biomaterial design strategies to continue to improve medical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Hasturk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Falcucci
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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10
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Hasturk O, Smiley JA, Arnett M, Sahoo JK, Staii C, Kaplan DL. Cytoprotection of Human Progenitor and Stem Cells through Encapsulation in Alginate Templated, Dual Crosslinked Silk and Silk-Gelatin Composite Hydrogel Microbeads. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200293. [PMID: 35686928 PMCID: PMC9463115 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility of mammalian cells against harsh processing conditions limit their use in cell transplantation and tissue engineering applications. Besides modulation of the cell microenvironment, encapsulation of mammalian cells within hydrogel microbeads attract attention for cytoprotection through physical isolation of the encapsulated cells. The hydrogel formulations used for cell microencapsulation are largely dominated by ionically crosslinked alginate (Alg), which suffer from low structural stability under physiological culture conditions and poor cell-matrix interactions. Here the fabrication of Alg templated silk and silk/gelatin composite hydrogel microspheres with permanent or on-demand cleavable enzymatic crosslinks using simple and cost-effective centrifugation-based droplet processing are demonstrated. The composite microbeads display structural stability under ion exchange conditions with improved mechanical properties compared to ionically crosslinked Alg microspheres. Human mesenchymal stem and neural progenitor cells are successfully encapsulated in the composite beads and protected against environmental factors, including exposure to polycations, extracellular acidosis, apoptotic cytokines, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, anoikis, immune recognition, and particularly mechanical stress. The microbeads preserve viability, growth, and differentiation of encapsulated stem and progenitor cells after extrusion in viscous polyethylene oxide solution through a 27-gauge fine needle, suggesting potential applications in injection-based delivery and three-dimensional bioprinting of mammalian cells with higher success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Hasturk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jordan A. Smiley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Miles Arnett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Cristian Staii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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11
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Wang W, Wang S. Cell-based biocomposite engineering directed by polymers. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1042-1067. [PMID: 35244136 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological cells such as bacterial, fungal, and mammalian cells always exploit sophisticated chemistries and exquisite micro- and nano-structures to execute life activities, providing numerous templates for engineering bioactive and biomorphic materials, devices, and systems. To transform biological cells into functional biocomposites, polymer-directed cell surface engineering and intracellular functionalization have been developed over the past two decades. Polymeric materials can be easily adopted by various cells through polymer grafting or in situ hydrogelation and can successfully bridge cells with other functional materials as interfacial layers, thus achieving the manufacture of advanced biocomposites through bioaugmentation of living cells and transformation of cells into templated materials. This review article summarizes the recent progress in the design and construction of cell-based biocomposites by polymer-directed strategies. Furthermore, the applications of cell-based biocomposites in broad fields such as cell research, biomedicine, and bioenergy are discussed. Last, we provide personal perspectives on challenges and future trends in this interdisciplinary area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Current Progress in Vascular Engineering and Its Clinical Applications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030493. [PMID: 35159302 PMCID: PMC8834640 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused by narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is widely used for the treatment of severe CHD cases. Although autologous vessels are a preferred choice, healthy autologous vessels are not always available; hence there is a demand for tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) to be used as alternatives. However, producing clinical grade implantable TEVGs that could healthily survive in the host with long-term patency is still a great challenge. There are additional difficulties in producing small diameter (<6 mm) vascular conduits. As a result, there have not been TEVGs that are commercially available. Properties of vascular scaffolds such as tensile strength, thrombogenicity and immunogenicity are key factors that determine the biocompatibility of TEVGs. The source of vascular cells employed to produce TEVGs is a limiting factor for large-scale productions. Advanced technologies including the combined use of natural and biodegradable synthetic materials for scaffolds in conjunction with the use of mesenchyme stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide promising solutions for vascular tissue engineering. The aim of this review is to provide an update on various aspects in this field and the current status of TEVG clinical applications.
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Lee H, Kim N, Rheem HB, Kim BJ, Park JH, Choi IS. A Decade of Advances in Single-Cell Nanocoating for Mammalian Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100347. [PMID: 33890422 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Strategic advances in the single-cell nanocoating of mammalian cells have noticeably been made during the last decade, and many potential applications have been demonstrated. Various cell-coating strategies have been proposed via adaptation of reported methods in the surface sciences and/or materials identification that ensure the sustainability of labile mammalian cells during chemical manipulation. Here an overview of the methodological development and potential applications to the healthcare sector in the nanocoating of mammalian cells made during the last decade is provided. The materials used for the nanocoating are categorized into polymers, hydrogels, polyphenolic compounds, nanoparticles, and minerals, and the corresponding strategies are described under the given set of materials. It also suggests, as a future direction, the creation of the cytospace system that is hierarchically composed of the physically separated but mutually interacting cellular hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojae Lee
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation Research Department of Chemistry KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation Research Department of Chemistry KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Hyeong Bin Rheem
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation Research Department of Chemistry KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry University of Ulsan Ulsan 44610 Korea
| | - Ji Hun Park
- Department of Science Education Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Insung S. Choi
- Center for Cell‐Encapsulation Research Department of Chemistry KAIST Daejeon 34141 Korea
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14
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Tao X, Jiang F, Cheng K, Qi Z, Yadavalli VK, Lu S. Synthesis of pH and Glucose Responsive Silk Fibroin Hydrogels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7107. [PMID: 34281160 PMCID: PMC8268721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) has attracted much attention due to its high, tunable mechanical strength and excellent biocompatibility. Imparting the ability to respond to external stimuli can further enhance its scope of application. In order to imbue stimuli-responsive behavior in silk fibroin, we propose a new conjugated material, namely cationic SF (CSF) obtained by chemical modification of silk fibroin with ε-Poly-(L-lysine) (ε-PLL). This pH-responsive CSF hydrogel was prepared by enzymatic crosslinking using horseradish peroxidase and H2O2. Zeta potential measurements and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis show successful synthesis, with an increase in isoelectric point from 4.1 to 8.6. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the modification does not affect the crystalline structure of SF. Most importantly, the synthesized CSF hydrogel has an excellent pH response. At 10 wt.% ε-PLL, a significant change in swelling with pH is observed. We further demonstrate that the hydrogel can be glucose-responsive by the addition of glucose oxidase (GOx). At high glucose concentration (400 mg/dL), the swelling of CSF/GOx hydrogel is as high as 345 ± 16%, while swelling in 200 mg/dL, 100 mg/dL and 0 mg/dL glucose solutions is 237 ± 12%, 163 ± 12% and 98 ± 15%, respectively. This shows the responsive swelling of CSF/GOx hydrogels to glucose, thus providing sufficient conditions for rapid drug release. Together with the versatility and biological properties of fibroin, such stimuli-responsive silk hydrogels have great potential in intelligent drug delivery, as soft matter substrates for enzymatic reactions and in other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Tao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.T.); (F.J.); (K.C.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Fujian Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.T.); (F.J.); (K.C.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Kang Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.T.); (F.J.); (K.C.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Zhenzhen Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.T.); (F.J.); (K.C.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Vamsi K. Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical & Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Shenzhou Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.T.); (F.J.); (K.C.); (Z.Q.)
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Sahoo JK, Hasturk O, Choi J, Montero MM, Descoteaux ML, Laubach IA, Kaplan DL. Sugar Functionalization of Silks with Pathway-Controlled Substitution and Properties. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100388. [PMID: 33929098 PMCID: PMC8266746 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Silk biomaterials are important for applications in biomedical fields due to their outstanding mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and tunable biodegradation. Chemical functionalization of silk by various chemistries can be leveraged to enhance and tune these features and enable the expansion of silk-based biomaterials into additional fields. Sugars are particularly relevant for intracellular communication, signal transduction events, as well as in hydrated extracellular matrices such as in cartilage, vitreous, and brain tissues. Multiple reaction pathways are demonstrated (carboxylation of serines followed by carbodiimide coupling with glucosamine, carboxylation of tyrosines followed by carbodiimide coupling with glucosamine; direct carbodiimide coupling of the inherent carboxylic acids of silk (aspartic and glutamic acid) with glucosamine) for the covalent conjugation of glucosamine onto silk with characterization by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR), liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), water contact angle (WCA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results indicate that different pathways substitute different amounts of glucosamine onto silk chains, with control over resulting material properties, including hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and biological responses. The aqueous processability of these conjugates into functional material formats (films, sponges) is assessed. These new classes of bio-inspired materials can lead to multifunctional biomaterials for potential applications in different fields of biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Onur Hasturk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Jaewon Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Maria M Montero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Marc L Descoteaux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Isabel A Laubach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Cui Y, Li B, Wang X, Tang R. Organism–Materials Integration: A Promising Strategy for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Cui
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University No. 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Benke Li
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University No. 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies Zhejiang University No. 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University No. 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies Zhejiang University No. 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
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Szabó L, Noverraz F, Gerber‐Lemaire S. Multicomponent Alginate‐Derived Hydrogel Microspheres Presenting Hybrid Ionic‐Covalent Network and Drug Eluting Properties. Helv Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Szabó
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Group for Functionalized Biomaterials Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC SCI-SB-SG Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - François Noverraz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Group for Functionalized Biomaterials Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC SCI-SB-SG Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Gerber‐Lemaire
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Group for Functionalized Biomaterials Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC SCI-SB-SG Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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