1
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Adıguzel S, Karamese M, Kugu S, Kacar EA, Esen MF, Erdogan H, Tasoglu S, Bacanlı MG, Altuntas S. Doxorubicin-loaded liposome-like particles embedded in chitosan/hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels as a controlled drug release model for local treatment of glioblastoma. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:135054. [PMID: 39187114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) resection and medication treatment are limited, and local drug therapies are required. This study aims to create a hybrid system comprising liposome-like particles (LLP-DOX) encapsulated in chitosan/hyaluronic acid/polyethyleneimine (CHI/HA/PEI) hydrogels, enabling controlled local delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) into the resection cavity for treating GBM. CHI/HA/PEI hydrogels were characterized morphologically, physically, chemically, mechanically, and thermally. Findings revealed a high network and compact micro-network structure, along with enhanced physical and thermal stability compared to CHI/HA hydrogels. Simultaneously, drug release from CHI/HA/PEI/LLP-DOX hydrogels was assessed, revealing continuous and controlled release up to the 148th hour, with no significant burst release. Cell studies showed that CHI/HA/PEI hydrogels are biocompatible with low genotoxicity. Additionally, LLP-DOX-loaded CHI/HA/PEI hydrogels significantly decreased cell viability and gene expression levels compared to LLP-DOX alone. It was also observed that the viability of GBM spheroids decreased over time when interacting with CHI/HA/PEI/LLP-DOX hydrogels, accompanied by a reduction in total surface area and an increase in apoptotic tendencies. In this study, we hypothesized that creating a hybrid drug delivery system by encapsulating DOX-loaded LLPs within a CHI/HA/PEI hydrogel matrix could achieve sustained drug release, improve anticancer efficacy via localized treatment, and effectively mitigate GBM progression for 3D microtissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyfure Adıguzel
- Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34662, Turkiye; Graduate Programme of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, Turkiye
| | - Miray Karamese
- Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34662, Turkiye; Graduate Programme of Tissue Engineering, Institution of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34668, Turkiye
| | - Senanur Kugu
- Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34662, Turkiye; Graduate Programme of Tissue Engineering, Institution of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34668, Turkiye
| | - Elif Ayse Kacar
- Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34662, Turkiye; Graduate Programme of Tissue Engineering, Institution of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34668, Turkiye
| | - Muhammed Fevzi Esen
- Department of Health Information Systems, Institution of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34668, Turkiye.
| | - Hakan Erdogan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara 06018, Turkiye.
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Merve Güdül Bacanlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara 06018, Turkiye.
| | - Sevde Altuntas
- Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34662, Turkiye; Department of Tissue Engineering, Institution of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34668, Turkiye.
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2
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Hu J, Yun X, Zheng Y, Sun T, Song L, Pan P, Dong T. Development of ultra-thin poly(L-lactic acid)-based films integrating toughness, barrier properties, and gas selectivity: Towards gas-permeation controllable green food packaging. Food Chem 2024; 449:139218. [PMID: 38579656 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
High costs and low performance have constrained the application of bio-based materials in food packaging. Herein, a series of ultra-thin poly(L-lactic acid-iconic acid N-diol) (P(LA-NI)) copolymer films were developed using a "one-step" polycondensation process with integrated toughness, barrier properties, gas selectivity, and quality control features. The massive branched structure and gg conformers in P(LA-NI) act as "internal chain expansion" and "internal plasticization". Meanwhile, P(LA-NI) contains numerous polar groups and unique nanoscale microphase structures to realize excellent CO2, O2 barrier, CO2/O2 selectivity, anti-fogging, and UV shielding functions. The atmosphere within the package spontaneously achieves the desirable low O2 and high CO2 levels when packaging button mushrooms with high respiratory metabolism. Eventually, the shelf life of button mushrooms reached 24 days, >3-fold extended. This PLLA-based film meets "dual carbon" and "food safety" goals and has vast potential for fresh food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Xueyan Yun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Lijun Song
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tungalag Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China.
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3
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Grifoll V, Bravo P, Pérez MN, Pérez-Clavijo M, García-Castrillo M, Larrañaga A, Lizundia E. Environmental Sustainability and Physicochemical Property Screening of Chitin and Chitin-Glucan from 22 Fungal Species. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:7869-7881. [PMID: 38783845 PMCID: PMC11110056 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Thanks to its biobased character with embedded biogenic carbon, chitin can aid in the transition to a sustainable circular economy by replacing fossil carbon from the geosphere. However, meeting current demands for material availability and environmental sustainability requires alternative methods limiting conventional chemical and energy-consuming chitin extraction from crustaceans. To assist future chitinous bioproduct development, this work analyzes the physicochemical properties and potential environmental sustainability of fungal chitin-glucan complexes. A conventional isolation procedure using sodium hydroxide, a weak acid, and short reaction times are applied to the fruiting body of 22 fungal species. Besides, the valorization of underutilized waste streams including Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus brunnescens stipes is investigated. The carbohydrate analysis renders chitin fractions in the range of 9.5-63.5 wt %, while yields vary from 4.2 to 29.9%, and the N-acetylation degree in found in between 53.0 and 98.7%. The sustainability of the process is analyzed using life cycle assessment (LCA), providing impact quantification for global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, and water use. With 87.5-589.3 kg·CO2-equiv per kilo, potentially lower global warming potential values in comparison to crustacean chitin are achieved. The crystallinity degree ranged from 28 to 78%, while the apparent chitin crystalline size (L020) is between 2.3 and 5.4 nm. Ten of the species yield α-chitin coexisting with semicrystalline glucans. Zwitterionic properties are observed in aqueous solutions, shifting from cationic to anionic at pH 4.5. With its renewable carbon content, fungal chitin is an environmentally sustainable alternative for high-value applications due to its balance of minimal treatment, low carbon footprint, material renewability, ease of isolation, thermal stability, zwitterionic behavior, biodegradability, and noncytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Grifoll
- Mushroom
Technological Research Center of La Rioja (CTICH), Ctra. Calahorra km 4, Autol 26560, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Paula Bravo
- Mushroom
Technological Research Center of La Rioja (CTICH), Ctra. Calahorra km 4, Autol 26560, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Maria Nieves Pérez
- Mushroom
Technological Research Center of La Rioja (CTICH), Ctra. Calahorra km 4, Autol 26560, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Margarita Pérez-Clavijo
- Mushroom
Technological Research Center of La Rioja (CTICH), Ctra. Calahorra km 4, Autol 26560, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Marta García-Castrillo
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications
and Nanostructures, Edif. Martina Casiano, Pl. 3 Parque Científico
UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena, Leioa 48940, Biscay, Spain
| | - Aitor Larrañaga
- SGIker,
General Research Services, University of
the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, Leioa 48940, Biscay, Spain
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications
and Nanostructures, Edif. Martina Casiano, Pl. 3 Parque Científico
UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena, Leioa 48940, Biscay, Spain
- Life
Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering
Projects. University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero
Torres Quevedo 1, Bilbao 48013, Biscay, Spain
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4
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Kumar B, Kumar P. Synthesis and characterization of pH-sensitive nanocarrier based chitosan-g-poly(itaconic acid) for ciprofloxacin delivery for anti-bacterial application. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131604. [PMID: 38641270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to develop pH-sensitive and controlled release of ciprofloxacin from ciprofloxacin-loaded grafted chitosan-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles (Cip@Gchit/Zn-NPs) for the treatment of bacterial infections in the human colon. For this aim, first, the chitosan-g-poly(itaconic acid) [Chit-g-poly (Itac)] was synthesized via grafting of itaconic acid onto chitosan in the presence of cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) under an inert atmosphere using conventional methods, while zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) were prepared via sol-gel technique. Characterization of the synthesized Cip@Gchit/Zn-NPs was analyzed using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TGA, and zeta potential analysis. The antibacterial efficacy of Cip@Gchit/Zn-NPs against three pathogenic bacteria, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, was superior to that of tetracycline reference drugs, as evidenced by larger inhibition zones. Cytotoxicity assessment of Cip@Gchit/Zn-NPs on the human chondrocyte cell line C28/I2 via MTT assay revealed 100 % cell viability at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. The loading efficiency of ciprofloxacin into Gchit/Zn-NPs was evaluated at various ratios, demonstrating lower loading efficiency; however, sustained release of ciprofloxacin from Cip@Gchit/Zn-NPs was excellent, with 98.13 % release observed at pH 7.2 over 10 h. Kinetic analysis of ciprofloxacin release followed the first-order kinetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly 243006, UP, India
| | - Pramendra Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly 243006, UP, India.
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5
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Hassan F, Mu B, Yang Y. Natural polysaccharides and proteins-based films for potential food packaging and mulch applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129628. [PMID: 38272415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Conventional nondegradable packaging and mulch films, after reaching the end of their use, become a major source of waste and are primarily disposed of in landfills. Accumulation of non-degradable film residues in the soil leads to diminished soil fertility, reduced crop yield, and can potentially affect humans. Application of degradable films is still limited due to the high cost, poor mechanical, and gas barrier properties of current biobased synthetic polymers. In this respect, natural polysaccharides and proteins can offer potential solutions. Having versatile functional groups, three-dimensional network structures, biodegradability, ease of processing, and the potential for surface modifications make polysaccharides and proteins excellent candidates for quality films. Besides, their low-cost availability as industrial waste/byproducts makes them cost-effective alternatives. This review paper covers the performance properties, cost assessment, and in-depth analysis of macromolecular structures of some natural polysaccharides and proteins-based films that have great potential for packaging and mulch applications. Proper dissolution of biopolymers to improve molecular interactions and entanglement, and establishment of crosslinkages to form an ordered and cohesive polymeric structure can help to obtain films with good properties. Simple aqueous-based film formulation techniques and utilization of waste/byproducts can stimulate the adoption of affordable biobased films on a large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqrul Hassan
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, 234 GNHS Building, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0802, United States
| | - Bingnan Mu
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, 234 GNHS Building, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0802, United States
| | - Yiqi Yang
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, 234 GNHS Building, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0802, United States; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, 234 GNHS Building, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0802, United States.
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6
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Choi J, Hwang DS, Lim C, Lee DW. Interaction mechanism between low molecular weight chitosan nanofilm and functionalized surfaces in aqueous solutions. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121504. [PMID: 37985092 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMW chitosan, <10 kDa) have a significant potential for biomedical applications (e.g., antimicrobial and gene/drug delivery) because of their higher water solubility at pH values ranging from 3.0 to 8.5, compared to that of the high-molecular-weight (>100 kDa) chitosan. A comprehensive understanding of the LMW interaction mechanism with specific functional groups is necessary to predict their binding efficiency to other molecules for effectively utilizing their potential within biological systems. In this study, we used a surface forces apparatus (SFA) to investigate molecular interactions between LMW chitosan and four different functionalized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in aqueous solutions at pH values of 3.0, 6.5, and 8.5. Chitosan exhibited the strongest interaction energy with methyl-terminated SAM (CH3-SAM), indicating the significance of hydrophobic interaction. Many chitin/chitosan fibers in nature bind polyphenols (e.g., eumelanin) to form robust composites, which can be attributed to the strong attraction between chitosan and phenyl-SAM, presumably caused by cation-π interactions. These findings demonstrate the potential of modulating the magnitude of the interaction energy by controlling the solution pH and types of targeted functional groups to realize the optimal design of chitosan-based hybrid composites with other biomolecules or synthetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choi
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea; R&D Center, ANPOLY INC., Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37666, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University International Campus I-CREATE, Incheon 21983, South Korea
| | - Chanoong Lim
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Woog Lee
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Cuvillier L, Passaretti A, Guilminot E, Joseph E. Agar and Chitosan Hydrogels' Design for Metal-Uptaking Treatments. Gels 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38247779 PMCID: PMC10815442 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In the field of cultural heritage, the use of natural gels is rising for the application of active agents. Here, two natural polymers are assessed: agar, a pioneer hydrogel for conservation treatments, and chitosan, a rather novel and metal-binding gel. For chitosan, a state-of-the-art based formulation (CS-ItA-LCys) is evaluated as it was reported for silver-complexing properties. It is evaluated whether these polymers can withstand the addition of the chelating compound deferoxamine, which is a bacterial siderophore. This allows for the obtainment of completely bio-sourced gel systems. A Fourier-transformed (FT) infrared spectroscopy characterization is performed, completed with rheological measurements and Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy (cryo-SEM) to investigate the physico-chemical properties of the gels, as well as their interaction with deferoxamine. Both polymers are also tested for their inherent complexing ability on silver ions using FT-Raman spectroscopy. A multi-analytical comparison shows different microstructures, in particular, the presence of a thick membrane for chitosan and different mechanical behaviors, with agar being more brittle. Neither hydrogel seems affected by the addition of deferoxamine; this is shown by similar rheological behavior and molecular structures in the presence or absence of the chelator. The intrinsic abilities of the chitosan formulation to make silver complex are demonstrated with the observation of two peaks characteristic of Ag-S and Ag-O bonds. Agar and chitosan are both proven to be reliable gels to act as carriers for bio-based active agents. This paper confirms the potential asset of the chitosan formulation CS-ItA-LCys as a promising gel for the complexation of soluble silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Cuvillier
- Laboratory of Technologies for Heritage Materials, University of Neuchâtel, Bellevaux 51, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (L.C.); (A.P.)
- Haute Ecole Arc Conservation Restauration, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Espace de l’Europe 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Passaretti
- Laboratory of Technologies for Heritage Materials, University of Neuchâtel, Bellevaux 51, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (L.C.); (A.P.)
- Haute Ecole Arc Conservation Restauration, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Espace de l’Europe 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Guilminot
- Arc’Antique Conservation and Research Laboratory, 26 Rue de la Haute Forêt, 44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Edith Joseph
- Haute Ecole Arc Conservation Restauration, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Espace de l’Europe 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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8
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Sierra‐Romero A, Novakovic K, Geoghegan M. A reversible water-based electrostatic adhesive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310750. [PMID: 37899307 PMCID: PMC10952749 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Commercial adhesives typically fall into two categories: structural or pressure sensitive. Structural glues rely on covalent bonds formed during curing and provide high tensile strength whilst pressure-sensitive adhesives use physical bonding to provide weaker adhesion, but with considerable convenience for the user. Here, a new class of adhesive is presented that is also reversible, with a bond strength intermediate between those of pressure-sensitive and structural adhesives. Complementary water-based formulations incorporating oppositely charged polyelectrolytes form electrostatic bonds that may be reversed through immersion in a low or high pH aqueous environment. This electrostatic adhesive has the advantageous property that it exhibits good adhesion to low-energy surfaces such as polypropylene. Furthermore, it is produced by the emulsion copolymerization of commodity materials, styrene and butyl acrylate, which makes it inexpensive and opens the possibility of industrial production. Bio-based materials have been also integrated into the formulations to further increase sustainability. Moreover, unlike other water-based glues, adhesion does not significantly degrade in humid environments. Because such electrostatic adhesives do not require mechanical detachment, they are appropriate for the large-scale recycling of, e.g., bottle labels or food packaging. The adhesive is also suitable for dismantling components in areas as varied as automotive parts and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Geoghegan
- School of EngineeringNewcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
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9
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Shen Y, Leng M, Yang Y, Boopathi SK, Sun G, Wooley KL. Elucidation of Substantial Differences in Ring-Opening Polymerization Outcomes from Subtle Variation of Glucose Carbonate-Based Monomer Substitution Patterns and Substituent Types. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:15405-15413. [PMID: 37409894 PMCID: PMC10863030 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The substituents present upon five-membered bicyclic glucose carbonate monomers were found to greatly affect the reactivities and regioselectivities during ring-opening polymerization (ROP), which contrast in significant and interesting ways from previous studies on similar systems, while also leading to predictable effects on the thermal properties of the resulting polycarbonates. Polymerization behaviors were probed for a series of five five-membered bicyclic 2,3-glucose-carbonate monomers having 4,6-ether, -carbonate, or -sulfonyl urethane protecting groups, under catalysis with three different organobase catalysts. Irrespective of the organobase catalyst employed, regioregular polycarbonates were obtained via ROP of monomers with ether substituents, while the backbone connectivities of polymers derived from monomers with carbonate protecting groups suffered transcarbonylation reactions, resulting in irregular backbone connectivities and broad molar mass distributions. The sulfonyl urethane-protected monomers were unable to undergo organobase-catalyzed ROP, possibly due to the acidity of the proton in urethane functionality. The thermal behaviors of polycarbonates with ether and carbonate pendant groups were investigated in terms of thermal stability and glass transition temperature (Tg). A two-stage thermal decomposition was observed when tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) groups were employed as protecting side chains, while all other polycarbonates presented high thermal stabilities with a single-stage thermal degradation. Tg was greatly affected by side-chain bulkiness, with values ranging from 39 to 139 °C. These fundamental findings of glucose-based polycarbonates may facilitate the development of next-generation sustainable highly functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Shen
- Departments
of Materials Science & Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Mingwan Leng
- Departments
of Materials Science & Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Yunchong Yang
- Departments
of Materials Science & Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Senthil Kumar Boopathi
- Departments
of Materials Science & Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Guorong Sun
- Departments
of Materials Science & Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments
of Materials Science & Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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10
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López-Saucedo F, Buendía-González L, Magaña H, Flores-Rojas GG, Bucio E. Crosslinked Chitosan Films Supplemented with Randia sp. Fruit Extract. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2724. [PMID: 37376371 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work proposes the development of a polymer film made up of affordable components for its use as a healthcare material. Chitosan, itaconic acid, and Randia capitata fruit extract (Mexican variation) are the unique ingredients of this biomaterial prospect. Chitosan (from crustacean chitin) is crosslinked with itaconic acid, and in situ added R. capitata fruit extract in a one-pot reaction carried out in water as the sole solvent. Structurally, the film formed is an ionically crosslinked composite characterized by IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis (DSC and TGA); cell viability was also performed in vitro using fibroblasts BALB/3T3. Dry and swollen films were analyzed to determine affinity and stability in water. This chitosan-based hydrogel is designed as a wound dressing due to the combined properties of the chitosan with R. capitata fruit extract, which has potential as bioactive material due to its properties in epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe López-Saucedo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca Km 15.5, Toluca 50200, Mexico
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Leticia Buendía-González
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca Km 15.5, Toluca 50200, Mexico
| | - Héctor Magaña
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, Tijuana 22390, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Gabriel Flores-Rojas
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Emilio Bucio
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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11
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Zhang L, Sheng H, Liu R, Yang M, Guo Y, Xu Q, Hu L, Liang S, Xie H. Engineering chitosan into fully bio-sourced, water-soluble and enhanced antibacterial poly(aprotic/protic ionic liquid)s packaging membrane. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123182. [PMID: 36623617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The design and facile preparation of water-soluble and eco-friendly polymer packaging membrane materials is a fascinating research topic, particularly in terms of the increasing concerns on potential microplastics pollution in ecosystem. In this study, taking advantages of the structural features of chitosan (CS) and betaine hydrochloride (BHC), fully bio-sourced and water-soluble poly(aprotic/protic ionic liquid)s (PAPILs) were successfully designed and prepared through the reaction of the amino groups in CS and carboxyl groups in BHC. The structure and thermo-properties of the PAPILs were elucidated by a series of characteristic methods. The rheological properties of the PAPILs aqueous solutions were also investigated. Moreover, water-soluble PAPILs membrane with a smooth surface morphology and a tensile strength of 62.9 MPa was successfully prepared. The PAPILs membrane also exhibited satisfactory biocompatibility, excellent antibacterial activities and high oxygen barrier property. Together with these outstanding material performance and functionality, as a "proof of concept", the potential use of the PAPILs membrane as water-soluble packaging material for laundry detergent capsule and pesticide was preliminarily demonstrated. These findings provide significant insights for the design of sustainable and functional packaging materials by using natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hailiang Sheng
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mao Yang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuanlong Guo
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qinqin Xu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lijie Hu
- Separation Membrane Materials & Technologies Joint Research Centre of Vontron-Guizhou University, Vontron Technol Co Ltd, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Songmiao Liang
- Separation Membrane Materials & Technologies Joint Research Centre of Vontron-Guizhou University, Vontron Technol Co Ltd, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Haibo Xie
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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12
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Ciftbudak S, Orakdogen N. Correlation between effective charge density and crosslinking efficiency of dicarboxylic acid containing highly anionic networks. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Abu-Sbeih KA, Al-Mazaideh GM, Al-Zereini WA. Production of medium-sized chitosan oligomers using molecular sieves and their antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Thakur S, Chaudhary J, Thakur A, Gunduz O, Alsanie WF, Makatsoris C, Thakur VK. Highly efficient poly(acrylic acid-co-aniline) grafted itaconic acid hydrogel: Application in water retention and adsorption of rhodamine B dye for a sustainable environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134917. [PMID: 35569629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study used a free radical co-polymerization approach to synthesize a smart hydrogel of itaconic acid grafted poly(acrylic acid-co-aniline) (ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi)). ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Rhodamine B (RhB) dye was removed from an aqueous medium using ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel. To determine the maximum adsorption, the effect of parameters such as initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, and adsorbent dose were examined. The ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel had a high swelling percentage of 1755.3%. The high water penetration of ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel with a high swelling rate exposed the internal adsorption sites for RhB dye adsorption. The adsorption performance of ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel was explained by the pseudo-first-order and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Moreover, after four adsorption-desorption cycles, the ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel maintained an adsorption efficiency of 85.2%. The high water retention ability of ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel improved the moisture maintenance limit of soil for irrigation up to 23 days. As a result, ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel can be used in the elimination of toxic dyes as well as in irrigation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Jyoti Chaudhary
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Thakur
- Department of Physics, Gautam Group of Colleges, Hamirpur, 177001, Himachal Pradesh University, India
| | - Oguzhan Gunduz
- Center for Nanotechnology & Biomaterials Application and Research, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Charalampos Makatsoris
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, 248007, India.
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15
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Yao X, Wang Y, Li F, Dalluge JJ, Orr G, Hernandez R, Cui Q, Haynes CL. Unconventional aliphatic fluorophores discovered as the luminescence origin in citric acid-urea carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9516-9525. [PMID: 35758638 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02361j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are emerging as the material of choice in a range of applications due to their excellent photoluminescence properties, ease of preparation from inexpensive precursors, and low toxicity. However, the precise nature of the mechanism for the fluorescence is still under debate, and several molecular fluorophores have been reported. In this work, a new blue fluorophore, 5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid, was discovered in carbon dots synthesized from the most commonly used precursors: citric acid and urea. The molecular product alone has demonstrated interesting aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE), making it unique compared to other fluorophores known to be generated in CDs. We propose that this molecular fluorophore is associated with a polymer backbone within the CDs, and its fluorescence behavior is largely dependent on intermolecular interactions with the polymers or other fluorophores. Thus, a new class of non-traditional fluorophores is now relevant to the consideration of the CD fluorescence mechanism, providing both an additional challenge to the community in resolving the mechanism and an opportunity for a greater range of CD design schemes and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | - Yinhan Wang
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Fangjia Li
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Joseph J Dalluge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Rigoberto Hernandez
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Departments of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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16
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Das J, Mohan S, Kalyad SC. One-pot and Solvent-free Synthesis of Carbodiimide Modified Chitosan; Extraordinary Thermally Stability. CHEMISTRY JOURNAL OF MOLDOVA 2022. [DOI: 10.19261/cjm.2022.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile, one-pot, and solvent-free synthesis was developed to obtain a thermally stable chitosan biopolymer. The bifunctional isocyanate by interaction with chitosan formed urea and urethane bonds between chitosan chains. Subsequently, the designed chemistry facilitated the formation of carbodiimide bonds between chitosan chains via dehydration of the urea bond. The modified chitosan was proved to be superior in thermal properties and could be used as a thermally stable bio-filler. This synthetic methodology is a facile route to achieve improved thermal stability in biopolymers.
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17
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Hasanpour Galehban M, Zeynizadeh B, Mousavi H. Ni II NPs entrapped within a matrix of l-glutamic acid cross-linked chitosan supported on magnetic carboxylic acid-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube: a new and efficient multi-task catalytic system for the green one-pot synthesis of diverse heterocyclic frameworks. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16454-16478. [PMID: 35754864 PMCID: PMC9171750 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08454b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a new l-glutamic acid cross-linked chitosan supported on magnetic carboxylic acid-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (Fe3O4/f-MWCNT-CS-Glu) nanocomposite was prepared through a convenient one-pot multi-component sequential strategy. Then, nickelII nanoparticles (NiII NPs) were entrapped within a matrix of the mentioned nanocomposite. Afterward, the structure of the as-prepared Fe3O4/f-MWCNT-CS-Glu/NiII nanosystem was elucidated by various techniques, including FT-IR, PXRD, SEM, TEM, SEM-based EDX and elemental mapping, ICP-OES, TGA/DTA, and VSM. In the next part of this research, the catalytic applications of the mentioned nickelII-containing magnetic nanocomposite were assessed upon green one-pot synthesis of diverse heterocyclic frameworks, including bis-coumarins (3a-n), 2-aryl(or heteroaryl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones (5a-r), 9-aryl-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-diones (7a-n), and 2-amino-4-aryl-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles (9a-n). The good-to-excellent yields of the desired products, satisfactory reaction rates, use of water solvent or solvent-free reaction medium, acceptable turnover numbers (TONs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs), along with comfortable recoverability and satisfying reusability of the as-prepared nanocatalyst for at least eight successive runs, and also easy work-up and purification procedures are some of the advantages of the current synthetic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behzad Zeynizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University Urmia Iran
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18
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Boosting physical-mechanical properties of adipic acid/chitosan films by DMTMM cross-linking. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:2009-2019. [PMID: 35513101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present a novel strategy to easily prepare biodegradable chitosan derived films as new packaging systems. Combination of chitosan, adipic acid and 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride (DMTMM) allowed to obtain high-performing cross-linked films. Biobased glycerol was employed as plasticizer. An in-depth study was performed on ten different samples in order to evaluate the role of DMTMM as cross-linking agent. Experimental data showed that 15 wt% of DMTMM enhanced moisture content and moisture uptake (10.42% and 11.11%), water vapor permeability (0.13 10-7 g m-1 h-1 Pa-1) and good UV barrier properties. Additionally, 30 wt% of DMTMM significantly increased the tensile strength of films up to 83 MPa and elongation at break values reached 39.7%. Thermogravimetric, IR, XRD and SEM analysis confirmed that physical-mechanical properties of the obtained films were considerably improved, due to cross-linking by DMTMM, demonstrating promising properties for packaging applications.
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19
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Nicolle L, Journot CMA, Gerber-Lemaire S. Chitosan Functionalization: Covalent and Non-Covalent Interactions and Their Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4118. [PMID: 34883621 PMCID: PMC8659004 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is a natural biopolymer that has gained great interest in many research fields due to its promising biocompatibility, biodegradability, and favorable mechanical properties. The versatility of this low-cost polymer allows for a variety of chemical modifications via covalent conjugation and non-covalent interactions, which are designed to further improve the properties of interest. This review aims at presenting the broad range of functionalization strategies reported over the last five years to reflect the state-of-the art of CS derivatization. We start by describing covalent modifications performed on the CS backbone, followed by non-covalent CS modifications involving small molecules, proteins, and metal adjuvants. An overview of CS-based systems involving both covalent and electrostatic modification patterns is then presented. Finally, a special focus will be given on the characterization techniques commonly used to qualify the composition and physical properties of CS derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire
- Group for Functionalized Biomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC SCI-SB-SG, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (L.N.); (C.M.A.J.)
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20
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Teleky BE, Vodnar DC. Recent Advances in Biotechnological Itaconic Acid Production, and Application for a Sustainable Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3574. [PMID: 34685333 PMCID: PMC8539575 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense research has been conducted to produce environmentally friendly biopolymers obtained from renewable feedstock to substitute fossil-based materials. This is an essential aspect for implementing the circular bioeconomy strategy, expressly declared by the European Commission in 2018 in terms of "repair, reuse, and recycling". Competent carbon-neutral alternatives are renewable biomass waste for chemical element production, with proficient recyclability properties. Itaconic acid (IA) is a valuable platform chemical integrated into the first 12 building block compounds the achievement of which is feasible from renewable biomass or bio-wastes (agricultural, food by-products, or municipal organic waste) in conformity with the US Department of Energy. IA is primarily obtained through fermentation with Aspergillus terreus, but nowadays several microorganisms are genetically engineered to produce this organic acid in high quantities and on different substrates. Given its trifunctional structure, IA allows the synthesis of various novel biopolymers, such as drug carriers, intelligent food packaging, antimicrobial biopolymers, hydrogels in water treatment and analysis, and superabsorbent polymers binding agents. In addition, IA shows antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activity. Moreover, this biopolymer retains qualities like environmental effectiveness, biocompatibility, and sustainability. This manuscript aims to address the production of IA from renewable sources to create a sustainable circular economy in the future. Moreover, being an essential monomer in polymer synthesis it possesses a continuous provocation in the biopolymer chemistry domain and technologies, as defined in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette-Emőke Teleky
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăstur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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